{"id":8371,"date":"2011-09-16T01:45:38","date_gmt":"2011-09-16T06:45:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=8371"},"modified":"2011-09-16T01:45:38","modified_gmt":"2011-09-16T06:45:38","slug":"azinliklarin-bitmeyen-cilesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2011\/09\/16\/azinliklarin-bitmeyen-cilesi\/","title":{"rendered":"Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n bitmeyen \u00e7ilesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0<\/strong>ABDULLAH YAVUZ ALTUN<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n m\u00fclkleri iade ediliyor. Devlet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, durum “hakk\u0131n iadesi” oluyor. Ancak tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lsa da, az\u0131nl\u0131klar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, iktidardan gelen ciddi bir “jest” bu. Neden b\u00f6yle oldu\u011funu anlaman\u0131n bir yolu Islahat Ferman\u0131’ndan bu yana bu topraklarda ya\u015fayan gayrim\u00fcslimlerin ba\u015flar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en hik\u00e2yeye bakmaktan ge\u00e7iyor…<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

AK Parti h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin “kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcnde kararname” ile kapsam\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti\u011fi “az\u0131nl\u0131klara ait vak\u0131f mallar\u0131” d\u00fczenlemesi, 1936 Beyannamesi’nde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n elinden al\u0131nan m\u00fclklerin iadesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek. S\u00fcre\u00e7 2002’de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Avrupa Birli\u011fi (AB) uyum yasalar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, 1936 Beyannamesi dayanak yap\u0131larak mallar\u0131 ‘gasp edilen’ az\u0131nl\u0131klara, yeni m\u00fclk edinme hakk\u0131 iade edilmi\u015fti. 2003 ve 2008’de de bu ‘gasp edilen’ m\u00fclklerin iadesi i\u00e7in ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak \u00f6nce Hazine’ye devredilip ard\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere sat\u0131lan m\u00fclklerle ilgili iade uygulamas\u0131 “jest” kapsam\u0131nda. Devlet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, durum “hakk\u0131n iadesi” oluyor. Ancak tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lsa da, az\u0131nl\u0131klar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, iktidardan gelen ciddi bir “jest” bu. Neden b\u00f6yle oldu\u011funu anlaman\u0131n bir yolu Islahat Ferman\u0131’ndan bu yana bu topraklarda ya\u015fayan gayrim\u00fcslimlerin ba\u015flar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en hik\u00e2yeye bakmaktan ge\u00e7iyor…<\/p>\n

1915’ten bug\u00fcne Ermeni tehciri <\/strong><\/p>\n

19. as\u0131rda Avrupa’n\u0131n i\u00e7lerinden ba\u015flay\u0131p Balkanlara uzanan ‘ulusla\u015fma’ heyecan\u0131, \u00e7ok-uluslu Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ni krizlerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rakacakt\u0131. 1912’deki Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131’na da sebep olan kopu\u015flar, o b\u00f6lgede T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusu az\u0131nl\u0131k haline getirdi. Osmanl\u0131’da milliyet\u00e7i ak\u0131mlar g\u00fc\u00e7lendik\u00e7e, \u00f6nceleri “tebaa” stat\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7inde padi\u015fah fermanlar\u0131yla ve sonras\u0131nda Islahat Ferman\u0131’yla uluslararas\u0131 hukuk eliyle koruma alt\u0131nda olan az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 da “potansiyel tehdit” durumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00d6zellikle \u0130ttihat ve Terakki’nin (\u0130TC) az\u0131nl\u0131klara yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, “Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin Truva at\u0131” mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ifade ediliyordu. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler, ilk olarak 1915’i netice verdi. \u0130TC iktidar\u0131, “tehcir kanunu” ile \u0130stanbul ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Anadolu’daki Ermenileri Do\u011fu’ya g\u00f6nderdi. “Emvali Metruke \u0130dare Komisyonlar\u0131” eliyle, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilenlerin m\u00fclkleri devletle\u015ftirildi. 1920’de bunlar\u0131n iadesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ysa da, 1923’te “tasfiye kanunu” g\u00fcncelle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk-Yunan m\u00fcbadelesi <\/strong><\/p>\n

Az\u0131nl\u0131k problemi, uluslararas\u0131 hukuk \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde Lozan’da yeniden ele al\u0131nd\u0131. 1923’te az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 “gayrim\u00fcslimler” olarak saptan\u0131rken, “e\u015fit vatanda\u015fl\u0131k” stat\u00fcs\u00fc tan\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 taahh\u00fct edildi. Lozan’\u0131n ek protokol\u00fc olarak d\u00fczenlenen “T\u00fcrkiye-Yunanistan n\u00fcfus m\u00fcbadelesi” az\u0131nl\u0131k sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Buna g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye’de ya\u015fayan Ortodoks H\u0131ristiyanlar (zaten bir k\u0131sm\u0131 1922’de g\u00f6\u00e7meye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131) Yunanistan’a g\u00f6nderilecek, oradaki T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfus da T\u00fcrkiye’ye d\u00f6necekti. Ayr\u0131m, din \u00fczerinden yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Yunanca bilmeyen H\u0131ristiyanlar ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bilmeyen M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar m\u00fcbadelede hem yurtlar\u0131n\u0131, hem de dillerini kaybetmi\u015f oldu. Bu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7, her iki \u00fclke ekonomisini de 20 y\u0131l s\u00fcren bir etkiye maruz b\u0131rak\u0131rken, \u0130stanbullu Rumlar\u0131 ve Balkan T\u00fcrklerini, ilerleyen y\u0131llarda ba\u015fka problemlerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de anti-semitizm <\/strong><\/p>\n

1930’lu y\u0131llar “Balkanlardan gelen anti-semitizm r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131” ile ba\u015flad\u0131. 1934’te Trakya b\u00f6lgesinde varl\u0131kl\u0131 olan Yahudilere kar\u015f\u0131 kampanya y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi sonucu, ya\u011fmalamalar ve tehditler ba\u015flad\u0131. 14 Haziran’da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan “isk\u00e2n kanunu” neticesinde, devletin bu olaylara kar\u015f\u0131 tavr\u0131 belli olmu\u015f oldu: 15 bin Yahudi \u0130stanbul’a veya yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n “daha zengin” olu\u015flar\u0131 Cumhuriyet tarihi boyunca nazara verilen bir durumdu. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ekonomik etkileri bahane edilerek 1942’de \u00e7\u0131kan “Varl\u0131k Vergisi” gayrim\u00fcslimlerin m\u00fclklerinin ‘devletle\u015ftirilmesi’ ad\u0131na kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Kanun, sadece gayrim\u00fcslimleri kapsamasa da, uygulumada ba\u015fta Yahudiler olmak \u00fczere, Rum, Ermeni ve S\u00fcryani az\u0131nl\u0131klara \u00f6deyemeyecekleri miktarda vergi m\u00fckellefiyeti getirildi. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te 1.400 ki\u015fi Erzurum’da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. 21 ki\u015fi, k\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131 sebebiyle \u00f6ld\u00fc. Olay, New York Times gazetesinde haber olunca vergi kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, ancak bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00e7ok say\u0131da yabanc\u0131 ve az\u0131nl\u0131k m\u00fclk\u00fc ya Hazine’ye devredildi ya da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere sat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

‘Vatanda\u015f T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015f!’ <\/strong><\/p>\n

13 Ocak 1928’de bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi’nin o zamanki \u00f6\u011frencileri bir karar al\u0131r: Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle \u0130stanbul’da T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden ba\u015fka bir dil konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklamal\u0131. Bu karar, bir propagandaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecektir. \u0130stanbul’un muhtelif yerlerine “Vatanda\u015f T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015f!” yazan bayraklar ve flamalar as\u0131l\u0131r, bunlar\u0131 y\u0131rtan az\u0131nl\u0131klar g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131r. Gayrim\u00fcslimler o d\u00f6nem, Ermenice, Rumca, Ladino gibi dilleri konu\u015fuyordu ve kampanya ile, m\u00fcbadelede T\u00fcrkiye’ye gelmi\u015f Bo\u015fnak ve Arnavut as\u0131ll\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131n da kendi dillerini konu\u015fmalar\u0131 engellendi. Bu kampanya, 1950’lerde 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl Olaylar\u0131’n\u0131n paralelinde yine g\u00fcndeme gelecek, 27 May\u0131s darbesinden sonra da, konu\u015fulacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

1955 y\u0131l\u0131, \u0130stanbul Beyo\u011flu’ndaki gayrim\u00fcslim d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131, gasp edilmesi ve \u015fiddet eylemlerine sahne oldu. K\u0131br\u0131s meselesi nedeniyle K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 T\u00fcrkler ile K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Rumlar aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan gerginlik, bug\u00fcnlerde anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla bir “\u00d6zel Harp Dairesi” operasyonuna hamledildi. 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl Olaylar\u0131, asparagas haberler ve y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m bask\u0131larla birlikte medyan\u0131n da sahne ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir nefret eylemine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

1971 tarihli Yarg\u0131tay karar\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n

1971’deki “Bal\u0131kl\u0131 Rum Hastanesi” davas\u0131, bug\u00fcn de g\u00fcndemde olan ‘Az\u0131nl\u0131k vak\u0131flar\u0131’ meselesinin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihti. 1936 Beyannamesi, az\u0131nl\u0131klardan istenen basit bir mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 beyan\u0131yd\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re, gayrim\u00fcslim vak\u0131flar\u0131, sahibi olduklar\u0131 m\u00fclkleri devlete haber verecekti. Bal\u0131kl\u0131 Rum Hastanesi y\u00f6netim kurulu ile maliye hazinesi aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen davada Yarg\u0131tay 1936’da beyan edilen mallar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fclklerin Hazine’ye ge\u00e7mesine karar verdi. \u00dcstelik bir \u00fcst Yarg\u0131tay mercii olan Hukuk Genel Kurulu, “T\u00fcrk olmayan” diye tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gayrim\u00fcslim vatanda\u015flar\u0131n, m\u00fclk edinebilmesini “tehlikeli” buldu\u011funu belirtti. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi (A\u0130HM), Fener Rum Erkek Lisesi Vakf\u0131’n\u0131n elinden al\u0131nan ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131 nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye’nin tazminat \u00f6demesine karar vermi\u015fti. Bu karar, di\u011fer m\u00fclkler i\u00e7in de emsal te\u015fkil ediyor.<\/p>\n

Heybeliada Ruhban Okulu <\/strong><\/p>\n

Avrupal\u0131 siyaset\u00e7ilerin her T\u00fcrkiye ziyaretlerinde g\u00fcndeme getirdikleri, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 ilgilendiren bir di\u011fer mesele de Heybeliada Ruhban Okulu. 1844 ile 1971 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda e\u011fitim veren okul, 127 y\u0131lda bin mezun verdi. Ortodoks H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n, din adam\u0131 yeti\u015ftirebilmeleri i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan okul, 1971’de Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin verdi\u011fi “Bir devlet \u00fcniversitesine ba\u011flanma” \u015fart\u0131 nedeniyle kapat\u0131ld\u0131. 2003 ve 2005 y\u0131llar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 yolunda giri\u015fimlere ba\u015fland\u0131 ancak 2003’te Y\u00fcksek \u00d6\u011fretim Kurumu (Y\u00d6K) ile Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (MEB) aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131k nedeniyle; 2005’te de D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n Yunanistan’dan “kar\u015f\u0131-taviz” isteme fikrine tak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in planlar suya d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131, bug\u00fcn h\u00e2len varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirebilseler de, merkez\u00ee e\u011fitim sistemi nedeniyle g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e \u00f6\u011frenci kaybediyor. Bu okullarda okuyanlar da her sabah “T\u00fcrk\u00fcm, do\u011fruyum, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan\u0131m…” diye ba\u015fl\u0131yor g\u00fcne mesela.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu problemler, T\u00fcrkiye’de ya\u015fayan gayrim\u00fcslimlerin zaman zaman g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerine sebep oluyor. \u00d6zellikle \u0130srail Devleti kuruldu\u011funda, \u0130stanbul’da ya\u015fayan Yahudilerin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. Yine Ermeni ve Rum n\u00fcfusu da giderek azal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

11.09.2011<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/zaman.com.tr\/haber.do?haberno=1178439&title=azinliklarin-bitmeyen-cilesi&haberSayfa=1<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0ABDULLAH YAVUZ ALTUN \u00a0 Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n m\u00fclkleri iade ediliyor. Devlet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, durum “hakk\u0131n iadesi” oluyor. Ancak tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lsa da, az\u0131nl\u0131klar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, iktidardan gelen ciddi bir “jest” bu. Neden b\u00f6yle oldu\u011funu anlaman\u0131n bir yolu Islahat Ferman\u0131’ndan bu yana bu topraklarda ya\u015fayan gayrim\u00fcslimlerin ba\u015flar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en hik\u00e2yeye bakmaktan ge\u00e7iyor… AK Parti h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin “kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcnde kararname” ile kapsam\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti\u011fi “az\u0131nl\u0131klara […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8372,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8371","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\nAz\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n bitmeyen \u00e7ilesi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2011\/09\/16\/azinliklarin-bitmeyen-cilesi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n bitmeyen \u00e7ilesi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0ABDULLAH YAVUZ ALTUN \u00a0 Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n m\u00fclkleri iade ediliyor. Devlet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, durum “hakk\u0131n iadesi” oluyor. Ancak tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lsa da, az\u0131nl\u0131klar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, iktidardan gelen ciddi bir “jest” bu. Neden b\u00f6yle oldu\u011funu anlaman\u0131n bir yolu Islahat Ferman\u0131’ndan bu yana bu topraklarda ya\u015fayan gayrim\u00fcslimlerin ba\u015flar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en hik\u00e2yeye bakmaktan ge\u00e7iyor… AK Parti h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin “kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcnde kararname” ile kapsam\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti\u011fi “az\u0131nl\u0131klara […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2011\/09\/16\/azinliklarin-bitmeyen-cilesi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2011-09-16T06:45:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2011\/09\/Azinliklar.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"kalem\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"kalem\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2011\/09\/16\/azinliklarin-bitmeyen-cilesi\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2011\/09\/16\/azinliklarin-bitmeyen-cilesi\/\",\"name\":\"Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n bitmeyen \u00e7ilesi - 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