{"id":30287,"date":"2014-06-09T04:03:33","date_gmt":"2014-06-09T09:03:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=30287"},"modified":"2014-06-09T04:03:33","modified_gmt":"2014-06-09T09:03:33","slug":"ittihat-terakkinin-ve-kazim-karabekirin-cocuk-askerleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/06\/09\/ittihat-terakkinin-ve-kazim-karabekirin-cocuk-askerleri\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130ttihat Terakki’nin ve Kaz\u0131m Karabekir’in \u00e7ocuk askerleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Kaz\u0131m<\/a>Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00c7ocu\u011fun bir vatanperver ve gelecekte iyi bir asker olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sava\u015f kap\u0131dayken \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u0130zciler Oca\u011f\u0131 Te\u015fkilat\u0131 kuruldu. Te\u015fkilat, sava\u015fla birlikte yerini Osmanl\u0131 G\u00fc\u00e7 Dernekleri’ne b\u0131rakacak ve para militer bir \u00f6rg\u00fcte d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecekti <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

“\u0130ttihat Terakki’nin ve Kaz\u0131m Karabekir’in \u00e7ocuk askerleri” <\/b><\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n esin kayna\u011f\u0131, “PKK taraf\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen \u00e7ocuklar” konusu. “Ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen”diyorum \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u0131llard\u0131r PKK hareketini olu\u015fturan dinamikleri izliyorum. Uzun sosyolojik ve siyasi analizler yapmaya maalesef sayfa m\u00fcsait de\u011fil o y\u00fczden kestirmeden s\u00f6yleyece\u011fim: \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n Kandil’e g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc gitti\u011finden eminim. Ancak, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc de olsalar, PKK’n\u0131n bu \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ailelerine d\u00f6nmeye ikna etmesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Her ne kadar ailelerinin bu \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in en iyi se\u00e7enek oldu\u011funda emin olmasam da…<\/p>\n

1789 Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali’den sonra Bat\u0131’da “ulus, ulus devlet, vatan, yurtta\u015f gibi kavramlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla birlikte \u00e7ocu\u011fun siyasal bir \u00f6zne olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve e\u011fitilmesi konusunda radikal de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. II. Abd\u00fclhamit’in istibdat rejiminden ka\u00e7arak Bat\u0131’ya giden, 1908’de II. Me\u015frutiyet’in ilan\u0131ndan sonra \u00fclkeye d\u00f6nen Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131, Bat\u0131’daki baz\u0131 modalar\u0131 \u00fclkelerine ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131lar. Bunlardan biri izcilik te\u015fkilat\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n

\u0130zcilik hareketinin mucidi, Britanyal\u0131 General Baden Powell idi. Hindistan, Afrika ve Kanada’da g\u00f6rev yapan Powell, 1907’de emekli olduktan sonra \u0130ngiltere’de gen\u00e7ler i\u00e7in do\u011fa faaliyetleri d\u00fczenlemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, deneyimlerini 1908’de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Erkek \u00e7ocuklar \u0130\u00e7in \u0130zcilik (Scouting for Boys) kitab\u0131nda toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu tarihten sonra \u0130ngiltere’de, ABD ve Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde izcilik modas\u0131 yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

AHMET ROBENSON’UN \u0130ZC\u0130LER\u0130<\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na izcilik (Osmanl\u0131ca “ke\u015f\u015fafl\u0131k’) fikrini, Lozan’da bulunan Rag\u0131p Nurettin’in 1910 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Edirne’de yay\u0131mlanan Say ve Tetebb\u00fc Mecmuas\u0131’nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131n tan\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

8 Ekim 1912’de Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flay\u0131nca \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti (\u0130TC), Edirne’deki \u0130ttihat Mektebi M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Nafi Atuf (Kansu) ile arkada\u015f\u0131 Manast\u0131r’daki \u00f6\u011fretmen Okulu M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Ethem Nejat’\u0131 “m\u00fckemmel bir gen\u00e7lik te\u015fkilat\u0131” kurmak \u00fczere incelemeler yapmak i\u00e7in Avrupa’ya g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti. Atuf\u00a0 Bey d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fte Enver Pa\u015fa’ya izcili\u011fin bu i\u015f i\u00e7in ideal bir faaliyet oldu\u011funu, Bat\u0131’daki \u00f6rnekleri gibi bir te\u015fkilat\u0131n kurulabilece\u011fini belirtmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Soylu bir \u0130ngiliz ailesinin Hindistan do\u011fumlu o\u011flu olan ve e\u011fitimini Mekteb-i Sultani’de (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Galatasaray Lisesi) tamamlayan, futbolcu ve spor adam\u0131 Ahmet Robenson taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul’da kurulan ilk izci oyma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n faaliyetleri, boru trampet tak\u0131mlar\u0131 ile \u015fehir i\u00e7i turlar\u0131 ve do\u011fa y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerinden ibaretti. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, beyaz tenis \u015fapkas\u0131 giyen bu gruplar, kimi \u00e7evrelerce M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n H\u0131ristiyanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak alg\u0131land\u0131. \u0130zcilerin k\u0131sa pantolon giymeleri \u00f6ncelere tutucu kesimlerce tepkiyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131 ancak Dar\u00fclf\u00fcnun Emini’nin (Rekt\u00f6r) izcili\u011fi desteklemek amac\u0131yla izci k\u0131yafetini giyip k\u0131sa pantolonla dola\u015fmas\u0131yla tepkiler azald\u0131. Bu ilk oyma\u011f\u0131 Dar\u00fc\u015f\u015fafaka, Kad\u0131k\u00f6y Numune Mektebi, \u0130stanbul, Kabata\u015f, Vefa ve \u00dcsk\u00fcdar sultanileri ile Haydarpa\u015fa \u0130ttihat Mektebi’nin oymaklar\u0131 takip etti. \u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ilk izci te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 kuran iller ise Bursa, Beyrut, \u0130zmir, Sivas, Kayseri, Ankara, Edirne ve K\u00fctahya idi.<\/p>\n

ZAMANE GEN\u00e7L\u0130\u011e\u0130N\u0130N SORUNLARI<\/b><\/p>\n

23 Ocak 1913’te Bab\u0131ali Bask\u0131n\u0131 ile iktidara t\u00fcm\u00fcyle el koyan \u0130TC, do\u011fal olarak \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitimine de el koydu. Ama \u00f6nce \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n T\u00fcrk Yurdu dergisinde \u00e7\u0131kan bir yaz\u0131dan “zamane gen\u00e7li\u011finin sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 “\u00f6\u011frenelim: “O \u00fclkeleri fetheden c\u00fcndi ve silah\u015for millet at s\u0131rt\u0131ndan inmi\u015f, kahvelere d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, kendi d\u00f6vd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alt\u0131n kakmal\u0131 yata\u011fan\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p eline bilardo sopas\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f, kahvede, zarda, oyunda san\u0131n\u0131, unvan\u0131n\u0131, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, koca erkekli\u011fini ezvak-\u0131 garbiyeye, sefahat-\u0131 frengiyeye de\u011fi\u015fti, satt\u0131. Irk, cins bozuldu. O yavuz, o ten-d\u00fcr\u00fcst milletin ahfad\u0131 aras\u0131nda kamburlar, \u00e7olaklar, paytaklar koca bir yek&ucirc;n te\u015fkil ediyor. \u0130\u00e7ki ve nikotin, milletimizi yak\u0131p y\u0131km\u0131\u015f, t\u00fct\u00fcnden eller sararm\u0131\u015f, bet-beniz u\u00e7uk; i\u00e7kiden \u00f6z s\u00f6n\u00fck, g\u00f6z donuk, eller titrek. Ben isterim ki gen\u00e7lerimizin elleri k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan, ciridden, k\u00fcrekten, yelkenden nas\u0131rla\u015fs\u0131n; y\u00fczleri g\u00fcnden, g\u00fcne\u015ften, temiz havadan, keskin r\u00fczg\u00e2rdan k\u0131zars\u0131n, yanaklar\u0131 alevlensin! Benli\u011fine g\u00fcvenir delikanl\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczlerinde kartal bak\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6rmek isterim! Murad\u0131m\u0131za ermek i\u00e7in gidilecek yol, eskiden gidilmi\u015f, g\u00fcd\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, sonra b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131p sap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, unutulmu\u015f izlerdir. Yine o eski izleri bulup \u00e7\u0131karal\u0131m!”<\/p>\n

KAYDIRAK YER\u0130NE ASKER\u0130 TAL\u0130M<\/b><\/p>\n

Bu amaca ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in, “izcilik” \u00e7ok uygun bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme modeli sunuyordu. May\u0131s 1913’te yay\u0131mlanmaya ba\u015flayan \u0130dman Dergisi daha ilk say\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren sayfalar\u0131nda izcili\u011fe geni\u015f yer ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu konudaki ilk yaz\u0131, Ahmet \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc’n\u00fcn “Ke\u015f\u015faf Yolda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131” adl\u0131 makalesi olmu\u015ftu. Yazar iki bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l \u00f6nce Hamburg’da g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Alman izci taburlar\u0131na duydu\u011fu hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 okurlar\u0131na: “Kar\u015f\u0131dan gelen kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n askeri bir birlik oldu\u011funu san\u0131yordum. Alay yakla\u015f\u0131yordu. Dikkatle bakt\u0131m. Asker de\u011fil fakat asker yaverleri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. En k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fc on d\u00f6rt en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc on alt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131nda, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 titreten Alman Ordusunun temel ta\u015flar\u0131… delikanl\u0131lar!… \u00a0Hepsi g\u00fcrb\u00fcz, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kuvvetli, boylu poslu, yanaklar\u0131 k\u0131pk\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, elbiseleri hep bir bi\u00e7imde, s\u0131rtlar\u0131nda camadanlar\u0131, \u00e7antalar\u0131, bellerinde mataralar\u0131-su kab\u0131, ellerinde karg\u0131 bi\u00e7imindeki de\u011fnekleri; sert, fakat a\u011f\u0131r ad\u0131mlarla talimli bir asker gibi y\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar. Ne yalan s\u00f6yleyeyim o anda benim de yaln\u0131z y\u00fcre\u011fim de\u011fil belki b\u00fct\u00fcn benli\u011fim titredi. Bir \u00f6n\u00fcmden ge\u00e7enlere bakt\u0131m. Bir de bizim dar, \u00e7amurlu veya tozlu sokak aralar\u0131nda tozlara bulanm\u0131\u015f bir halde; kayd\u0131rak, \u015feftali \u00e7ekirde\u011fi falan oynayan c\u0131l\u0131z, solgun benizli \u00e7ocuklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 hat\u0131rlad\u0131m!”<\/p>\n

M\u0130LLET-\u0130 M\u00dcSELLEHA E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M\u0130<\/b><\/p>\n

Hastal\u0131k te\u015fhis edildikten sonra s\u0131ra tedaviye gelmi\u015fti. Tedavi i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilen II. Abd\u00fclhamit d\u00f6neminden beri Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu Prusya modeline g\u00f6re \u00f6rg\u00fctlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00fcnl\u00fc Goltz Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n icad\u0131 olan “millet-i m\u00fcselleha” ilac\u0131 idi. Yani t\u00fcm halk\u0131n topyek\u00fcn bir sava\u015f i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi, milletin bir ordu haline getirilmesi… Bu ama\u00e7la at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlardan biri olan Tedrisat-\u0131 \u0130ptidaiye Kanun-\u0131 Muvakkat\u0131 ile m\u00fcfredatta Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131l\u0131rken, “\u00e7ocu\u011fun iyi bir vatanperver ve gelecekte iyi bir asker olmas\u0131”i\u00e7in gerekli donan\u0131m\u0131 verme amac\u0131 da eklenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n kap\u0131da oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, bu y\u00f6nde bir ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131. Bel\u00e7ika \u0130zcilik Te\u015fkilat\u0131 kurucusu \u0130ngiliz Harold Parfitt \u00fclkeye davet edildi. Parfitt, 9 Nisan 1914’de Ke\u015f\u015fafl\u0131k Cemiyeti’nin \u0130zciler Oca\u011f\u0131 Te\u015fkilat\u0131’n\u0131 kurduktan sonra Dar\u00fc’l-Muallimin-i Aliye’de (Y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011fretmen Okulu) izcilik dersleri, y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler, kamplar, oymak beyi kurslar\u0131 ile izcili\u011fi kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

“BA\u015eBU\u011e” ENVER, “KALGAY”PARF\u0130TT<\/b><\/p>\n

Oca\u011f\u0131n ilk “Ba\u015fbu\u011f”u Enver Pa\u015fa, “Kalgay’\u0131 (Ba\u015fbu\u011fun yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131) ise Harold Parfitt oldu. “B\u00fcy\u00fck Orta Kolda\u015flar\u0131”hepsi de hem asker hem de Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa \u00fcyesi olan Halil, Ziya, Ey\u00fcp Sabri, Yakup Cemil, Doktor Naz\u0131m beylerdi. \u0130\u00e7 nizamnameye g\u00f6re izciler h\u00fcnerlerine g\u00f6re be\u015f mertebeye b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131: Ads\u0131z, \u00e7eri, Tekin, Alp ve Tarhan. Bu mertebeleri ge\u00e7ebilmek i\u00e7in gerekli beceri ve tecr\u00fcbeler tek tek say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yer sorunu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden sadece ge\u00e7ilmesi en zorlu a\u015famaya;, “Tekin”olmaya dair \u015fartlar\u0131 say\u0131yorum: On dakikada iki kilometre ko\u015fmak ve elli metre y\u00fczmek, mors ve semafor i\u015faretlerini bilmek, harita okumas\u0131n\u0131 bilmek ve k\u0131rda bu harita ile y\u00f6n bulmak, ba\u015fl\u0131ca y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 ve bur\u00e7lar\u0131 bilmek, \u00fc\u00e7 saatte on be\u015f kilometre yaya yahut d\u00f6rt saatte k\u0131rk kilometre bisikletle kat etmek, iz tan\u0131mak ve takip edebilmek, be\u015f menzillik mesafe i\u00e7in do\u011fru olarak saat hareket tanzim etmek, do\u011fru ve tafsilatl\u0131 \u015fekilde bir \u015fehrin, k\u00f6y\u00fcn istikamet, mevki ve co\u011frafi vaziyetini \u00e7izebilmek, k\u0131rda muhtelif e\u015fyan\u0131n bir di\u011ferine olan mesafesi tahmin etmek, on \u00e7e\u015fit a\u011fa\u00e7 ve bitki tan\u0131mak, el i\u015fleri yapabilmek, yang\u0131n, bo\u011fulma ve at bo\u015fanmas\u0131 gibi hallerde yap\u0131lacak cankurtaranl\u0131k i\u015flerini tarif edebilmek, bir yaray\u0131 sarmak…<\/p>\n

Oca\u011f\u0131n te\u015fkilat\u0131 da Oba, Kol, Oymak ve Alt\u0131n Ordu diye s\u0131ralan\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca 12 maddelik bir “\u0130zci T\u00f6resi” ile \u015f\u00f6yle bir “\u0130zci And\u0131” vard\u0131: “Tanr\u0131ya ibadet ve Hakana itaat edece\u011fime, daima vicdanl\u0131, vazifesini tan\u0131r, kanuna h\u00fcrmet eder, yi\u011fit bir adam olarak hareket eyleyece\u011fime, vatan\u0131m\u0131 sevip sulh ve harp zamanlar\u0131nda fedakarl\u0131kla hizmet yapaca\u011f\u0131ma ve izci t\u00f6resine ba\u015f e\u011fece\u011fime namusum ve \u015ferefim \u00fczerine s\u00f6z veririm.”<\/p>\n

\u0130zcilerin elbiseleri ve levaz\u0131mat\u0131 ise \u015f\u00f6yleydi: Ba\u015fl\u0131k (kabalak), a\u00e7\u0131k haki renkte g\u00f6mlek, yan taraflar\u0131nda birer cebi olacak, a\u00e7\u0131k haki renkte k\u0131sa pantolon (lacivert de olabilir),boyun ba\u011f\u0131 (her kol’un rengi ba\u015fka olacakt\u0131), kestane ve haki renkte \u00e7orap, ayakkab\u0131, kemer, bir desimetre ve yar\u0131m desimetreleri taksim edilmi\u015f 1,80 santim uzunlu\u011funda baston, arkaya as\u0131lacak torba, a\u00e7\u0131k haki renkte pelerin, matara, pusula, on be\u015f metre uzunlu\u011funda ve parmak kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda keten ve sa\u011flam ip, bel kemeri i\u00e7in ufak toka, Erkan-\u0131 Harbiye paftas\u0131, balta ve \u00e7ad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Parfitt’in \u00f6\u011frencileri ilk tatbikatlar\u0131n\u0131 24 Nisan 1914 Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc K\u00e2\u011f\u0131thane s\u0131rtlar\u0131nda yapt\u0131lar. Bu tatbikat, do\u011fal olarak halk\u0131n \u00e7ok ilgisini \u00e7ekti, g\u00fcnl\u00fck gazetelere konu oldu. 12 May\u0131s 1914 tarihinde kursu bitiren 16 aday, Talat Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n huzurunda and i\u00e7erek izcilerin Alt\u0131n Ordusu’nu olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere yeni g\u00f6revlerine ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n Haziran ay\u0131nda ise yurdun \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinden Maltepe’ye \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan 260 gence yeni bir izci liderlik kursu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

PARAM\u0130L\u0130TER DERNEKLERE DO\u011eRU<\/b><\/p>\n

Ancak Avrupa’da sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131yla \u0130zciler Oca\u011f\u0131 Te\u015fkilat\u0131, yerini Osmanl\u0131 G\u00fc\u00e7 Dernekleri’ne (OGD) b\u0131rakt\u0131. Dernek 15 Haziran 1914’de kurulmu\u015ftu. Di\u011fer gen\u00e7lik \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin aksine, ge\u00e7ici kanunla kurulan ve Enver Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n “gen\u00e7lerin siyasetle u\u011fra\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131” isteyen talimat\u0131 ile sanki \u0130TC ile irtibat\u0131 yokmu\u015f havas\u0131 verilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan OGD’ler asl\u0131nda Harbiye Nezareti’ne ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Nitekim OGD’nin ba\u015fbu\u011flu\u011funa yine Harbiye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Enver Pa\u015fa getirilmi\u015fti. Derne\u011fin haz\u0131rl\u0131k \u015fubesini olu\u015fturan izcilik derneklerine 12-17 ya\u015f aras\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar; as\u0131l derne\u011fe ise 17 ya\u015f\u0131ndan yukar\u0131 olan gen\u00e7ler kabul edilecekti. Gen\u00e7lerin talim ve terbiyesi Harbiye Nezareti’nce icra edilecekti. Gen\u00e7lere idman ve jimnastik derslerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra t\u00fcfek ve revolver (toplu tabanca) kullan\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6sterilecek, silah ve patlay\u0131c\u0131 e\u011fitimi, askeri haritalar\u0131 inceleme e\u011fitimi verilecekti.<\/p>\n

Ancak sava\u015f devam ederken bu da yetmedi ve “Osmanl\u0131 gen\u00e7li\u011fini sava\u015f i\u00e7inde silahalt\u0131nda tutmak ve bir milis \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc etraf\u0131nda toplamak”amac\u0131yla yeni bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn kurulmas\u0131 fikri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu paramiliter \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn fikir babas\u0131, Goltz Pa\u015fa’yd\u0131. Teklif Heyet-i V\u00fckela’da ate\u015fli tart\u0131\u015fmalara neden oldu. Baz\u0131lar\u0131, gen\u00e7lerin askerle\u015ftirilmesine itiraz etti ama sonunda Goltz Pa\u015fa galip geldi. Goltz’un tavsiyesiyle Almanya’da Kaiserlich Deutshe Jugendwebr veya Jugendwehr gibi gen\u00e7lik \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin kurulu\u015funda ve idaresinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f Miralay von Hoff \u0130stanbul’a getirildi. Alelacele pa\u015fal\u0131\u011fa terfi ettirilen von Hoff ve yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Selim S\u0131rr\u0131’n\u0131n (Tarcan) \u00f6nderli\u011finde Osmanl\u0131 Gen\u00e7 Dernekleri kuruldu. Von Hoff, \u015eubat 1916’da, derne\u011fin nizamnamesi hen\u00fcz padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmadan \u0130tfaiye K\u0131\u015flas\u0131’nda kendisine tahsis edilen odada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Kendisine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olarak Binba\u015f\u0131 Tahir Bey ile Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 \u0130zzet Bey verilmi\u015fti. Bu te\u015fkilat da, 12-17 ya\u015f aras\u0131 M\u00fcslim ve gayrim\u00fcslim gen\u00e7lerin \u00fcye edildi\u011fi G\u00fcrb\u00fcz Derne\u011fi ile 17 ve yukar\u0131 ya\u015flardaki gen\u00e7lerin \u00fcye yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Din\u00e7 Derne\u011fi \u015feklinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

DA\u011e BA\u015eINI DUMAN ALMI\u015e!<\/b><\/p>\n

Derneklerde, milli duygular\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00f6zlerini T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ideologlar\u0131ndan Ziya G\u00f6kalp’in \u015fiirleriyle bestelenmi\u015f mar\u015flar ile \u0130sve\u00e7li bestesi Felix K\u00f6rling’e ait \u015eak\u0131yan \u00fc\u00e7 Gen\u00e7 K\u0131z (Tre Trallade Jantor) \u015fark\u0131s\u0131ndan uyarlanan Da\u011f Ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 Duman Alm\u0131\u015f mar\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyordu. Mar\u015f\u0131n notalar\u0131n\u0131 Mektebi Sultani’nin idman hocalar\u0131ndan Selim S\u0131rr\u0131 (Tarcan) m\u00fczik e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in gitti\u011fi Stockholm’den getirmi\u015fti. S\u00f6zlerini ise \u0130stanbul Erkek Muallim Mektebi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6\u011fretmeni Ali Ulvi (El\u00f6ve) yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ard\u0131ndan derne\u011fin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, vilayetlere tamimler g\u00f6nderildi. \u00e7e\u015fitli vilayetlerden gelen kursiyerlere ilk kurs 29 Haziran 1916’da Harbiye Nezareti’nde ve bizzat Von Hoff taraf\u0131ndan verildi. Eyl\u00fcl 1917’ye kadar 3 bin civar\u0131nda rehber yeti\u015ftirildi. Edirne’den Kud\u00fcs’e, Bitlis’ten Basra’ya kadar geni\u015f bir alanda te\u015fkilatlanan Osmanl\u0131 Gen\u00e7 Dernekleri’nin say\u0131s\u0131 1917’de 706’ya ula\u015ft\u0131. Din\u00e7 Derne\u011fi \u00fcyeleri, 1917’de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve 1315 (1899) do\u011fumlular\u0131n askere al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir kanun uyar\u0131nca askere al\u0131nd\u0131lar. Daha sonra adlar\u0131na “Hey Onbe\u015fli, Onbe\u015fli, Tokat yollar\u0131 ta\u015fl\u0131…” t\u00fcrk\u00fcs\u00fc yak\u0131lan bu gen\u00e7lerin ak\u0131betlerini ne yaz\u0131k ki bilmiyoruz…<\/p>\n

Gerek vilayetlerde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan sorunlar gerekse \u0130TC y\u00f6neticileriyle fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen Von Hoff’un istifa etmesi (Hoff, derneklere siyaset sokulmas\u0131n\u0131 istemiyordu, \u0130TC ise dernekleri propaganda amac\u0131yla kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu), Osmanl\u0131 Gen\u00e7 Dernekleri i\u00e7in sonun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu. Sava\u015f\u0131n kaybedilece\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 pa\u015falar\u0131n 1\/2 Kas\u0131m 1918 gecesi bir Alman denizalt\u0131s\u0131 ile yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na ka\u00e7mas\u0131 ise, bu nafile maceraya noktay\u0131 koydu.<\/p>\n

Kaz\u0131m Karabekir’in “G\u00fcrb\u00fczler Ordusu’<\/b><\/p>\n

Milli M\u00fccadele d\u00f6neminde Kastamonu’da Gen\u00e7ler Kul\u00fcb\u00fc, \u00e7erke\u015f’te Gen\u00e7ler Mahfili adlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk cemiyetlerine yard\u0131m eden baz\u0131 gen\u00e7lik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri biliniyor. Ama en ilgin\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bu g\u00fcnlerde A\u011fr\u0131’n\u0131n \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi burnunda Belediye Ba\u015fkan\u0131 S\u0131rr\u0131 Sak\u0131k ile Ba\u015fbakan Erdo\u011fan aras\u0131nda polemik konusu olan Kaz\u0131m Karabekir’in kurdu\u011fu “G\u00fcrb\u00fczler Ordusu’.<\/p>\n

Kaz\u0131m Karabekir’in K\u00fcrt meselesine bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve K\u00fcrtler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan nas\u0131l bir tarihsel fig\u00fcr oldu\u011fu konusunu ilerde ele almaya s\u00f6z vererek devam edersem, Milli M\u00fccadele s\u0131ras\u0131nda Do\u011fu Cephesi komutan\u0131 olan K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir, g\u00f6rev yeri olan Erzurum’a giderken yolda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc baz\u0131 yetimleri korumas\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan yetim toplama i\u015fine h\u0131z verdi. Nihayet, say\u0131 1600’\u00fc ge\u00e7ti\u011finde, 1 May\u0131s 1920’de Erzurum halk\u0131na “\u00e7ocuklar Ordusu Te\u015fkilat\u0131’n\u0131 (veya “G\u00fcrb\u00fczler Ordusu’nu) takdim etti. Bu \u00e7ocuklara eskrim ve kayak dersi de dahil olmak \u00fczere askeri e\u011fitim verilmi\u015f, bir k\u0131sm\u0131na Sanayi G\u00fcrb\u00fczler Mektebi’nde araba tamiri, kuyumculuk gibi zanaatlar \u00f6\u011fretilmi\u015f, ayr\u0131ca orduya kaput, potin diktirilmi\u015fti. Ama bunlar yap\u0131l\u0131rken, Kaz\u0131m Karabekir’in deyimiyle “hepsine T\u00fcrkl\u00fck \u015fuuru verilmi\u015fti.”<\/p>\n

Karabekir’in 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1920’de Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f’\u0131 Ruslardan geri al\u0131rken, G\u00fcrb\u00fczler Ordusu’nu da seferber etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir. Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f’\u0131 “\u00e7ocuklar Kasabas\u0131” yapmay\u0131 hedefleyen Karabekir Pa\u015fa, bu \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in \u015fehirde S\u0131hhiye Mektebi ile Askeri \u0130dadi ile ebelik, di\u015f\u00e7ilik, elektrik, sinema ve foto\u011fraf kurslar\u0131 da a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1922 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde “\u00e7ocuklar Ordusu Te\u015fkilat\u0131 “Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f, Trabzon, Kars, Ka\u011f\u0131zman, Beyaz\u0131t, I\u011fd\u0131r, Ardahan, Artvin, Rize, S\u00fcrmene ve Erzincan dahil olmak \u00fczere 17 alay halinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015fti. Te\u015fkilat\u0131n b\u00fcnyesindeki yetim \u00e7ocuk say\u0131s\u0131 4 ila 6 bin aras\u0131nda ifade ediliyordu. (Say\u0131dan nas\u0131l korkun\u00e7 bir d\u00f6nem oldu\u011funu \u00e7\u0131karabilirsiniz.)<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re Karabekir’in koruma alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimsesiz erkek \u00e7ocuklar aras\u0131nda, Ermeni yetimler de bulunuyordu. Bu \u00e7ocuklardan kabiliyetli olanlar, Karabekir taraf\u0131ndan, sanki T\u00fcrk ailelerin yetimleri gibi g\u00f6sterilerek Bursa’da yeni a\u00e7\u0131lan I\u015f\u0131klar Asker\u00ee Lisesi’ne g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise meslek erbab\u0131 olarak hayata kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131…<\/p>\n

3 Ocak 1924’te \u0130smet (\u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc) Bey taraf\u0131ndan meclise verilen bir kanun teklifiyle on iki ya\u015f\u0131ndan askerlik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na giren b\u00fct\u00fcn gen\u00e7leri i\u00e7ine alan bir te\u015fkilat kurulmas\u0131 ve bu te\u015fkilat\u0131n \u00fclke savunmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc ama teklif mecliste ilgi g\u00f6rmedi. Bu sefer i\u015fi Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Mare\u015fal Fevzi (\u00e7akmak) Pa\u015fa ele ald\u0131. Mare\u015fale g\u00f6re halk\u0131 “millet-i m\u00fcselleha” haline getirecek b\u00f6yle bir te\u015fkilat\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na derhal ba\u015flanmal\u0131yd\u0131. Ancak bu giri\u015fim de sonu\u00e7 vermedi. Konu 1927, 1928 ve 1932’de tekrar meclis g\u00fcndemine geldi ama yine kanunla\u015fmad\u0131. Ama “millet-i m\u00fcselleha” fikri hi\u00e7 \u00f6lmedi…<\/p>\n

\u00d6ZET KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/b><\/p>\n

Zafer Toprak, “Me\u015frutiyet ve M\u00fctareke Y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye’de \u0130zcilik&rdquo;, Toplumsal Tarih, Nisan 1998, S. 52, s.13-20; Toprak, “II. Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6neminde Paramiliter Gen\u00e7lik \u00f6rg\u00fctleri&rdquo;, Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e T\u00fcrkiye Ansiklopedisi, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, C.2, 1985, s.531-536; <\/i><\/p>\n

Emre S. Karak\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, Osmanl\u0131’da \u0130zcili\u011fin Paramiliter G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc, Milli E\u011fitim Dergisi, 1999, S. 143, s. 65-75; <\/i><\/p>\n

Mustafa Balc\u0131o\u011flu, “Osmanl\u0131 Gen\u00e7 Dernekleri”T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, \u015eubat 1992, S. 346, s. 98-102; <\/i><\/p>\n

Sabri Yetkin, “\u0130ttihat ve Terakki’nin Paramiliter Gen\u00e7lik \u00f6rg\u00fctleri: Osmanl\u0131 Gen\u00e7 Dernekleri ve Bunlar\u0131n Yay\u0131n Organlar\u0131ndaki Milliyet\u00e7i S\u00f6ylemler&rdquo;, Mersin \u00fcniversitesi 1. Ulusal Tarih Kongresi: Tarih ve Milliyetcilik, Bildiriler, 1997, s. 420-428;<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00a0Atakan Esen, “T\u00fcrk \u0130zcilik Hareketi’nin Tarihsel Temelleri”, Harp Akademileri Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Stratejik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’nde kabul edilmi\u015f master tezi (2009); Kaz\u0131m Karabekir, \u00e7ocuk Davam\u0131z, 2 cilt, Emre Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1995 <\/i><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.radikal.com.tr\/yazarlar\/ayse_hur\/ittihat_terakkinin_ve_kazim_karabekirin_cocuk_askerleri-1196093<\/a><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr \u00c7ocu\u011fun bir vatanperver ve gelecekte iyi bir asker olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sava\u015f kap\u0131dayken \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u0130zciler Oca\u011f\u0131 Te\u015fkilat\u0131 kuruldu. Te\u015fkilat, sava\u015fla birlikte yerini Osmanl\u0131 G\u00fc\u00e7 Dernekleri’ne b\u0131rakacak ve para militer bir \u00f6rg\u00fcte d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecekti “\u0130ttihat Terakki’nin ve Kaz\u0131m Karabekir’in \u00e7ocuk askerleri” Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n esin kayna\u011f\u0131, “PKK taraf\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen \u00e7ocuklar” konusu. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14,26,37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30287","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130ttihat Terakki'nin ve Kaz\u0131m Karabekir'in \u00e7ocuk askerleri - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/06\/09\/ittihat-terakkinin-ve-kazim-karabekirin-cocuk-askerleri\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130ttihat Terakki'nin ve Kaz\u0131m Karabekir'in \u00e7ocuk askerleri - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr \u00c7ocu\u011fun bir vatanperver ve gelecekte iyi bir asker olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sava\u015f kap\u0131dayken \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u0130zciler Oca\u011f\u0131 Te\u015fkilat\u0131 kuruldu. Te\u015fkilat, sava\u015fla birlikte yerini Osmanl\u0131 G\u00fc\u00e7 Dernekleri’ne b\u0131rakacak ve para militer bir \u00f6rg\u00fcte d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecekti “\u0130ttihat Terakki’nin ve Kaz\u0131m Karabekir’in \u00e7ocuk askerleri” Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n esin kayna\u011f\u0131, “PKK taraf\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen \u00e7ocuklar” konusu. 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