{"id":4687,"date":"2011-03-12T09:52:00","date_gmt":"2011-03-12T14:52:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=4687"},"modified":"2011-03-12T09:52:00","modified_gmt":"2011-03-12T14:52:00","slug":"katedral","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2011\/03\/12\/katedral\/","title":{"rendered":"KATEDRAL"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0Tarih\u00e7e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n

Katedralin Manu\u00e7ehr camiinin minaresinden g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ermeni devrinin 450nci y\u0131l\u0131nda (1001)… Tanr\u0131 ve Ermenilerin ruhani lideri Katolikos taraf\u0131ndan onurland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Sarkis ve Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler \u015fahen\u015fah\u0131 Gagik’in \u015fanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman\u0131nda, ben, Siunik Kral\u0131 Vasak’\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131, Ermeniler Krali\u00e7esi Katranide, kendimi Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n lutfuna emanet ederek zevcim Gagik \u015fahen\u015fah\u0131n emri \u00fczerine, Ulu Smbat’\u0131n temelini att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kutsal katedrali in\u015fa ettirdim…”<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u015eehrin g\u00fcney kenar\u0131nda, heybetli Katedral durur. Bu, Ani’deki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131d\u0131r, hatta ve hatta evrensel de\u011fere sahiptir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7e\u015fitli tarihi kaynak ve yaz\u0131lara g\u00f6re, Katedral’in in\u015faat\u0131 989 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kral II. Smbat (977-989) d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bir duraklamadan sonra Smbat’\u0131n ard\u0131l\u0131 Kral Gagik Bagratid’in e\u015fi Krali\u00e7e Katranide’nin emri \u00fczerine 1001 y\u0131l\u0131nda (veya yaz\u0131n\u0131n okunu\u015funa g\u00f6re 1010 y\u0131l\u0131nda) tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Katedral, Orta\u00e7a\u011f Ermenistan\u0131’n\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc mimarlar\u0131ndan Trdat’\u0131n eseridir.<\/p>\n

Arpa\u00e7ay’a bakarken<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>1064 y\u0131l\u0131 ku\u015fatmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Katedral’in sembolik \u00f6nemi varm\u0131\u015f. Galip T\u00fcrkler \u015fehri ya\u011fmalarken, biri katedralin tepesine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p kubbenin \u00fczerindeki ha\u00e7\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Ha\u00e7\u0131n, daha sonra, herkesin zerine basabilmesi i\u00e7in bir caminin e\u015fi\u011fine kondu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir.) Katedral, camiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve ona Fethiye Camii ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>1124’te Hristiyan kullan\u0131m\u0131na geri verilmi\u015ftir ve kitabeler, 13\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda onar\u0131mdan bahseder. 1319 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 depremi kubbeyi y\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu da belki binan\u0131n dini ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131na son getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kesit (Toros T’oramanyan)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Mimari<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7o\u011fu Ermeni yap\u0131s\u0131 gibi, bu katedral de tamam\u0131yla ta\u015ftan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, yani beton kaba yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczeri, i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi geli\u015fmi\u015f ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kla, \u00e7ok renkli ta\u015fla \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Plan\u0131, kubbeli bazilika bi\u00e7imindedir. Bu, Ermenistan’da 17nci y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri g\u00f6zlenmi\u015f bir kal\u0131pt\u0131r, ancak Trdat’\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131, bu eski bi\u00e7imi yeni incelik ve yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k boyutlar\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. <\/strong><\/p>\n

D<\/strong>\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yap\u0131n\u0131n, kubbesini depremde yitirmesi, ona ilk haline \u00f6zg\u00fc olmayan bir k\u00fcbik \u015fekil vermi\u015ftir. Kubbenin 1319 depreminde \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ve aln\u0131n geriye kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n 1832’de ba\u015fka bir depremde y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. Kuzeybat\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fesindeki yar\u0131k, ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00fcneybat\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fesinde de bir ciddi \u00e7atlak b\u0131rakan 1988 depremi sonucu meydana gelmi\u015ftir. 1998’e do\u011fru, \u00e7at\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7alar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

1. Katedralin g\u00fcneybat\u0131dan g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

2. Kuzeybat\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fesi: 1988 depremi hasar\u0131<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

2000 ve 2001 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Katedralin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kalan ta\u015f ocaklar\u0131ndaki patlatmalar da ilaveten hasar meydana getirmi\u015ftir: g\u00fcneybat\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fedeki \u00e7atlak derinle\u015fmi\u015f ve kayda de\u011fer oranda geni\u015flemi\u015f, bat\u0131 cephesi ise d\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru esnemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Art\u0131k, bat\u0131 cephesinin tamamen \u00e7\u00f6kme tehlikesi s\u00f6z konusudur. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Zarif kolonlar \u00fczerine oturtulmu\u015f, aralar\u0131na oymal\u0131-kabartmal\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7eveli ince uzun pencerelerin kondu\u011fu s\u00fcsl\u00fc k\u00f6r kemer dizisi, yap\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 kaplar. Kilisenin her kanad\u0131n\u0131n tepeli\u011finin alt\u0131nda da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck mazgal pencere vard\u0131r. <\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u0131ras\u0131yla, patrik, kral, ve halk\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in olan kuzey, g\u00fcney ve bat\u0131 giri\u015f kap\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Her kap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde ise muhtemelen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z s\u00fctunlar \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f sayvan, \u015fimdi ise hemen hemen tamamen mahvedilmi\u015f birer tonozlu sundurma varm\u0131\u015f. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Kuzey g\u00fcney ve bat\u0131 cephelerindeki \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00fc\u00e7gen ni\u015fler, pencerelerin konumlar\u0131 ile birlikte, kanatlar\u0131n ve apsisin i\u00e7erideki mahallini belirtir. Bu ni\u015fler ayn\u0131 zamanda cephelerin d\u00fcz y\u00fczeyini bozar ve asl\u0131nda epey ince olan duvarlara art\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fckseklik ve sa\u011flaml\u0131k izlenimi verir. Ni\u015fler yap\u0131sal olarak yayvan payanda g\u00f6revini de yerine getirir. Bat\u0131 cephesinde ni\u015f yoktur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u00e7erideki kemerli tonozun tazyikine kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilmek i\u00e7in duvar kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7 K\u0131s\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n

Katedralin i\u00e7i y\u00fcksek ve epey karanl\u0131kt\u0131r, hatta ve hatta merkezi kubbenin sa\u011flam oldu\u011funda daha da karanl\u0131k olmal\u0131yd\u0131. Bu, bir kusur de\u011fil, kas\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

1. Apsisteki yar\u0131m daire ni\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

2. Apsisin ikonal\u0131 halinin 1920 \u00f6ncesi foto\u011fraf\u0131<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Apsis ve yan odac\u0131klar\u0131n, i\u00e7 hacmin yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rtte birini olu\u015fturmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, kubbenin do\u011fusundaki tonozlar, bat\u0131s\u0131ndakilerden bir hayli k\u0131sad\u0131r. Dikd\u00f6rtgen sah\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rt masif demet payandalar\u0131, \u00e7at\u0131y\u0131 berkiten kubbeyi de kemerleri de destekler. Do\u011fu-bat\u0131 ve kuzey-g\u00fcney eksenlerindeki be\u015fik tonozlar, neredeyse aln\u0131n dibi kadar y\u00fcksekliktedir ve d\u0131\u015fta, kesi\u015fen e\u011fik \u00e7at\u0131larla g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

1. Apsis cephesinde pencere ve \u00fc\u00e7gen ni\u015f<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

2. Ni\u015fin tepesindeki yelpaze pervaz<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Geni\u015f apsis, do\u011fu \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda yerle\u015fiktir ve d\u0131\u015f cephede, sadece iki derin ni\u015f aras\u0131ndaki pencere ile belirtilmi\u015ftir. Apsisteki “chancel”<\/em> (kilisede mihrab\u0131n yan\u0131nda din adamlar\u0131na ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lge: kutak), zeminden y\u00fcksektir ve oturak bar\u0131nd\u0131ran on adet yar\u0131m daire ni\u015fi vard\u0131r. \u00dcst katlar\u0131n\u0131n, kutaktaki dar merdivenlerden ula\u015f\u0131lan iki katl\u0131 odac\u0131klarla iki taraftan \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ncelemesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bazilika plan\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, tasar\u0131mda, uzunlamas\u0131na az vurgu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Yap\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu, en ve boyuna g\u00f6receli olarak k\u0131sad\u0131r ve dikey oranlar, demet payanda ve pilastrolar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131yla vurgulan\u0131r. Bunlar, orta kolon etraf\u0131nda k\u00fcmelenmi\u015f kare ve yar\u0131m daire pilastro \u015feklindedir. Bununla olu\u015fan bir\u00e7ok kaburga, y\u00fckselerek \u00e7at\u0131 ve kubbeyi berkiten kemerlerle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, sivri kemerlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131, bu binan\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l sonraki Got mimarisinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen kuvvetli dikeyli\u011fin benzeri bir izlenim verir, ancak Ermeni mimarisiyle Bat\u0131 Avrupa’daki Got stilinin geli\u015fimi aras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131 kuracak delil yoktur.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7 Ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Apsiste, T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan uygulanm\u0131\u015f badanan\u0131n alt\u0131nda, Tanr\u0131’y\u0131 taht\u0131nda oturur vaziyette g\u00f6steren resmin izleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu katedralden yenidir ve belki de 13\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l onar\u0131m\u0131ndand\u0131r. S\u00fctun ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 da basit geometrik bezemelerin izlerini korur.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

1. G\u00fcneybat\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fesindeki \u00e7atlak<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

2. \u0130\u00e7erisi<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

3. Kubbeye bak\u0131\u015f<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7erideki ta\u015f i\u015findeki bo\u015fluklar, belki de, yap\u0131n\u0131n camiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemde veyahut daha sonraki define avc\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6k\u00fclen khatchkar<\/em>lar\u0131n yerini belirtir. Son zamanlarda Ermeni kitabeleri mahsustan, ta\u015fa uyacak t\u00fcrde boyayla kapanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ku\u015f pislikleriyle birlikte bu, i\u00e7erinin ince ta\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fini tahrif eder.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

1. G\u00fcney cephesindeki pencere<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

2. Do\u011fu cephesindeki pencere<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

3. Bat\u0131 cephesinde mazgal<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Duvar\u0131n, yere yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerde kesme ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yok olmu\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, duvarlar\u0131n alt\u0131ndan ta\u015f yer d\u00f6\u015femesinin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ve binan\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f tasla\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bu d\u00f6\u015femeye oyuldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Belki de katedralin b\u00fct\u00fcn plan\u0131, eski Yunan tap\u0131naklar\u0131nda da oldu\u011fu gibi, duvarlar in\u015fa edilmeden \u00f6nce zemine oyulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

13\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l Onar\u0131m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kimisi, Katedral’in g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, 13\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda yeniden in\u015fa etme derecesinde bir geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 onar\u0131mdan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunur.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

1. K\u00fcme payandalar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir yan ge\u00e7itlerden bak\u0131\u015f<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

2. G\u00fcney kanad\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeki tonoz<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu varsay\u0131m\u0131 ilk, binan\u0131n, 10uncu y\u00fczy\u0131la ait olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Nikoli Marr ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kendisi, 13\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131la ait bir\u00e7ok kitabenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da, bunlar\u0131n, eskilerinin 13\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l yap\u0131ml\u0131 taklitleri oldu\u011fundan yola \u00e7\u0131karak a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r! Bu varsay\u0131m g\u00fcvenilir de\u011fildir; onu destekleyecek yap\u0131sal delil yoktur ve d\u0131\u015f cephenin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 (kemerler, pencereler, ni\u015fler ve benzerinin konumlar\u0131), ba\u015fka bir d\u00f6neme ait olabilmek i\u00e7in i\u00e7 unsurlarla fazlaca b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.virtualani.org\/cathedral\/turkish.htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.virtualani.org\/cathedral\/turkish2.htm<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0Tarih\u00e7e Katedralin Manu\u00e7ehr camiinin minaresinden g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc Ermeni devrinin 450nci y\u0131l\u0131nda (1001)… Tanr\u0131 ve Ermenilerin ruhani lideri Katolikos taraf\u0131ndan onurland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Sarkis ve Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler \u015fahen\u015fah\u0131 Gagik’in \u015fanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman\u0131nda, ben, Siunik Kral\u0131 Vasak’\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131, Ermeniler Krali\u00e7esi Katranide, kendimi Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n lutfuna emanet ederek zevcim Gagik \u015fahen\u015fah\u0131n emri \u00fczerine, Ulu Smbat’\u0131n temelini att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kutsal katedrali in\u015fa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4687","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-haberler","category-manastirlar-kiliseler"],"yoast_head":"\nKATEDRAL - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2011\/03\/12\/katedral\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"KATEDRAL - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0Tarih\u00e7e Katedralin Manu\u00e7ehr camiinin minaresinden g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc Ermeni devrinin 450nci y\u0131l\u0131nda (1001)… Tanr\u0131 ve Ermenilerin ruhani lideri Katolikos taraf\u0131ndan onurland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Sarkis ve Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler \u015fahen\u015fah\u0131 Gagik’in \u015fanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman\u0131nda, ben, Siunik Kral\u0131 Vasak’\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131, Ermeniler Krali\u00e7esi Katranide, kendimi Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n lutfuna emanet ederek zevcim Gagik \u015fahen\u015fah\u0131n emri \u00fczerine, Ulu Smbat’\u0131n temelini att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kutsal katedrali in\u015fa […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2011\/03\/12\/katedral\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2011-03-12T14:52:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/03\/cathplan-300x225.gif\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"kalem\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"kalem\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2011\/03\/12\/katedral\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2011\/03\/12\/katedral\/\",\"name\":\"KATEDRAL - 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