{"id":3717,"date":"2010-12-29T02:31:25","date_gmt":"2010-12-29T07:31:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=3717"},"modified":"2010-12-29T02:31:25","modified_gmt":"2010-12-29T07:31:25","slug":"bati-ermenistan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/12\/29\/bati-ermenistan-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Bat\u0131 Ermenistan"},"content":{"rendered":"

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1995 y\u0131l\u0131 May\u0131s Reformlar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde 6 Ermeni vilayeti<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn farazi ad\u0131d\u0131r. Bu isim, B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n, Sasani \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 ve Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu aras\u0131nda 367 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Daha sonraki d\u00f6nemde, Do\u011fu Roma veya Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun (Ermeni kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re Yunan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131) \u015fekillenmesinden sonra, Bizans Ermenistan\u0131 olarak da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Hayk (Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n F\u0131rat\u00f6tesi topraklar\u0131) daha eski zamanlarda, Ar\u015fakuni Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ermenistan\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmesinden \u00f6nce, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde, Dicle ve F\u0131rat aras\u0131nda bulunan ve \u201cDicle\u00f6tesi \u00fclkeleri\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Ermeni b\u00f6lgeleri (be\u015f \u00f6zerk beylik veya satrapl\u0131k) daha 374 y\u0131l\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019tan ayr\u0131l\u0131p Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdi. B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, Mdzbin-\u00c7orokh (\u00c7oruh) \u00e7izgisiyle Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa ge\u00e7en b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bundan sonra da B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk veya \u0130\u00e7 Hayk olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na devam edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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387-428 Y\u0131llar\u0131\u2019nda Ermenistan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Hayk, imparatorlu\u011fun genel idari sistemi i\u00e7ine dahil edilmi\u015f, \u0130\u00e7 Hayk ve satrapl\u0131k olarak an\u0131lan b\u00f6lgeler ise d\u0131\u015fsal olarak imparatorluk i\u00e7inde bulunmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen i\u00e7 i\u015flerinde \u00f6zerklik haklar\u0131na sahip olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ba\u015flar\u0131nda bulunan Ermeni beyler g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re Roma y\u00f6neticilerinin kontrol\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunan ve imparatorluk i\u00e7in askeri hizmet veren imparatorlu\u011fun federatlar\u0131 (anla\u015fmal\u0131 m\u00fcttefik) olmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130mparator II. J\u00fcstinyan zaman\u0131nda (527-565) Bat\u0131 Ermenistan yeni idari \u015fekillenmeye tabi tutulmu\u015f ve I., II., III., IV. Hayklara b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu durum, beylik sistemine \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl darbe vurarak \u00fclkenin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin de yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7mesine sebep olmu\u015ftur. Ermeni askeri g\u00fc\u00e7leri devaml\u0131 olarak \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6nderilerek Kuzey Afrika ve \u0130talya\u2019da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu durum \u00f6zellikle imparator Morik zaman\u0131nda (582-602) s\u00fcrekli olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Vardan (k\u0131z\u0131l) Mamikonyan \u00f6nderli\u011finde 572 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pers egemenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ayaklanma, 20 y\u0131ll\u0131k Bizans-Pers sava\u015f\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve bunun sonucunda Ermenistan 591 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeniden b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00fclkenin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 (Azat Nehri\u2019ne ve Sevan G\u00f6l\u00fc ile Hrazdan aras\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6lgeye kadar) Bizans\u2019a kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Arap sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 ve Arap-Bizans sava\u015flar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n esas b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Ayrarat, S\u00fcnik, Artsakh, Vaspurakan, Mok, Turuberan, Tayk ile Gugark, A\u011fdznik ve Kor\u00e7ayk\u2019\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri tekrar Ermeni beyleri y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda birle\u015ferek, \u00fclke bir nevi beylik cumhuriyetine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ermeni y\u00f6neticiler, beyler taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ildikten sonra imparatorun veya halifenin tasdi\u011fini almaktayd\u0131lar. Ermeni beyleri, \u00fclkenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 olarak, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f siyasetle ilgili geni\u015f yetkilerle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Arap Halifeli\u011fi\u2019nin gitgide zay\u0131flamas\u0131 sonucunda Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131 (885) yolunda imk\u00e2nlar yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ermeni Bagratuni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc (H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Bagratuniler\u2019in \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Vaspurakan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Taron Beyli\u011fi, Artsakh Beylik Devleti, Kars veya Vanand, K\u00fcrikyan ve S\u00fcnik krall\u0131klar\u0131, Tayk K\u00fcrapalatl\u0131\u011f\u0131) kapsamaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

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VII.-IX. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u2019da (640-849 Y\u0131llar\u0131\u2019nda) <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n \u0130dari ve Politik Durumu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bizans imparatorlar\u0131n\u0131n uzak g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ften yoksun d\u0131\u015f politikalar\u0131, do\u011fuda, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesi ve krall\u0131k ile beylik s\u00fclalelerinden bir\u00e7o\u011funun imparatorluk dahilinde ba\u015fka yerlere yerle\u015ftirilmeleriyle son buldu. Ermenistan, yakla\u015fan Sel\u00e7uk ak\u0131nlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015ferek XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n haricinde,<\/p>\n

yakla\u015f\u0131k t\u00fcm K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya da Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131na girmi\u015fti. Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2018da, Saltuklu\/Saltukyan (merkezi Karin olmak \u00fczere Karin, Kars, Utik ve \u00e7evre il\u00e7eleri kapsamaktayd\u0131), Artaksyan (A\u011fdznik\u2019te), Dan\u0131\u015fment\/Dani\u015fmanyan (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Hayk\u2019ta) ve \u015eah-i Armen (Khlat\u2019ta), Sel\u00e7uklu Emirlikleri kurulmu\u015ftu. Tornikyanlar (Sasun\u2019da), Khendenekyanlar (Vaspurakan\u2019da) ve daha ba\u015fka Ermeni beylikleri uzun s\u00fcre varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilmi\u015flerdir. XII.-XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 Zakaryanlar\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na girmi\u015flerdir.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Mo\u011fol istilalar\u0131 Ermeni beylik s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck darbe vurmu\u015f, Ermenistan ve Ermeni halk\u0131 i\u00e7in bir felaket olmu\u015ftur. Ermenistan topraklar\u0131na yerle\u015fen \u00e7ok say\u0131da g\u00f6\u00e7ebe T\u00fcrkmen a\u015firetleri birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 devaml\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7inde olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Lenktimur\u2019un t\u00fcyler \u00fcrpertici ak\u0131nlar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Akkoyunlular aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131ktan istifade eden Ardabil (Erdebil) \u015feyhi Safieddin\u2019in haleflerinden \u0130smail, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 birle\u015ftirip Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 ve \u00e7evresini i\u015fgal etmeye haz\u0131rlanan Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kana kadar \u00fclke, Akkoyunlu ve Karakoyunlu T\u00fcrkmen a\u015firetlerinin \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na sahne olmu\u015ftur. Do\u011fulu iki i\u015fgal devletleri aras\u0131nda Ermenistan i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen sava\u015flar bir bu\u00e7uk as\u0131r s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve bu arada Ermenistan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta y\u0131k\u0131mlara maruz kalm\u0131\u015f, n\u00fcfusunun \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc esir olarak s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

1555 Amasya antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Ermenistan, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ine alan eyaletin resmi ad\u0131n\u0131n Ermenistan olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Osmanl\u0131lar, 1514\u2019te \u00c7ald\u0131ran\u2019da \u0130ran\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 zafer sonucunda Bat\u0131 Ermenistan b\u00f6lgesine K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri yerle\u015ftirerek b\u00f6lgenin etnik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin yerle\u015fmesinden sonra \u00e7ok say\u0131da Ermeni t\u00fcccar, zanaatk\u00e2r ve ayd\u0131n Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019dan Konstandnupolis\u2019e (\u0130stanbul, Konstantinopel) g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015flerdir. Konstandnupolis\u2019te Ermeni Patrikhanesi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131 (1461), Ermenilere ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve bu sayede \u00e7elebilik ile daha sonra da amiral\u0131k kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 bu g\u00f6\u00e7 konusunda etkili olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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17. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u2019\u0131n \u0130kinci Yar\u0131s\u0131 ve 18. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u2019\u0131n Birinci Yar\u0131s\u0131nda Ermenistan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Amasya antla\u015fmas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra iki i\u015fgal devleti aras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan sava\u015flar Cavakhk Da\u011flar\u0131, Akhuryan Nehri (Aras\u2019la birle\u015fti\u011fi yere kadar), Ermeni Bar\u0131, Vaspurakan Da\u011flar\u0131 ve Zagros S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r olarak belirleyen Kasr-\u0131 \u015eirin antla\u015fmas\u0131na (1639) kadar de\u011fi\u015fken \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerle s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bat\u0131 Ermenistan b\u00f6lgesi, Erzrum (Erzurum), Kars, Van, Bayazet (Beyaz\u0131t), \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r, Diarbekir (Diyarbak\u0131r) ve Sebastia (S\u0131vas) pa\u015fal\u0131klar\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, fakat bu b\u00f6lgede Sasun (Sason), Savur, \u00c7apa\u011fcur, Manazkert (Malazgirt), \u0130syan, Khnus (H\u0131n\u0131s) ve Tujk yar\u0131 \u00f6zerk Ermeni toplumlar\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilmi\u015flerdir. Uzun s\u00fcreli sava\u015flara, zorunlu ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc g\u00f6\u00e7lere ve K\u00fcrt a\u015firetlerinin isk\u00e2n\u0131na ra\u011fmen XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Bat\u0131 Ermenistan n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Ermenilerden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Ermenistan b\u00f6lgesi Erzrum (Erzurum), Sebastia (S\u0131vas), Trapizon (Trabzon), Diarbekir (Diyarbak\u0131r), Kharberd (Harput) vilayetlerine ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. en b\u00fcy\u00fck idare birimi Erzrum (Erzurum, Karin) olmu\u015ftur. L\u00e2kin, 1870\u2019li y\u0131llarda idari birimler t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6lgede Ermeniler\u2019in say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak, n\u00fcfus \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar lehine \u00e7evirmek, Ermenileri az\u0131nl\u0131k durumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek maksad\u0131yla II. Abd\u00fclhamit taraf\u0131ndan yeni idari da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar meydana getirilmi\u015ftir. Erzrum (Erzurum, Karin) Vilayeti, Erzrum, Van, Hakyari (Hakk\u00e2ri) ve Mu\u015f olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1880\u2019de bu da yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyerek Mu\u015f Vilayeti kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, yerine Dersim Vilayeti yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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1830-1878 Y\u0131llar\u0131\u2019nda Ermenistan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Ermenistan, 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda Van, Erzrum (Erzurum, Karin), Sebastia (S\u0131vas), Bitlis, Diarbekir (Diyarbak\u0131r), Kharberd (Harput) ve Trapizon (Trabzon) vilayetlerine ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve bu durum Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na kadar ufak-tefek de\u011fi\u015fimler haricinde b\u00f6yle devam etmi\u015ftir. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda durum aniden de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bir yandan, Osmanl\u0131 bask\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Balkanlarda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde ba\u015fg\u00f6steren\u00a0 milli kurtulu\u015f hareketi ve XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l Rus-Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131, milli bilincin uyanmas\u0131 ve zalim Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminden kurtulma \u00e7abas\u0131, di\u011fer taraftan ise Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin t\u00fcm bunlara kar\u015f\u0131 koyma \u00e7abalar\u0131 Bat\u0131 Ermenileri\u2019nin durumunu k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. 1828-29 Rus-Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 nihayetinde imzalanan Adrianapolis (Edirne) Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla (1829) Akhaltskha (Ah\u0131ska) ve Akhalkalak (Ahalkalak) b\u00f6lgeleri Ruslar\u0131n y\u00f6netimine ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve Rus ordusu taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f olan Bat\u0131 Ermenistan topraklar\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 90 bin Ermeni Do\u011fu Ermenistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015fler, bunun sonucunda ise Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u0131\u2019nda ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc meydana gelmi\u015f, n\u00fcfus dengesi m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar lehine de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1820-30 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda\u00a0 has\u0131l olan a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar, y\u00f6netici elit s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ilerici unsurlar\u0131 tarf\u0131ndan, y\u00f6netimin Avrupal\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yolunda baz\u0131 ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1839 Birinci Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019yla (G\u00fclhane-i Hatt\u0131 \u015eerif) dini aiditeden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak t\u00fcm vatanda\u015flar\u0131n can, mal ve namusunun g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, arac\u0131l\u0131 vergi toplama sisteminin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve vergi d\u00fczenlenmesi, finans ve adalet sisteminde reformlar vs. \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi. Fakat, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gerici \u00e7evrelerin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc muhalafeti nedeniyle bu reformlar k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 esnas\u0131nda has\u0131l olan yeni kriz durumu \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n bask\u0131lar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019ni 18 \u015fubat 1856\u2019da, Hatt\u0131 \u015eerif\u2019in tekrar\u0131 olmakla birlikte H\u0131ristiyanlar\u2019a ek haklar getiren Hatt\u0131 H\u00fcmayun\u2019u ilan etmeye mecbur b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat, daha sonraki toprak kanunu, idari ve di\u011fer kanunlar Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n toplumsal-ekonomik durumuna hi\u00e7bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik getirmemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Ermenileri\u2019nin dini, e\u011fitim ve toplumsal hayat\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczene sokacak olan Ermeni Milli Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (1860) kabul\u00fc Bat\u0131 Ermenileri i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir olayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1877-78 Rus-T\u00fcrk Sava\u015f\u0131, San Stefano (\u0130stanbul-Ye\u015filk\u00f6y) \u00f6n antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (1878), Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da yeni bir durum yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ermeni Sorunu, San Stefano ve Berlin antla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n 61. maddesiyle uluslar aras\u0131 diplomasi sorununa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bir taraftan bu durum, di\u011fer taraftan ise Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n kurtulu\u015fu ile Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun fiili olarak Avrupa\u2019dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri\u2019ni kendi \u201cvatanlar\u0131\u201dn\u0131 yaratma ve g\u00f6zlerini imparatorlu\u011fun do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131na, Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019a \u00e7evirme yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6neltmi\u015fti. Avrupal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin siyasi \u00e7eli\u015fkilerinden faydalanan Sultan II. Ab\u00fclhamit, \u00e7e\u015fitli bahaneler ve s\u00f6zde reformlar\u0131 \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle reformlar\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7irilmesini engellemi\u015ftir. Ger\u00e7ekte ise, Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 histeri ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131p uza\u011fa giden bir projeyle Ermeni Sorunu\u2019nu tehcir ve k\u0131r\u0131mlarla \u00e7\u00f6zme siyaseti g\u00fcd\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00f6nde at\u0131lan ilk ad\u0131mlardan biri de K\u00fcrt \u201cHamidiye\u201d s\u00fcvari birliklerinin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 (1891) olmu\u015ftur. Bunun akabinde de, 300000 Bat\u0131 Ermenisi\u2019nin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Ermeni k\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 (1894-1896) ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin Bat\u0131 Ermenileri\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vah\u015fet, Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da milli kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesinin \u00f6zel bir \u015fekli olarak fedai hareketini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da 1894-1896 Y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki Ermeni Katliamlar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

1890\u2019lardaki Bat\u0131 Ermenileri\u2019nin milli m\u00fccadelesini yeni kurulmu\u015f olan milli-siyasi partiler (Armenakan, Sosyal-Demokrat H\u0131n\u00e7akyan ve Ermeni \u0130htilalc\u0131 Federasyonu) y\u00f6nlendirmi\u015ftir. L\u00e2kin, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n birbirleriyle mutabakat i\u00e7inde olmamas\u0131, zaman-zaman sertle\u015fen parti i\u00e7i ve partiler aras\u0131 m\u00fccadele, Bat\u0131 Ermenileri\u2019nin,\u00a0 Avrupa\u2019dan s\u00fcr\u00fclen muhacirler ve Kafkasya\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7en \u00c7erkesler sayesinde say\u0131lar\u0131 devaml\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumla katmanlar halinde ya\u015famalar\u0131, zaten hi\u00e7bir zaman bir genel isyan hareketine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015f olan Bat\u0131 Ermenileri\u2019nin ulusal kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesini b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrkler\u2019in 1908\u2019de \u201cH\u00fcrriyet, e\u015fitlik ve karde\u015flik\u201d slogan\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131nda Ermeni \u0130htilalc\u0131 Federasyonu\u2019nun \u00f6nemli pay\u0131 oldu\u011fu ihtilal, teba halklar\u0131n durumunu k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fi san\u0131l\u0131yordu, fakat Adana Ermenileri\u2019nin k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 (1909), Gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrkler\u2019in, II. Abd\u00fclhamit siyasetinin sad\u0131k m\u00fcritleri olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrk ileri gelenlerinin 1911 Selanik gizli toplant\u0131s\u0131, Ermeni Sornunu\u2019nu Ermenileri yok ederek \u00e7\u00f6zmeye karar vermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

1912-13 Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n gidi\u015fat\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 Ermenileri\u2019nin ac\u0131nas\u0131 durumu, D\u00fcnya Ermenileri Ba\u015fpatri\u011fi V. Georg\u2019u Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ba\u015fvurmaya ve Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u0131\u2019nda reform yapma sorununu tekrar \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karmaya mecbur etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin takdim etti\u011fi reform plan\u0131 uzun diplomatik tart\u0131\u015fmalara konu olmu\u015ftur. 26 ocak 1914\u2019te imzalanan Rus-T\u00fcrk antla\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da, birinde Erzrum (Erzurum), Trapizon (Trabzon) ve Sebastia\u2019n\u0131n (S\u0131vas), di\u011ferinde ise Van, Bitlis Diarbekir (Diyarbak\u0131r) ve Kharbert (Harput) vilayetlerinin olaca\u011f\u0131 iki k\u0131s\u0131m yarat\u0131lacakt\u0131. Bu b\u00f6lgelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunacak olan iki Avrupal\u0131 m\u00fcfetti\u015f reformler\u0131n gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleyeceklerdi. L\u00e2kin, patlayan Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 bu antla\u015fmay\u0131 unutturdu.<\/p>\n

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Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7 t\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Alman blokuna dahil olarak, Antant \u00fclkelerine kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015fti. Gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrkler, sava\u015f durumundan faydalanarak Bat\u0131 Ermenileri\u2019nin kitlesel olarak yok edilmesi ve onlar\u0131n anavatanlar\u0131na sahip \u00e7\u0131kma hareketine giri\u015ftiler.<\/p>\n

Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk ordusunun u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hezimet (14 aral\u0131k 1914) Gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrkler\u2019in caniane fikirlerini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 \u201cvatan\u0131n\u0131\u201d korumak bahanesiyle askere al\u0131nan 18-60 ya\u015f aras\u0131nda, silah tutabilen Ermeni erkekler, s\u00f6zde amele taburlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00fczere silahtan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131larak katledilmi\u015flerdir. 24 nisan 1915\u2019te Konstandnupolis\u2019te (\u0130stanbul) tutuklanan Ermeni ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 Anadolu\u2019nun i\u00e7lerine g\u00f6nderilip hunharca \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Daha sonra, Gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrkler, tehcir bahanesiyle kad\u0131n, \u00e7ocuk ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131 evlerinden \u00e7\u0131kararak tahayy\u00fcl edilemez i\u015fkencelere maruz b\u0131rakarak \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Mezopotamya \u00e7\u00f6llerine ula\u015fabilmeyi ba\u015faran k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ermeni gruplar\u0131 ise, bunun bir k\u0131r\u0131m olmay\u0131p, salt bir tehcir oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterebilmek amac\u0131yla b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

L\u00e2kin, t\u00fcm \u00e7abalara ra\u011fmen, Avrupa ve Amerika toplumu k\u0131r\u0131mlar hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi oldu\u011funda, 1915 Van Savunmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 ihanet ve isyan olarak takdim ederek temize \u00e7\u0131kmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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1915 Y\u0131l\u0131nda (7 Nisan-6 May\u0131s) Van\u2019\u0131n \u00d6zsavunmas\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrk vandallar\u0131, \u015feytanca planlar\u0131n\u0131 her yerde ve her zaman i\u015fleme ge\u00e7irmeye muvaffak olamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bat\u0131 Ermenistan ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Ermenilerle mesk\u00fbn bir\u00e7ok yerinde Ermeni halk\u0131, ba\u015fka kurtulu\u015f yolunun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayarak silah elde kendini savunmu\u015ftur. Van, \u015eatakh, Hayots Dzor, Ar\u00e7e\u015f (Erci\u015f), Timar, Sasun (Sason), Mu\u015f, Musa Da\u011f, \u015eebin Karahisar ve Urfa destanlar\u0131 Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n tarih sayfalar\u0131nda sonsuza kadar kalacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1915-16 askeri operasyonlar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda Rus ordular\u0131 Bat\u0131 Ermenistan topraklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdi. Ekim Devrimi sonras\u0131nda Sovyet Rusya h\u00fck\u00fcmeti 29 aral\u0131k 1917\u2019de, Rusya taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f olan \u201cT\u00fcrkiermenistan\u0131\u201d (Bat\u0131 Ermenistan) Ermenilerinin, tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k da dahil olmak \u00fczere, h\u00fcr olarak kendi kaderini tayin etme hakk\u0131n\u0131 savundu\u011funa dair \u201cT\u00fcrkiermenistan\u0131\u201d deklarasyonunu yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rus g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin geri \u00e7ekilmesi ve Ermeni halk milislerinin te\u015fkil edilmesi ile farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde bulunan g\u00f6\u00e7men, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn, sava\u015f esnas\u0131nda zorla s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f Ermenilerin serbest\u00e7e geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc garanti olarak kabul edilmekteydi.<\/p>\n

L\u00e2kin, bu deklarasyon her t\u00fcrl\u00fc dayanaktan yoksundu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Rus g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin geri \u00e7ekilmesi kendili\u011finden bu deklaraysonun temel maddelerini hayata ge\u00e7irmek konusunu zan alt\u0131nda b\u0131rakmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1918 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan Brest Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 4. Maddesinde \u201cRusya, ordular\u0131n\u0131 Do\u011fu Anadolu vilayetlerinden \u00e7ekmek ve bu b\u00f6lgeleri d\u00fczenli bir \u015fekilde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye teslim etmek konusunda kendi imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 dahilinde olan her \u015feyi yapacakt\u0131r\u201d denmektedir. Bu antla\u015fmada \u201cT\u00fcrkiermenistan\u0131\u201d, vilayetlerinin, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye teslim edilecek Do\u011fu Anadolu\u201dya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmekte ve \u201cT\u00fcrkiermenistan\u0131\u201d deklarasyonu tamam\u0131yla g\u00f6zard\u0131 edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Dahas\u0131, 1877-78 Rus-Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 sonucunda Rusya\u2019ya ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan Kars, Ardahan ve Batum vilayetlerinden Rus g\u00fc\u00e7leri \u00e7ekilerek gelecekteki durumlar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin onay\u0131yla karar verilecekti.<\/p>\n

Brest-Litovsk Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, Ermeni halk\u0131 i\u00e7in fel\u00e2ket (cephenin bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131, Musavat-Men\u015fevik blokun Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duru\u015fu, T\u00fcrk ordular\u0131n\u0131n Transkafkasya\u2019ya giri\u015fi, Bak\u00fc ve di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerde tertiplenen yeni Ermeni k\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131) olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkiye, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda yenilmesine ra\u011fmen Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u0131\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elinde tutmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcttefikler, Bat\u0131 Ermenistan ve genelde Ermenistan sorununu San Remo Konferans\u0131\u2019nda (1920) geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde ele alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Erzrum (Erzurum), Van, Bitlis ve Trapizon (Trabzon) vilayetlerinden b\u00f6lgeler, denize \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne verilecekti.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n mandas\u0131 ABD\u2019ye \u00f6nerilmekteydi, kabul etmemesi durumunda ise ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r tespiti yapmas\u0131 rica edilmekteydi.<\/p>\n

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Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n Olu\u015fmas\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

10 a\u011fustos 1920\u2019de imzalanan Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 h\u00fcr ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet olarak tan\u0131makta ve Ermenistan\u2019a teslim edilen t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgelerle ilgili t\u00fcm haklardan feragat etmekteydi. Fakat, Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 tan\u0131mayarak Sovyet Rusya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin maddi ve manevi deste\u011fi ve uluslar aras\u0131 ihtil\u00e2l \u00f6nderi maskesi arkas\u0131na saklanarak kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n

16 mart 1921 Moskova ve 13 ekim 1921 Kars antla\u015fmalar\u0131yla Kars, Ardahan ve Surmalu (S\u00fcrmeli) b\u00f6lgelerine sahip olan Kemalistler, s\u0131rtlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek, Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n herhangi bir b\u00f6lgesinde hi\u00e7 de\u011filse bir \u201cMilli Ermeni Oca\u011f\u0131\u201d yaratma konusundaki Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019nin \u00e7ekingen yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 tamam\u0131yla reddedici bir tutum tak\u0131nd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Sovyet Rusya, burada da \u201cT\u00fcrkiermenistan\u0131\u201d hakk\u0131ndaki kendi deklarasyonunu \u201cunutmu\u015ftu\u201d. 1922-23 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Lozan Konferans\u0131\u2019nda \u201cErmeni oca\u011f\u0131\u201d kurulmas\u0131 konusunda \u00e7ok konu\u015fulmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Ermeni Sorunu tekrar unutuldu. Kemalistler, Bo\u011fazlar\u2019\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fcyle ilgili \u0130ngiliz plan\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmelerine ra\u011fmen Ermeni Sorunu konusunda herhangi bir taviz vermeyi kesinlike reddettiler.<\/p>\n

27 kas\u0131m 1945\u2019te, D\u00fcnya Ermenileri Ba\u015fpatri\u011fi VI. Georg, \u0130.Stalin\u2019e ba\u015fvurarak tarihi haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 Sovyet Ermenistan\u0131\u2019na birle\u015ftirerek d\u00fcnyaya da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Ermenilerin vatanlar\u0131na d\u00f6nebilme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 ricas\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bu sorun, 1947 nisan\u0131nda Nev York\u2019ta toplanan Milli Ermeni Kongresi\u2019nde de ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f fakat bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Ermenistan, T\u00fcrk egemenli\u011finde kalm\u0131\u015f, fakat Ermeni halk\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman, vatan\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kayb\u0131 fikrini kabul etmemi\u015ftir. 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti y\u00fcksek Sovyeti, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u0131\u2019nda meydana gelmi\u015f olan Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131 telin etmi\u015ftir. Avrupa Parlamentosu da 1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda benzer bir karar alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. XX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan ilk c\u00fcr\u00fcm t\u00fcm devletler ve uluslar aras\u0131 kurulu\u015flar taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bat\u0131 Ermenistan, as\u0131l sahibi olan Ermeni halk\u0131na geri verilmelidir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0V.Diloyan<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cErmeni Sorunu\u201d<\/strong> ansiklopedi, Yerevan, 1996.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1995 y\u0131l\u0131 May\u0131s Reformlar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde 6 Ermeni vilayeti Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn farazi ad\u0131d\u0131r. Bu isim, B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n, Sasani \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 ve Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu aras\u0131nda 367 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk Daha sonraki d\u00f6nemde, Do\u011fu Roma veya Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun (Ermeni kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re Yunan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131) \u015fekillenmesinden sonra, Bizans Ermenistan\u0131 olarak da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Hayk (Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n F\u0131rat\u00f6tesi topraklar\u0131) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bati-ermenistanin-illeri"],"yoast_head":"\nBat\u0131 Ermenistan - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/12\/29\/bati-ermenistan-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bat\u0131 Ermenistan - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1995 y\u0131l\u0131 May\u0131s Reformlar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde 6 Ermeni vilayeti Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn farazi ad\u0131d\u0131r. Bu isim, B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n, Sasani \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 ve Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu aras\u0131nda 367 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk Daha sonraki d\u00f6nemde, Do\u011fu Roma veya Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun (Ermeni kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re Yunan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131) \u015fekillenmesinden sonra, Bizans Ermenistan\u0131 olarak da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 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