{"id":31339,"date":"2014-08-29T03:20:49","date_gmt":"2014-08-29T08:20:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=31339"},"modified":"2014-08-29T03:20:49","modified_gmt":"2014-08-29T08:20:49","slug":"gec-donem-osmanli-soykirimlari-osmanli-imparatorlugunun-dagilisi-ve-jon-turklerin-nufus-ve-imha-politikalari-giris","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/08\/29\/gec-donem-osmanli-soykirimlari-osmanli-imparatorlugunun-dagilisi-ve-jon-turklerin-nufus-ve-imha-politikalari-giris\/","title":{"rendered":"Ge\u00e7 D\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin N\u00fcfus ve \u0130mha Politikalar\u0131 – Giri\u015f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\"<\/a>J\u00fcrgen Zimmerer<\/a><\/b>, Dominik J. Schaller <\/b><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u0130svi\u00e7reli diyakoz Jacob K\u00fcnzler (1871-1949) 1899\u2019dan 1922\u2019ye kadar G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019nun kadim kentlerinden Urfa\u2019da bir misyoner hastanesini y\u00f6netti. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Do\u011fu Vilayetleri\u2019nde ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli etnik temizlik ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m projesinin \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu. Ekim 1915\u2019te, Ermenilerin tehcir emirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri \u00fcmitsiz direni\u015fin Osmanl\u0131 ordusu taraf\u0131ndan kanla bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Urfa\u2019daki Ermeni cemaatinin yok edili\u015fine tan\u0131k olmak zorunda kald\u0131.[1]<\/a> K\u00fcnzler bu olaydan \u00f6nce bile J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin imha politikas\u0131n\u0131n gayet iyi fark\u0131ndayd\u0131. Urfa b\u00f6lgeden ge\u00e7en yollar\u0131n kesi\u015fti\u011fi \u00f6nemli bir kav\u015fak noktas\u0131 oldu\u011fundan, Suriye \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcne do\u011fru yol alan pek \u00e7ok Ermeni tehcir kafilesi \u015fehirden ge\u00e7ti. K\u00fcnzler i\u00e7ler ac\u0131s\u0131 haldeki Ermeni s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin \u0131st\u0131rap ve s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 olabildi\u011fince hafifletmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dahas\u0131, ak\u0131betlerinin unutulmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. 1921\u2019de Almanya\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan Kan ve G\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131 \u00dclkesinde (D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 S\u0131ras\u0131nda Mezopotamya\u2019da Ya\u015fananlar 1914-1918)<\/i> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Urfa\u2019da ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 korkun\u00e7 deneyimleri canl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde betimledi.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Jacob K\u00fcnzler bir misyoner olarak, Ermeni dinda\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir duygusal bor\u00e7 hissediyor ve onlara a\u00e7\u0131k bir sempati besliyordu. Ne var ki, Ermenilerin ba\u015f\u0131na gelenlerin J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc daha geni\u015f bir n\u00fcfus politikas\u0131 stratejisinin par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yukar\u0131da zikredilen raporunda, \u201cJ\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler imha planlar\u0131na sadece Ermenileri ve K\u00fcrtleri de\u011fil, Araplar\u0131 da dahil ettiler\u201d diye belirtiyordu.[3]<\/a> Bu beyan iki a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemlidir. Birincisi, K\u00fcnzler kimi gruplar\u0131n o zaman oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcn de d\u00fcnyay\u0131 inand\u0131rmak istedi\u011finin tersine, sadece yeniden isk\u00e2ndan de\u011fil, bir imha politikas\u0131ndan s\u00f6z eder. \u0130kincisi, Araplar ve K\u00fcrtler gibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gruplar\u0131n ak\u0131betini g\u00f6rmezden gelmez, aksine onlar\u0131, Ermeniler gibi H\u0131ristiyan kurbanlar\u0131n kader ortaklar\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlar. \u00d6zellikle, K\u00fcrtlerin 1916 k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Erzurum ve Bitlis\u2019ten tehciri K\u00fcnzler\u2019i derinden etkilemi\u015fti. Bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler ve neticeleri hakk\u0131nda yazd\u0131klar\u0131 bunu g\u00f6sterir:<\/p>\n

Hi\u00e7bir Avrupa gazetesi, Ermenileri imha etmek isteyen ayn\u0131 J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin Yukar\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da ya\u015famakta olan K\u00fcrtleri evlerinden ve yurtlar\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini haber yapmad\u0131. Ermeniler gibi K\u00fcrtler de Ruslar\u0131n yan\u0131nda saf tutacak g\u00fcvenilmez unsurlar olmakla itham ediliyordu. K\u00fcrtlerin \u00c7apak\u00e7ur, Antep ve Mu\u015f b\u00f6lgeleri ile Erzurum ve Bitlis vilayetlerinden tehciri 1916 k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 300.000 K\u00fcrt g\u00fcneye do\u011fru yollara d\u00fc\u015fmek zorunda kald\u0131. \u0130lk \u00f6nce Yukar\u0131 Mezopotamya\u2019ya, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak da Urfa b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015ftirildiler, ama Antep ve Mara\u015f\u2019tan bat\u0131ya do\u011fru yerle\u015ftirilenler de oldu. Sonra, 1917 yaz\u0131nda K\u00fcrtlerin Konya Ovas\u0131\u2019na nakli ba\u015flad\u0131. [\u2026] \u0130\u015fin en korkun\u00e7 taraf\u0131, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin k\u0131\u015f ortas\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. S\u00fcr\u00fclenler ak\u015fam vakti bir T\u00fcrk k\u00f6y\u00fcne vard\u0131klar\u0131nda, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler korkuya kap\u0131l\u0131yor ve evlerinin kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kap\u0131yordu. Sonu\u00e7ta, zavall\u0131 K\u00fcrtler ya\u011fmurda ve karda d\u0131\u015far\u0131da kalmak zorunda kald\u0131lar. Ertesi sabah, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin donarak \u00f6lenler i\u00e7in toplu mezarlar kazmalar\u0131 gerekti. Hayatta kal\u0131p da sonunda Mezopotamya\u2019ya ula\u015fan K\u00fcrtlerin \u00e7ilesinin dolmas\u0131na daha \u00e7ok vard\u0131 [\u2026] 1917\/18 k\u0131\u015f\u0131 yeni zorluklar getirdi. Hasat iyi oldu\u011fu halde, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen K\u00fcrtlerin neredeyse tamam\u0131 korkun\u00e7 bir k\u0131tl\u0131\u011fa kurban gitti.[4]<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

K\u00fcnzler\u2019in anlatt\u0131klar\u0131ndan g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, K\u00fcrtler Ermenilerinkine \u00e7ok benzer bir kadere boyun e\u011fmek zorunda kald\u0131. K\u0131\u015f ortas\u0131nda zorla \u00f6l\u00fcm y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmalar\u0131 da, gene \u00e7ok benzer bir netice veren, Ermenilerin \u00f6l\u00fcm y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleriyle yak\u0131n bir benzerlik ta\u015f\u0131r. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin K\u00fcrtlere y\u00f6nelik politikas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnsel amac\u0131 \u2013K\u00fcnzler\u2019e g\u00f6re\u2013 soyk\u0131r\u0131md\u0131: \u201cJ\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin niyeti, bu K\u00fcrt unsurlar\u0131n ata topraklar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nmelerine izin vermemekti. Bunun yerine, yava\u015f yava\u015f T\u00fcrkl\u00fck i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131p \u00f6z\u00fcmseneceklerdi [\u2026 im T\u00fcrkentume aufgehen].\u201d[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Jacob K\u00fcnzler\u2019in bu g\u00f6zlemi son derece \u00f6nemlidir. K\u00fcrtlerin J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin n\u00fcfus ve imha politikalar\u0131ndan derinden etkilendiklerini ve 1922\u2019de Mustafa Kemal taraf\u0131ndan bir T\u00fcrk ulus devletinin kurulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce dahi sosyal m\u00fchendisli\u011fe tabi tutulduklar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyar.[6]<\/a> K\u00fcrtlerin J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan tehcirinin ve zorla asimilasyonunun soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak m\u0131 yoksa etnik k\u0131r\u0131m olarak m\u0131 nitelenmesi gerekti\u011fi sorusunu tart\u0131\u015fmak, en az\u0131ndan bir tarih\u00e7inin perspektifinden yersizdir, zira bu hukuki ve siyasi konuya getirilecek bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k, ki\u015finin ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu soyk\u0131r\u0131m tan\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir.[7]<\/a> Bununla birlikte, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk liderlerinin K\u00fcrtleri ata topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcrerek ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar halinde da\u011f\u0131tarak K\u00fcrt kimli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 teslim etmek \u00f6nemlidir. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler bu plan\u0131 Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u0131smen uygulad\u0131lar: 700.000 kadar K\u00fcrt zorla topraklar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131; yerinden edilenlerin de yar\u0131s\u0131 telef oldu.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6nemli ama s\u0131kl\u0131kla ihmal edilen ger\u00e7ek, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun son d\u00f6nemindeki korkun\u00e7 ak\u0131betini kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 etkiler. \u0130ster Ermeni, S\u00fcryani ya da Rumlar gibi H\u0131ristiyan olsun, ister K\u00fcrtler gibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, bu gruplardan hi\u00e7birinin yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n di\u011ferlerinden ayr\u0131 ele al\u0131namayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu da kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za bellek politikalar\u0131yla yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkili bir tarihyaz\u0131m problemi \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirme ve incelemelerde, K\u00fcrtler neredeyse her zaman kana susam\u0131\u015f ve gaddar caniler olarak resmedilir.[9]<\/a> K\u00fcrt Hamidiye Alaylar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Ermeni topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131p ge\u00e7irdikleri do\u011frudur. 1894-96 Hamidiye katliamlar\u0131nda, K\u00fcrtler 100.000 kadar Ermeni\u2019yi \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131 gasp etmi\u015flerdir.[10]<\/a> Son olarak, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin 1915-17 aras\u0131nda Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri soyk\u0131r\u0131m harek\u00e2t\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, K\u00fcrt reisleri ve \u00e7eteleri katliamlara i\u015ftirak etmi\u015f, Ermeni kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0131rz\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve yayg\u0131n ya\u011fmalardan fayda elde etmi\u015flerdir. Gene de, K\u00fcrtlerin Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik mezalime verdikleri tepkilerin \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli oldu\u011funu belirtmek gerekir. Pek \u00e7ok K\u00fcrt a\u015fireti J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklere kat\u0131l\u0131rken, Dersim (bug\u00fcn Tunceli) Alevileri gibi baz\u0131 K\u00fcrt gruplar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 koyma karar\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f ve Ermenilere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, yukar\u0131da da g\u00f6sterdi\u011fimiz gibi, K\u00fcrtler J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin elinde Ermeni ve di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan gruplar\u0131nkine benzer bir muameleye maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu da bize, kurbanlar\u0131n fail haline gelebilece\u011fi, ama faillerin de kurbanlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilece\u011fi gibi tedirgin edici bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi an\u0131msat\u0131r. Ermenileri \u00f6ld\u00fcrmekte \u00fcstlerine olmayan K\u00fcrtlerin bizzat kendilerinin J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfus ve imha politikalar\u0131na kurban gittiklerini kabul etmekte zorluk \u00e7ekenler, sadece Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 planda hukuki ve siyasi olarak tan\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden aktivistler de\u011fil, genelde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun sert bir \u015fekilde par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tarih\u00e7iler, \u00f6zellikle de soyk\u0131r\u0131m tarih\u00e7ileridir.[12]<\/a> Bu durum k\u0131smen, soyk\u0131r\u0131m kavram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnde yatan bir problemden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, ilk hukuki soyk\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, failler ile kurbanlar aras\u0131nda ikili bir kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k ima eder. Ne var ki, toplumsal ger\u00e7eklik bundan \u00e7ok daha karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r: Kurbanlar faillere, failler kurbanlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. Tarihte bunun pek \u00e7ok \u00f6rne\u011fi vard\u0131r: \u00d6rnek verecek olursak, 1994 Rwanda soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na kat\u0131lan Hutular\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011fu, iktidardaki Tutsi rejiminin 1972 ve 1988\u2019de Hutu n\u00fcfusa kar\u015f\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m harek\u00e2tlar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Burundi\u2019den at\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.[13]<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tarihle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rken ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir ba\u015fka problem de, tek bir kurban grubuna odaklanmad\u0131r. Esas olarak Holokost\u2019un kamudaki alg\u0131lan\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle, soyk\u0131r\u0131m genellikle tek bir insan grubuna kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen, hayli ideolojik bir su\u00e7 olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu ise e\u015fs\u00fcremli benzerliklerin ve genel stratejilerin te\u015fhis edilmesini engellemektedir.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, eksiklikleri nedeniyle, geleneksel soyk\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin terk edilmesi ya da yerine alternatif kavramlar ge\u00e7irilmesi gerekti\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131r. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmada \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan isimlerden Christian Gerlach, ge\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ya da Nazi Almanyas\u0131\u2019ndaki gibi \u201ca\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015fiddetli toplumlar\u201d\u0131n ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelli\u011finin, sadece bir grup yerine \u00e7ok say\u0131da siyasi, dini ya da etnik gruba uygulanan kitlesel \u015fiddet oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrer. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019daki Alman imha sava\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yeni bir tarih\u00e7iler ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bunu dikkate alm\u0131\u015f ve Nazilerin \u201cLebensraum[14]<\/a> m\u00fccadelesi\u201dnin \u2013Hitler\u2019in ideolojisinin nihai ba\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olarak \u00f6n planda yer alsalar da\u2013 sadece Yahudilere y\u00f6nelik olmay\u0131p Polonyal\u0131lar\u0131, Ruslar\u0131, Romanlar\u0131 ve ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok grubu da etkiledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu \u00f6rne\u011finde bu konu hen\u00fcz yeterince \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun pek \u00e7ok sebebi vard\u0131r. Gerlach\u2019\u0131n \u2013ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n\u2013 ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, \u00e7o\u011fu soyk\u0131r\u0131m uzman\u0131, ilgili grubun ak\u0131betinin daha \u00f6zel, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha anlaml\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in h\u00e2l\u00e2 di\u011ferlerinden soyutlayarak tek bir kurban grubuna odaklanmay\u0131 tercih etmektedir. O halde, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n grup kimli\u011finin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesine bir katk\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi gerekir.[16].
\nBu g\u00f6zlem, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019daki kitlesel \u015fiddet \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n halihaz\u0131rdaki durumuyla tutarl\u0131d\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 hem tarihyaz\u0131m\u0131nda hem kamusal bellekte neredeyse sadece Ermenilerin katliyle ili\u015fkilendirilmektedir. T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Ermeni n\u00fcfusunun sistemli bir katliama kurban gitti\u011fini h\u00e2l\u00e2 ink\u00e2r etse de, Ermenilerin imhas\u0131 \u201cunutulmu\u015f bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u201d olmaktan uzakt\u0131r. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m konulu hi\u00e7bir kitab\u0131n Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 atlamas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. \u0130svi\u00e7re ve Fransa\u2019da bu olay\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a reddi su\u00e7 te\u015fkil eden bir fiil olabilir.[17]<\/a> Ermeni trajedisi k\u00fcresel kolektif bellek alan\u0131na girmekle kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u201cilk modern soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u201d\u00a0olarak da g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.[18]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca, Ermenilerin katli ile Yahudilere y\u00f6nelik Nazi soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 aras\u0131nda nedensel bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131 da yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Bu iki soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 birbiriyle ili\u015fkilendirmenin ard\u0131ndaki niyet a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r: Holokost\u2019un do\u011frudan bir \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc olarak, Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 daha da \u00f6nem kazanacakt\u0131r.[19]<\/a> \u00d6zetlersek: Ermeni lobi gruplar\u0131, insan haklar\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve Ermenilerin adalet ve tazminat m\u00fccadelesine yak\u0131nl\u0131k duyan soyk\u0131r\u0131m akademisyenleri, manevi sermaye ve uluslararas\u0131 tan\u0131nma i\u00e7in verilen k\u00fcresel \u201ckurbanlar yar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201dnda (Jean-Michel Chaumont) olduk\u00e7a ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r.[20]<\/a> Holokost gibi Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 da bu \u015fekliyle k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck i\u00e7in evrensel bir sembol haline gelmi\u015ftir.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Ne yaz\u0131k ki, Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda anma noktas\u0131na gelinmi\u015f olmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin elinde etnik temizli\u011fe ve kitlesel katliama u\u011frayan di\u011fer t\u00fcm az\u0131nl\u0131k gruplar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131betini \u00f6nemsizle\u015ftirmi\u015f gibidir.
\nErmeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131yla tek yanl\u0131 olarak ili\u015fkilendirilmesi g\u00f6rece yeni bir olayd\u0131r. Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6zlemciler J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin imha politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc oldu\u011funun gayet iyi fark\u0131ndayd\u0131lar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1916\u2019ya kadar ABD\u2019nin \u0130stanbul b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi olarak g\u00f6rev yapan Henry Morgenthau an\u0131lar\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201cErmeniler, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi sadece T\u00fcrklerin \u00fclkesi yapma politikas\u0131ndan zarar g\u00f6ren T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki tek tabi halk de\u011fildir. Ermeniler hakk\u0131nda anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m hik\u00e2yeyi baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle Rumlar ve S\u00fcryaniler i\u00e7in de anlatabilirdim. Ger\u00e7ekte, bu millile\u015ftirme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin ilk kurbanlar\u0131 Rumlar oldu.\u201d[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

Morgenthau J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk liderlerinin sistemli ve \u015fiddete dayal\u0131 T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme politikas\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6nce Rumlar\u0131 hedef ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgularken hakl\u0131yd\u0131. Daha Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 patlak vermeden, 100.000\u2019i a\u015fk\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Rum\u2019u, Girit ve Balkanlardan gaddarca s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman muhacirlere ya\u015fam alan\u0131 a\u00e7mak \u00fczere Ege ve Trakya\u2019dan kovuldu.[23]<\/a> Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u00f6z\u00fcm ona stratejik nedenlerle y\u00fcz binlerce Rum k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinden i\u00e7 kesimlere tehcir edildi. Nihayet, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin Rumlara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc harek\u00e2t Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Osmanl\u0131 Rumlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fclkeden \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131yla devam etti. 1922\u2019de \u0130zmir\u2019in yak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sakinlerinin katledilmesi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Rum varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sembolik olarak sonunu getirdi. T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131ndaki, \u00f6rtmece yap\u0131larak \u201cn\u00fcfus m\u00fcbadelesi\u201d ad\u0131 verilen giri\u015fimin, uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde onaylanm\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir etnik temizlikten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu t\u00fcr n\u00fcfus politikalar\u0131 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda az\u0131nl\u0131k meselelerinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in etkili bir model haline geldi.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin politikac\u0131lar\u0131 ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 sivil toplumlar Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki Ermeni ve Rum toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n yok edildi\u011finin gayet iyi fark\u0131ndayd\u0131lar, ama daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck H\u0131ristiyan az\u0131nl\u0131k gruplar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik k\u0131r\u0131m az \u00e7ok bilinmeden kald\u0131.[25]<\/a> S\u00fcryaniler uluslararas\u0131 bir lobinin ve harici bir ulus devletin bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniyle daha savunmas\u0131z olduklar\u0131ndan, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler onlar\u0131 Ermeniler ve Rumlar kadar tehlikeli bir unsur olarak g\u00f6rmediler. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, S\u00fcryanilere y\u00f6nelik imha politikas\u0131 o kadar sistematik de\u011fildi. S\u00fcryani katliamlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla, Diyarbekir valisi Mehmed Re\u015fid gibi yerel h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve parti sorumlular\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015fimlerinin sonucuydu.[26]<\/a> Alman konsoloslar\u0131, Re\u015fid\u2019in yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendiklerinde \u0130stanbul ve Berlin\u2019deki \u00fcstlerini bilgilendirdiler. B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Hohenlohe-Langenburg Alman \u015fans\u00f6lyesine \u015f\u00f6yle bildiriyordu: \u201cBu ay\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri, Diyarbekir valisi Re\u015fid Bey \u0131rk ve mezhep ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeksizin kendi vilayetindeki H\u0131ristiyan n\u00fcfusu sistemli bir \u015fekilde yok etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.\u201d[27]<\/a> Alman ve ABD diplomatlar\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve misyoner raporlar\u0131 S\u00fcryanilere y\u00f6nelik kitlesel katliam\u0131n boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 belgeler. Gene de, S\u00fcryanilerin \u00e7ektikleri ac\u0131lar uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde unutulmu\u015f ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bu ise kurbanlar\u0131n torunlar\u0131n\u0131 derinden yaralamaktad\u0131r.[28]<\/a><\/p>\n

Rumlara ve S\u00fcryanilere y\u00f6nelik katliamlar\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin n\u00fcfus ve imha politikalar\u0131n\u0131n bir arada incelenmesi ve bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6ren tarih\u00e7iler, bu nedenle s\u0131k s\u0131k, bir \u201cH\u0131ristiyan soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u201dndan s\u00f6z etme iste\u011fine kap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ne var ki, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin H\u0131ristiyan olmayanlara y\u00f6nelik kitlesel \u015fiddetini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etti\u011finden \u015fimdilik yetersizdir. Yukar\u0131da belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, K\u00fcrtler tehcirlere, \u00f6l\u00fcm y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerine ve zorla T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmeye tabi tutulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin Siyonizm\u2019e y\u00f6nelik hasmane tutumu binlerce Yahudi\u2019nin Filistin\u2019den \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk triumviras\u0131ndan Cemal Pa\u015fa, ilk ba\u015fta Filistin Yahudi n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu tehcir etmeyi planlam\u0131\u015f, ama Almanya ve ABD\u2019nin diplomatik m\u00fcdahaleleri onu bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden vazge\u00e7mek zorunda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[29]<\/a> Zaho\u2019lu (Irak\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinde) Yahudiler, Havran\u2019l\u0131 (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Suriye\u2019nin g\u00fcneybat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi) D\u00fcrziler ve Mezopotamya\u2019daki \u0130ranl\u0131 \u015eiiler gibi ba\u015fka gruplar da zorla yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmelere ve aral\u0131klarla katliamlara maruz kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin amac\u0131 en genelinde, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu demografik bak\u0131mdan yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlemekti. T\u00fcm s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler Osmanl\u0131 Dahiliye Nezareti\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 \u0130sk\u00e2n-\u0131 A\u015fair ve\u00a0Muhacirin<\/i>\u00a0M\u00fcd\u00fcriyet-i Umumisi taraf\u0131ndan planland\u0131 ve bu dairenin nezareti alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Yani, Ermeni, Rum, S\u00fcryani ve di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131k gruplar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik katliamlar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n \u00fclkeden kovulmas\u0131 i\u015fini koordine edenler, esas olarak, g\u00f6rece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir grup m\u00fclki idareciydi.[30]<\/a> Bu nedenle, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda tek bir kurban grubunun di\u011ferlerinden soyutlanarak incelenmesi ve \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin g\u00fctt\u00fckleri ama\u00e7lar\u0131n ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck planlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n vermez.<\/p>\n

Bellek politikalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda, farkl\u0131 kurban gruplar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na gelenler h\u00e2l\u00e2 esas olarak bu gruplar\u0131n kendi ulusal tarihleri ba\u011flam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Ermeni, S\u00fcryani, Rum ve K\u00fcrt ulusal tarihlerinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak kendi gruplar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131betiyle ilgili olmas\u0131 nedeniyle de, geni\u015f ba\u011flam b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ihmal edilmekte, yani, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin \u00f6nderlik etti\u011fi farkl\u0131 katliam harek\u00e2tlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki i\u00e7 ba\u011flant\u0131lar ve ili\u015fkiler karanl\u0131kta kalmaktad\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, s\u00f6zgelimi \u00e7o\u011fu K\u00fcrt Rumlar\u0131n, \u00e7o\u011fu Rum da K\u00fcrtlerin ulusal tarihini incelemedi\u011finden, belli gruplara yo\u011funla\u015fman\u0131n kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sezgiler daha kapsaml\u0131 bir tarih\u00e7ilik i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lamadan heder olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Journal of Genocide Research<\/i>\u2019\u00fcn bu \u00f6zel say\u0131s\u0131nda, s\u00f6z konusu gruplara ili\u015fkin bilgilerin de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve ulus temelli bir tarihsel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelinmesi ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin n\u00fcfus ve imha politikalar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde anlamam\u0131za katk\u0131da bulunacak, unutulmu\u015f kurbanlar\u0131n hik\u00e2yelerinin soyk\u0131r\u0131m bilimine \u201cgeri\u201d kazan\u0131lmas\u0131na ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun son y\u0131llar\u0131na yeni bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutulmas\u0131na da yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Journal of Genocide Research<\/i>, Mart 2008, 10 (1), s. 7-14\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00c7ev. RENAN AKMAN<\/p>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n

[1]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun Urfa\u2019daki Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenledi\u011fi harek\u00e2t Eberhard Kont Wolffskeel Von Reichenverg taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Tarih\u00e7i Hilmar Kaiser, Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda g\u00f6revli olup da Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 katliamlara do\u011frudan kat\u0131lan tek Alman subay\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen Wolffskeel\u2019in, bu bak\u0131mdan ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir rol\u00fc oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Ekim 1915\u2019te Urfa\u2019da ya\u015fananlar i\u00e7in bkz. Eberhard Count Wolffskeel Von Reichenverg, Zeitoun, Mousa Dagh, Ourfa: Letters on the Armenian Genocide<\/i>, yay.haz. ve \u00f6ns\u00f6z Hilmar Kaiser (Princeton, NJ: Talderon Pres, 2001), s. 20-29.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Jacob K\u00fcnzler, Im Lande des Blutes und der Tr\u00e4nen. Erlebnisse in Mesoptamien w\u00e4hrend des Weltkrieges (1914-1918)<\/i> (Potsdam; Tempel-Verlag, 1921).<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> A.g.y., s. 103.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> A.g.y., s. 101 dipnot. K\u00fcnzler\u2019in K\u00fcrtlere olan ilgisi i\u00e7in bkz. Hans-Lukas Kiezer, \u201c\u2018Birader Yakup\u2019, ein \u2018Arzt ohne Grenzen\u2019 in Urfa, und seine Wahlverwandtschaft mit den Kurden (1899-1922)\u201d, Kurdische Studien<\/i>, Cilt 1, No. 1 (2001), s. 91-120.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> A.g.y., s. 102.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin do\u011fusunda 1913-1950 aras\u0131ndaki J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk sosyal m\u00fchendisli\u011fi i\u00e7in bkz. U\u011fur \u00dcmit \u00dcng\u00f6r, \u201cSeeing like a Nation-State: Young Turk Social Engineering in Eastern Turkey, 1913-1950\u201d, Journal of Genocide Research<\/i>, Cilt 10, No. 1 (2008), s. 15-39.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Mark Levene, belge yetersizli\u011fi nedeniyle, K\u00fcrtler \u00f6zelinde J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin a\u00e7\u0131k bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m hedefi g\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlaman\u0131n zor oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrer. Mark Levene, \u201cCreating a modern \u2018zone of genocide\u2019: the impact of the nation \u2013and state\u2013 formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878-1923\u201d, Holocaust and Genocide Studies<\/i>, Cilt 12, No. 3 (1998), s. 393-433. David McDowall J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk liderli\u011finin zora dayal\u0131 asimilasyon plan\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman ilan etmedi\u011fini belirtir. Bkz. David McDowall, A Modern History of The Kurds<\/i> (Londra; I. B. Tauris, 1996), s. 105. (T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi: Modern K\u00fcrt Tarihi<\/i>, Doruk Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2004.)<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> McDowall, A Modern History of The Kurds<\/i>, s. 105 dipnot.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> K\u00fcrtlerin az\u0131l\u0131 katiller olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131\u015f\u0131 konusunda bkz. Dominik J. Shaller, \u201c\u2018Armenische Kr\u00e4mer\u2019 und \u2018kurdische mordbrenner\u2019: Armenische-kurdische Beziehungen und ihre Wahrmehmung in Deutschland bis in die 1940er Jahre\u201d, Kurdische Studien<\/i>, Cilt 3, No.1-2 (2003), s. 5-32.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Jelle Verheij, \u201cDie armenischen Massaker von 1894-1896. Anatomie und Hintergr\u00fcnde einer Krise\u201d, in Hans-Lukas Kieser, yay.haz., Die Armenische Frage und die Schweiz (1896-1923)<\/i> (Z\u00fcrih; Chronos Verlag, 1999), s. 69-129. Donald Bloxham, The Great Game of Genocide, Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Otoman Armenians<\/i> (Oxford University Pres, 2005), s. 51-57.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Ermenilerin Aleviler taraf\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda bkz. ABD\u2019li misyoner Riggs\u2019in raporu: Henry H. Riggs, Days of Tragedy in Armenia. Personal Experiences in Harpoot, 1915-1917<\/i>, yay.haz. ve giri\u015f Ara Sarafian (Ann Arbor, MI: Gomidas, 1997), s. 108-117. Dersimli K\u00fcrtler mertliklerinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r bir bedel \u00f6deyeceklerdi. Riggs raporunda \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: \u201cK\u00fcrtlerin Dersim\u2019deki ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 izleyen m\u00fcessir olaylardan biri de, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin aynen Ermenilere davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi davranmak suretiyle K\u00fcrtleri y\u0131ld\u0131rma \u00e7abas\u0131yd\u0131.\u201d A.g.y., s. 183.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Tarih\u00e7i David McDowall, K\u00fcrtlerin J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin kendilerine ili\u015fkin planlar\u0131n\u0131 bilmeden Ermenilerin katline kat\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cac\u0131 bir ironi\u201d olarak niteler. Bkz. McDowall, A Modern History of The Kurds<\/i>, s. 105.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Burundi\u2019de Hutulara uygulanan zul\u00fcm i\u00e7in bkz. Ren\u00e9 Lemarchand, Burundi. Ethnic Conflict and Genocide<\/i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres, 1994).<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Ya\u015fam alan\u0131. (\u00e7.n.)<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> \u00d6rne\u011fin katk\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. Ulrich Herbert, yay.haz., National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controverseries<\/i> (New York: Berghahn, 1999).<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Christian Gerlach, \u201cExtremely violent societies: an alternative to the concept of genocide\u201d, Journal of Genocide Research<\/i>, Cilt 8, No. 4 (2006), s. 455-471, \u00f6zellikle bkz. s. 464.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Dominik J. Schaller, \u201cFrom the editor: judges and politicians as historians?\u201d, Journal of Genocide Research<\/i>, Cilt 9, No. 1 (2007), s. 1-4.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> \u201c\u0130lk modern soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u201d nitelemesinin bilimsel bir de\u011feri yoktur. Bu niteleme, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan \u00f6nceki t\u00fcm soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n, yani kolonyal soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n k\u00fcresel bir modern soyk\u0131r\u0131m tarihi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemsiz oldu\u011funu ima eder. Bkz. J\u00fcrgen Zimmerer, \u201cKolonialer Genozid? Vom Nutzen und Nachteil einer historischen Kategorie f\u00fcr eine Globalgeschichte des V\u00f6lkermordes\u201d, in <\/i>Dominik J. Schaller vd, yay. haz., Enteignet-Vertrieben-Ermordet. Baitr\u00e4ge zur Genozidforschung<\/i> (Z\u00fcrh: Chronos Verlag, 2004), s. 109-128.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> S\u00f6zgelimi Roger W. Smith, Ermenilerin katlini paradigmatik bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr: \u201cErmeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 20. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki ve yeni biny\u0131ldaki soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun prototipi olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle \u00f6\u011freticidir.\u201d Roger W. Smith, \u201cThe significance of the Armenian genocide after ninety years\u201d, Genocide Studies and Prevention<\/i>, Cilt 1, No. 2 (2006). s. \u0131-\u0131v.\u00a0 Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ile Holokost\u2019u kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na katk\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. Hans-Lukas Kieser ve Dominik J. Schaller, yay.haz., The Armenian Genocide and Shoah<\/i> (Z\u00fcrih: Chronos Verlag, 2001).<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> ABD\u2019deki Ermeni yanl\u0131s\u0131 kurulu\u015flar ve misyoner dernekleri daha Hamidiye katliamlar\u0131 (1894-96) s\u00fcrerken, \u00f6zellikle de Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ermenilerin ba\u015f\u0131na gelenlere \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde dikkat \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Bu gruplar\u0131n lobi faaliyetleri i\u00e7in bkz. Peter Balakian, The Burning Tigris. The Armenian Genocide and America\u2019s Response<\/i> (New York: HarperCollins, 2003); Jay Winter, yay.haz., America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915<\/i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Holokost\u2019un evrenselci bir ahl\u00e2ka nas\u0131l katk\u0131da bulundu\u011fu konusunda bkz. Daniel Levy ve Natan Sznaider, The Holocaust and Memory in the Global Age<\/i> (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2005).<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau\u2019s Story<\/i>, yeniden yay.haz. Ara Sarafian (Ann Arbor, MI: Talderon Pres, 2000), s. 214. (T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi: B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Morgenthau’nun \u00d6yk\u00fcs\u00fc<\/i>, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2005.)<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Bkz. Matthias Bj\u00f8rnlund, \u201cThe 1914 Cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a Case of the Violent Turkification\u201d, Journal of Genocide Research<\/i>, Cilt 10, No. 1 (2008), s. 41-57. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin H\u0131ristiyan topluluklara kar\u015f\u0131 daha \u00f6nce kitlesel \u015fiddete ba\u015fvurmu\u015f oldu\u011funu kaydetmek \u00f6nemlidir. 1909-1911 aras\u0131nda Makedonya\u2019da binlerce Rum, S\u0131rp ve Bulgar \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ne var ki, bu mezalim 1914\u2019ten itibaren ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek olanlar kadar sistemli bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmemi\u015fti. ABD\u2019nin eski \u0130zmir konsolosu George Horton 1926 tarihli raporunda s\u00f6z konusu katliamlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle betimlemi\u015fti: \u201cBu k\u0131y\u0131m ilk ba\u015fta, Makedonya\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc bir s\u0131kl\u0131kla i\u015flenen aral\u0131kl\u0131 cinayetler \u015feklinde ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi; kurbanlar ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00e7e\u015fitli H\u0131ristiyan cemaatlerinin \u00f6nde gelenlerinden olu\u015fuyordu. Bu insanlar\u0131 vurmak i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilen en g\u00f6zde yer, eve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f saatinde kap\u0131 e\u015fikleri oluyordu. T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin b\u00f6lgede denetim sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in gayrim\u00fcslim liderleri imha etmeye kararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kazand\u0131. [\u2026] Program, ileri gelenlerin imhas\u0131ndan, ortadan kaybolmaya ba\u015flayan daha \u00f6nemsiz \u015fah\u0131slara do\u011fru geni\u015fledi.\u201d George Horton, The Blight of Asia. An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohemmedans and of the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; with the True Story of the Burning of Smyrna<\/i>, yeniden yay.haz. Ara Sarafian (Reading: Talderon Pres, 2003), s.16-17.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Norman M. Naimark\u2019\u0131n Fires of Hatred. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe<\/i>\u2019ta (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Pres, 2001) ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel noktalardan biri de budur.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Ermeni ve Rum kurbanlarla ayn\u0131 kaderi payla\u015fan H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n ak\u0131beti tarihyaz\u0131m\u0131nda ancak yak\u0131n zamanlarda ele al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bkz. David Gaunt, Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I <\/i>(Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Pres, 2006); Hannibal Travis, \u201c\u2018Native Christians massacres\u2019: the Ottoman genocide of Assyrians during World War I\u201d, Genocide Studies and Prevention<\/i>, Cilt 1, No. 3 (2006), s. 327-371; Tessa Hofmann, yay.haz., Verfolgung, Vertreibung und Vernichtung der Christen im Osmanischen reich, 1912-1922<\/i> (M\u00fcnster: Lit-Verlag, 2004).<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> Re\u015fit \u00c7erkes k\u00f6kenliydi. Ailesi Rusya Kafkasyas\u0131\u2019ndan s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yani, o da fail haline gelen bir kurband\u0131. Re\u015fid i\u00e7in bkz. Hans-Lukas Kieser, \u201cDr. Mehmed Re\u015fid (1873-1919): a political doctor\u201d in<\/i> Kieser ve Schaller, The Armenian Genocide and the Shoah<\/i>, s. 245-280.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Hohenlohe-Langenburg\u2019dan \u015eans\u00f6lye Bethmann Hollweg\u2019e, 31 Temmuz 1915, al\u0131nt\u0131layan Johannes Lepsius, yay.haz., Deutschland und Armenien, 1914-1918: Sammlung diplomatischer Aktenst\u00fccke<\/i> (Potsdam: Tempel-Verlag, 1919), belge 126.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> S\u00fcryani \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ve lobi gruplar\u0131 Ermeni kurulu\u015flar\u0131 kadar ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmaktan uzakt\u0131r. Assyrian International News Agency\u2019nin (AINA) web sitesinde yay\u0131mlanan, Sylvester Stallone\u2019ye yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131k bir mektuptan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fu pasajlar S\u00fcryanilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fcsran\u0131 \u00f6rneklemektedir: \u201cFranz Werfel\u2019in Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ele alan roman\u0131 \u2018Musa Da\u011f\u2019da 40 G\u00fcn\u2019e dayal\u0131 bir film \u00e7ekece\u011finizi okudum. [\u2026] Mektubumun amac\u0131 yeni filminizde S\u00fcryani halk\u0131na yap\u0131lan Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019dan da bahsetmeniz i\u00e7in size \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunmak, Mr. Stallone. [\u2026] S\u00fcryani ve Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, filminize S\u00fcryanilerin \u00e7ektikleri ac\u0131lar\u0131n dahil edilmemesi g\u00fcnah olacakt\u0131r.\u201d http:\/\/www.aina.org\/guesteds\/20070207115546.pdf<\/a> (eri\u015fim tarihi 9 Ocak 2008).<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> Yair Auron, The Banality of Indifference. Zionism and the Armenian Genocide<\/i> (New Brunswick: Transaction, 2000), s. 59-99.<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> Hilmar Kaiser, \u201cThe Ottoman government and the end of Ottoman social formation, 1915-1917\u201d. Bu makale internette yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: http:\/\/www.hist.net\/kieser\/aghet\/Essays\/EssayKaiser.html (eri\u015fim tarihi 9 Ocak 2008).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

http:\/\/www.birikimdergisi.com\/birikim\/makale.aspx?mid=1132<\/a><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

J\u00fcrgen Zimmerer, Dominik J. Schaller \u0130svi\u00e7reli diyakoz Jacob K\u00fcnzler (1871-1949) 1899\u2019dan 1922\u2019ye kadar G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019nun kadim kentlerinden Urfa\u2019da bir misyoner hastanesini y\u00f6netti. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Do\u011fu Vilayetleri\u2019nde ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli etnik temizlik ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m projesinin \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu. Ekim 1915\u2019te, Ermenilerin tehcir emirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri \u00fcmitsiz direni\u015fin Osmanl\u0131 ordusu taraf\u0131ndan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14,26,42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31339","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\nGe\u00e7 D\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin N\u00fcfus ve \u0130mha Politikalar\u0131 - Giri\u015f - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/08\/29\/gec-donem-osmanli-soykirimlari-osmanli-imparatorlugunun-dagilisi-ve-jon-turklerin-nufus-ve-imha-politikalari-giris\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ge\u00e7 D\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131: Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin N\u00fcfus ve \u0130mha Politikalar\u0131 - Giri\u015f - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"J\u00fcrgen Zimmerer, Dominik J. Schaller \u0130svi\u00e7reli diyakoz Jacob K\u00fcnzler (1871-1949) 1899\u2019dan 1922\u2019ye kadar G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019nun kadim kentlerinden Urfa\u2019da bir misyoner hastanesini y\u00f6netti. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Do\u011fu Vilayetleri\u2019nde ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli etnik temizlik ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m projesinin \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu. 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