{"id":561,"date":"2010-01-12T06:31:47","date_gmt":"2010-01-12T11:31:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=561"},"modified":"2010-01-12T06:31:47","modified_gmt":"2010-01-12T11:31:47","slug":"kars","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/01\/12\/kars\/","title":{"rendered":"Kars"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Kars, 20. yy. ba\u015f\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Kars kalesi, Mets Hayk\u2019in Ararat V\u2019layet\u2019ine ba\u011fl\u0131 Vanand il\u00e7esinin \u00f6nemli kalelerinden biridir. Yabanc\u0131 ve Ermeni tarih\u00e7iler bu kaleyi \u00abKaruts Berd\u00bb, \u00abAmrotsn Karuts\u00bb, \u00abAmurn Karuts\u00bb (kale imaret, sa\u011flam kale) olarak adlad\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kars kalesinin kurulu\u015fu \u00e7ok daha eskilere dayanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Ermeni tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan ancak IX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kars\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7kalesi, Kars’\u0131n kuzey y\u00f6n\u00fcnde, Kars Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda d\u00f6rt taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmesi g\u00fc\u00e7 kayalar \u00fczerinde bulunan bir tepede kurulmu\u015f ve gizli bir ge\u00e7itle nehre ba\u011flanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

II. A\u015fot Yerkat Bagratuni\u2019nin (Demir A\u015fot, 914-929) halefi olmadan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Ermenistan ordular\u0131 ba\u015f komutan\u0131 olan ve Kars’ta ikamet eden karde\u015fi Abbas \u00abErmeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin \u015eahin\u015fah\u0131\u00bb unvan\u0131yla tahta \u00e7\u0131kar. I. Abas (929-953) Kars’\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u015fehri ilan eder. Abas, \u00abAlanats Dur\u00bb (\u00abAlan Kap\u0131s\u0131\u00bb) denilen da\u011f ge\u00e7idinden (Kafkasya Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda) Ermenistan’a ak\u0131nlar tertipleyen Abhaz, G\u00fcrc\u00fc ve Sarmat’lar\u0131 \u00fclkeden kovduktan sonra imar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flar. Abas, i\u00e7kaleyi sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p kral saray\u0131 ve Aziz Arakelots kilisesini in\u015fa eder. 1579 tarihinde Osmanl\u0131lar, Aziz Arakelots kilisesini camiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrler. 1877 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kars’\u0131n, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmesinden sonra kilise, Rus Ortodoks kilisesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. 1890’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda kilisenin kuzey k\u0131sm\u0131nda bir \u00e7an kulesi in\u015fa edilir. T\u00fcrkler, 1918’de Kars’\u0131 i\u015fgal edince kiliseyi tekrar camiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrler. 1919 tarihinde T\u00fcrklerin geri \u00e7ekilmeleri sonucu kilise tekrar Ermenilerin eline ge\u00e7er. T\u00fcrkler, 1920’de Kars’\u0131 kesin olarak i\u015fgal edip kiliseyi tekrar camiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda \u00e7an kulesini y\u0131karlar. 1960-1970 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kilise, m\u00fcze olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eimdi tekrar camiye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. Abas’\u0131n halefi III.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>A\u015fot Vo\u011formats (Merhametli A\u015fot, 953-977), 961 tarihinde saray\u0131n\u0131 Ani’ye ta\u015f\u0131yarak burada kral olarak kutsan\u0131r. A\u015fot, hasta ile yoksullara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir merhamet ve elia\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131 Merhametli olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u015fot Vo\u011formats’\u0131n e\u015fi krali\u00e7e Khosrovanu\u015f 957 tarihinde Sanahin, 967’de de Ha\u011fpat manast\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131r. Sanahin kilisesine Amenaprki\u00e7, Ha\u011fpat’a ise Aziz N\u015fan ad\u0131 verilir. Bu manast\u0131rlar bilim, e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezleri olmu\u015ftur. Bunlar, daha sonra do\u011fu ruhani \u00f6nderleri grubunun merkezleri olarak kabul edilmi\u015flerdir. A\u015fot, ba\u015fkenti Ani’ye ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karde\u015fi Mu\u015fe\u011f’i, Kars y\u00f6neticisi tayin eder. Mu\u015fe\u011f, kentin elveri\u015fli ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kendisini \u00abKars Kral\u0131\u00bb ilan eder. A\u015fot, karde\u015fini Kars’ta, kendi egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmeye izin verir. Bu durum, Kars veya Vanand Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (963-1065) ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Vanand, Kars’\u0131n sekiz il\u00e7esinden ba\u015fl\u0131cas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu sebepten dolay\u0131, Kars Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Vanand Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Vanand, bir s\u00fcre episkoposluk merkezi de olmu\u015ftur. I. Mu\u015fe\u011f (963-984), A\u015fot’un vefat\u0131ndan sonra (977) Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n \u015eehin\u015fah\u0131 olmak ister, ancak Ani erk\u00e2n\u0131, A\u015fot Vo\u011formats’\u0131n o\u011flu S\u0131mbat’\u0131 tahta \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Mu\u015fe\u011f’in halefi Abbas (984-1029) d\u00fczensiz bir krall\u0131k miras al\u0131r. Abas, talan ve ya\u011fmalara son verir. Kars, ticaret yollar\u0131yla \u00e7e\u015fitli kentlere ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. De\u011fi\u015fik \u00fclkelerden gelen kervanlar bu yollardan ge\u00e7mekteydi. Abbas, bu yollar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flar. Sava\u015f sanat\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6\u011fretildi\u011fi say\u0131s\u0131z okul a\u00e7ar. 998 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc m\u00fcttefik ordular\u0131 Atrpatakan emirinin ordusunu yenilgeye u\u011frat\u0131r. Abbas’tan sonra o\u011flu Gagik Abbasyan (1029-1065) kral olur. Gagik Abasyan, Bagratuni (Ani) Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden sonra (1045) Bagratuni\u2019lerin b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u201caile reisi\u201d ve \u00ab\u015fahin\u015fah\u00bb olur. Gagik, kendisi bir olarak bilginleri himaye etmi\u015ftir. Sarayda, teoloji ve di\u011fer bilimlerin \u00f6\u011fretildi\u011fi bir akademi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. 1053 ve 1054 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Sel\u00e7uklular Kars’a sald\u0131r\u0131r. Gagik’in ordular\u0131 Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 \u00fclkeden atarlar.<\/p>\n

11.-12. as\u0131rlarda Kars \u015fehri’nin mahir zanaatkar ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu\u011fday ve ipek ba\u015fl\u0131ca ihracat \u00fcr\u00fcnleriydi. \u015eehir, bak\u0131r, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, demir ve tuz ocaklar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc ve ormanlar\u0131ndan kereste sa\u011flanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sel\u00e7uklular, 1064 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alp-Aslan’\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011finde Ani’yi i\u015fgal ettiklerinde, Kars Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n durumu a\u011f\u0131rla\u015f\u0131r. Gagik, diplomatik y\u00f6ntemlerle Kars’\u0131 i\u015fgalden kurtar\u0131r, fakat 1065 tarihinde Kars\u2019\u0131, Bizans \u0130mparatoru X. Konstantin Dukas’a (1059-1067) teslim ederek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Tsam\u0131ndav, Larisa, Amasya, Kesarya, Komana ve Khavartanek \u015fehir-kalelerini al\u0131r. Gagik, 1081 tarihinde vefat eder.<\/p>\n

1071 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Bizans ordusu Manazkert (Malazgirt) sava\u015f\u0131nda yenilir. Kars, Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ip emirlik merkezi olur. Sel\u00e7uklular ve G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin s\u00fcrekli sava\u015flar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda \u015fehir devaml\u0131 el de\u011fi\u015ftirir. 1206 tarihinde Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc ordular\u0131 Kars’\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>1226 ve 1236’da ise Sel\u00e7uklular \u015fehre sald\u0131r\u0131p ya\u011fma eder ve halk\u0131 esir olarak g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrler. G\u00fcrc\u00fc kral\u0131 Davit’in vefat\u0131ndan sonra ergin olmayan o\u011flu Demet\u0131r (1271-1289) tahta \u00e7\u0131kar. Sadun Artsruni, Demet\u0131r’in vasisi olarak 1284 tarihinde \u00fclkeyi Kars\u2019tan y\u00f6netmeye ba\u015flar. 1394 y\u0131l\u0131nda Timurlenk Kars’\u0131 i\u015fgal edip tahrip eder. 1548 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131lar, Kars’\u0131 i\u015fgal edip i\u00e7kaleyi yeniden in\u015fa ederler. Uzun s\u00fcreli Pers-Osmanl\u0131 harplerinden sonra Kars, 1639 tarihinde imzalanan anla\u015fma gere\u011fince, kesin olarak Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu’\u011funun eline ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

Persler, 1735 ve 1747 tarihlerinde Kars’\u0131 muhasara eder fakat elde etmeyi ba\u015faramazlar. \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Kars’\u0131 iki kere i\u015fgal edip geri verir. Birincisi sefer, 1828 haziran\u0131nda elde edip bir y\u0131l sonra teslim ederler, ikincisinde ise, 1855 y\u0131l\u0131nda ele ge\u00e7irip 1856 a\u011fustosunda iade ederler. Bu iki sava\u015f sonucunda \u00e7ok say\u0131da Ermeni ve Rum Rusya’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir. 18 Kas\u0131m 1877 tarihinde, alt\u0131 ay s\u00fcren muhasaradan sonra, Ermeni komutan\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Rus ordular\u0131 \u015fehri ele ge\u00e7irmeyi ba\u015far\u0131r. Kars \u015fehri, Kars B\u00f6lgesi’nin merkezi olur. \u015eehir kalk\u0131n\u0131r ve n\u00fcfusu art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterir. Kars Nehri’nin sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, geni\u015f sokaklar ve ta\u015f evleriyle yeni mahalleler in\u015fa edilir. 1899 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kars-Tiflis tren yolu in\u015faat\u0131 tamamlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>1913 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re, Kars n\u00fcfusu 12.175 ki\u015fiydi ve bunlar\u0131n 10.250\u2019si Ermeni, 912\u2019si T\u00fcrk, kalanlar\u0131 ise Rus, Rum ve di\u011fer milletlerden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Kars\u2019ta yarat\u0131lan ticaret ko\u015fullar\u0131 sonucu n\u00fcfusu h\u0131zla artar. 1916 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Kars B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde 114.938 Ermeni ikamet ederken Kars \u015eehri\u2019nin 30.086 sakininden 25.665\u2019i Ermeni, 260\u2019\u0131 Tatar, 38\u2019i K\u00fcrt, 4123\u2019\u00fc de Rus, Rum, Suryani vs. millete mensup olmu\u015flard\u0131r. 1827 tarihinde kurulan Ermeni lisesi, 1830\u2019da tekrar kapat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1878 y\u0131l\u0131nda erkek \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in Lusavor\u00e7yan okulu, 1879\u2019da ise \u015eu\u015fanyan k\u0131z lisesi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n\u00a0 ba\u015f\u0131nda, Kars\u2019ta, Aziz Astvatsatsin, Aziz Grigor ve Aziz N\u0131\u015fan olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 Ermeni, iki Rus kilisesi, Aziz Arakelots (eski Ermeni kilisesi), Aziz Mikayel Meleklerba\u015f\u0131, bir de Rum (Surb Georg) kilise vard\u0131. Kars, ayn\u0131 zamanda eski bir Ermeni istinsah merkezi de olmu\u015ftur. Bilinen ilk kopya edilen \u0130ncil, 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda par\u015f\u00f6men \u00f6zerine yaz\u0131lan \u201cKars \u0130ncili\u201ddir. Bu incil, Ermeni kral\u0131 Gagik Abasyan (1029-1065) i\u00e7in yaz\u0131l\u0131p minyat\u00fcrlerle bezenmi\u015ftir. Bu sebepten dolay\u0131 da \u201cKral Gagik\u2019in \u0130ncili\u201d olarak an\u0131l\u0131r. M\u00fcstensih Ye\u011fbayrik\u2019in 1280 tarihli ve m\u00fcbeyyiz Hovhannes\u2019in 1290 tarihli yazmalar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan eserlerdendir. 1553 tarihinde ise m\u00fcstensih Hovhannes, \u201cMa\u015ftots\u201dun kopyas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Ekim 1917 tarihinde vuku bulan Bol\u015fevik devrimi sonucunda, Rus ordusu cepheden geri \u00e7ekilir. Nisan 1918 tarihinde T\u00fcrkler Kars\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal edip, \u015fehri soyup halka y\u00f6nelik k\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirler. Nisan 1919 tarihinde T\u00fcrk ordusu geri \u00e7ekilir ve Kars Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne ba\u011flan\u0131r. 30 Ekim 1920\u2019de T\u00fcrkler Kars\u2019\u0131 yeniden i\u015fgal eder. \u015eehrin Ermeni ve Rus sakinleri \u015fehri terk ederler. 1990 tarihli verilere g\u00f6re Kars\u2019\u0131n n\u00fcfusu 55 bin ki\u015fidir. 26 Eyl\u00fcl-13 Kas\u0131m 1921\u2019de, Kars\u2019ta, Sovyet Rusya, Ermenistan, G\u00fcrcistan, Azerbaycan ve Kemalist T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yap\u0131l\u0131r. 13 Ekim 1921 tarihinde ise Kars Anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Resimler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kars i\u00e7kalesi<\/em><\/p>\n

Kars i\u00e7kalesi ve Arakelots Kilisesi (\u00e7an kulesi y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halde)<\/em><\/p>\n

Kars Nehri ve Vartan K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya d\u00f6neminde Karas\u2019ta in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olan ta\u015f evlerden birka\u00e7\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n

Armen K\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcyan<\/strong> http:\/\/ermeni.hayem.org\/ermenice\/mayraqaghaqner_uni.htm<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kars, 20. yy. ba\u015f\u0131 Kars kalesi, Mets Hayk\u2019in Ararat V\u2019layet\u2019ine ba\u011fl\u0131 Vanand il\u00e7esinin \u00f6nemli kalelerinden biridir. Yabanc\u0131 ve Ermeni tarih\u00e7iler bu kaleyi \u00abKaruts Berd\u00bb, \u00abAmrotsn Karuts\u00bb, \u00abAmurn Karuts\u00bb (kale imaret, sa\u011flam kale) olarak adlad\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kars kalesinin kurulu\u015fu \u00e7ok daha eskilere dayanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Ermeni tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan ancak IX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kars\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7kalesi, Kars’\u0131n kuzey y\u00f6n\u00fcnde, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-561","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-buyuk-haykin-baskentleri"],"yoast_head":"\nKars - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/01\/12\/kars\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kars - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kars, 20. yy. ba\u015f\u0131 Kars kalesi, Mets Hayk\u2019in Ararat V\u2019layet\u2019ine ba\u011fl\u0131 Vanand il\u00e7esinin \u00f6nemli kalelerinden biridir. Yabanc\u0131 ve Ermeni tarih\u00e7iler bu kaleyi \u00abKaruts Berd\u00bb, \u00abAmrotsn Karuts\u00bb, \u00abAmurn Karuts\u00bb (kale imaret, sa\u011flam kale) olarak adlad\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kars kalesinin kurulu\u015fu \u00e7ok daha eskilere dayanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Ermeni tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan ancak IX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 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