\u0130lk Rus-Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nErmeni halk\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu a\u011f\u0131r durum<\/span><\/b><\/p>\nErmeni halk\u0131, h\u00fcr ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ya\u015fama imk\u00e2n\u0131ndan yoksun bir halde XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131la ayak basar. \u00dclke, \u0130ran ile Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda kalmaya devam eder.<\/span><\/p>\nDo\u011fu Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n\u0131n esas b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Yerevan, Nakhicevan ve Karaba\u011f hanl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kuzeydeki baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmler ise G\u00fcrcistan krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde bulunmaktayd\u0131. Yerevan hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u0131n\u0131r idari birimi olarak sardarl\u0131k (vilayet), han ise sardar olarak da an\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\nHanl\u0131k, 15 b\u00f6lgeye (mahal) ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. bunlar Zangibazar, Surmalu, Sardarapat, Talin, Aparan vs. idi. Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, \u015fah taraf\u0131ndan atanm\u0131\u015f olan han bulunmakta, mahaller, han taraf\u0131ndan tayin edilen mirb\u00f6l\u00fckler, k\u00f6yler, k\u00f6y reisleri taraf\u0131ndan idare edilmekte, \u015fehir y\u00f6neticileri, kalantar olarak an\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Kars, Akhaltskha (Ah\u0131ska-\u00e7ev. notu), Erzurum, Van, Diyarbekir (Diyarbak\u0131r-\u00e7ev. notu), Sebastia (Sivas-\u00e7ev. notu) pa\u015fal\u0131klar\u0131 (vilayetler) dahilinde bulunmaktayd\u0131. Pa\u015fal\u0131klar, sancaklara, bunlar ise k\u00f6ylere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/span><\/p>\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u0130ran, geri kalm\u0131\u015f feodal \u00fclkelerdi. \u0130\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmeler, ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015fluk ve \u015fiddet, bu devletlerin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Padi\u015fah ve \u015fah\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00fclkede oldu\u011fu gibi, pa\u015falar ve hanlar da kendi idari b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaz y\u00f6neticileriydi. <\/span><\/p>\nOsmanl\u0131 ve \u0130ran ekonomileri geri kalm\u0131\u015f bir durumdayd\u0131. <\/span><\/p>\nEkonominin temel aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan tar\u0131m, son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir seviyede bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\nK\u00f6yl\u00fclerin durumu \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan kesimlerim ezilmesi, genelde vergi toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sayesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekteydi. Toprak, su ve otlaklardan faydalanma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda vergi al\u0131nmaktayd\u0131. On be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerindeki her erkek kelle vergisi, her aile ise hane vergisi \u00f6demekteydi. <\/span><\/p>\nZanaatk\u00e2rlar ile t\u00fcccarlar da \u00e7e\u015fitli vergiler \u00f6demekteydi. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler, vergilerini \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak, t\u00fcccar ile zenaatk\u00e2r kesimi ise nakit olarak \u00f6demekteydi. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler, toprak a\u011fas\u0131 i\u00e7in kor ve bekar ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131. A\u011fa i\u00e7in ekip-bi\u00e7meye, evini, kaleyi, surlar\u0131 in\u015fa etmeye, yol ve kanal yap\u0131m\u0131na vs. kat\u0131lmaya mecburdular. Kha\u00e7atur Abovyan, \u201cYerevan hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, kor ile bekar alt\u0131nda kurumu\u015f, \u00e7\u00f6pe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u201d- diye yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n\u0130ran hanlar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle de Osmanl\u0131 pa\u015falar\u0131n\u0131n egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda bulunan Ermeni halk\u0131 da di\u011fer halklar gibi, a\u011f\u0131r manevi bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda ezilmekteyd\u0131, can ve mal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ile asgari vatanda\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131ndan yoksundu.<\/span><\/p>\nErmeni halk\u0131 reaya, yani tabi, hak yoksunu bir katman olarak kabul edilmekteydi. Ekonomik bask\u0131lar\u0131n haricinde, milli ve dini bask\u0131lara da tabi olup mahkemede \u015fahitli\u011fi kabul edilmemekteydi, ata binmeye, silah ta\u015f\u0131maya hakk\u0131 yoktu. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 e\u011fmeye ve giysileriyle farkl\u0131 olmaya mecburdu.<\/span><\/p>\nMilli aidiyeti ve inanc\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zel vergiler \u00f6demekteydi, bunlardan ba\u015fl\u0131cas\u0131 hara\u00e7 olarak an\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Ermeni halk\u0131 manevi-ruhsal a\u00e7\u0131dan a\u011f\u0131r darbeler almakta, milli onuru ve kutsal duygular\u0131 rencide edilmekteydi. <\/span><\/p>\nT\u00fcm bunlar, a\u011f\u0131r Osmanl\u0131 ve \u0130ran boyunduru\u011fundan kurtulma arzusu yaratmaktayd\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\nAskeri-siyasi durum<\/span><\/b><\/p>\nXIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Transkafkasya\u2019da karma\u015f\u0131k bir durum has\u0131l olmu\u015ftu. Bu co\u011frafyadaki halklar, Osmanl\u0131 ve \u0130ran egemenli\u011fini \u00fczerlerinden atmak istiyordu. Rusya, Transkafkasya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip imparatorlu\u011fa dahil etmek istemekte, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve Ermenileri, siyasetini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan m\u00fcttefikleri olarak g\u00f6rmekteydi. <\/span><\/p>\nDo\u011fu G\u00fcrcistan 1801 y\u0131l\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fekilde Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011fland\u0131. Lori-Pambak, \u011eazakh ve \u015eam\u015fadin gibi baz\u0131 Ermeni topraklar\u0131 da G\u00fcrcistan\u2019la birlikte Rusya\u2019n\u0131n egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na girdi. <\/span><\/p>\nRusya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneye do\u011fru yay\u0131l\u0131p Trankafkasya\u2019ya yerle\u015fmesi, iki rakip \u00fclke olan \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa taraf\u0131ndan infialle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\nBu \u00fclkeler, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtarak, ilerlemesini durdurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere, Rusya\u2019y\u0131 Transkafkasya\u2019dan kovma konusunda hemfikirdi. \u00d6zellikle onlar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu siyaset sebebiyle 1804 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rus-\u0130ran sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\nAskeri faaliyetler Rusya lehine geli\u015fmekteydi.<\/span><\/p>\n1805-1806 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Rus ordular\u0131 Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n \u015eaki, \u015eirvan ve Bak\u00fc hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irir. Ruslar, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n direni\u015fini k\u0131rarak, 1808 y\u0131l\u0131nda ikinci kez Yerevan kalesini ku\u015fat\u0131r. Kale Frans\u0131z askeri uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netiminde tahkim edilmi\u015f olup, s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde korunmaktayd\u0131. Birka\u00e7 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131 sonucunda Rus ordusu komutan\u0131 Gudovi\u00e7 ku\u015fatmay\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131r ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a d\u00f6ner. <\/span><\/p>\n1812 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki sava\u015fta Ruslar\u0131n galibiyeti, Rus-\u0130ran sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131yla neticelenmesini beraberinde getirir.<\/span><\/p>\nRuslar, Aslanduz, Lenkoran ve Me\u011fri muharebelerinde \u0130ran veliaht\u0131 Abbas-Mirza\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 kesin galibiyet elde eder. <\/span><\/p>\n12 Ekim 1813 tarihinde, Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n G\u00fclistan K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nde Rus-\u0130ran Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\nBu antla\u015fmaya istinaden \u015eirak, Lori, \u011eazakh, \u015eam\u015fadin, Zangezur, \u011eapan ve Karaba\u011f, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n hakimiyetine ge\u00e7mekteydi. <\/span><\/p>\n\u0130lk Rus-Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\u0130lk Rus-\u0130ran sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrerken Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, imparator Napolyon\u2019un k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131yla 1806 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 bir sava\u015f ba\u015flat\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131, say\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden faydalanarak Kars, Akhalkalak (Ahalkelek-\u00e7ev. notu) ve Akhaltsakha y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Az say\u0131daki Rus birlikleri ve yerel halk zor durumda kal\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131, Yusuf Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011finde 1807 y\u0131l\u0131nda birka\u00e7 kez sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famaz. <\/span><\/p>\nB\u00fcy\u00fck muharebe, 1807 Haziran\u0131nda G\u00fcmr\u00fc yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u0130ki taraf, 7 saat boyunca az\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma sergiler. Osmanl\u0131 ordusu, say\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahip olas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, rakip taraf\u0131n darbelerine dayanamay\u0131p, sava\u015f alan\u0131nda 1000\u2019in \u00fczerinde \u00f6l\u00fc b\u0131rakarak Kars\u2019a do\u011fru panik i\u00e7inde ricat eder, Yusuf Pa\u015fa ise esir d\u00fc\u015fmekten k\u0131l pay\u0131 kurtulur.<\/span><\/p>\nSava\u015f ufak-tefek geli\u015fmelerle s\u00fcrer ve ancak 1812 y\u0131l\u0131nda B\u00fckre\u015f\u2019te yap\u0131lan bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131yla son bulur. Besarabya ve Abkhazya Rusya\u2019ya ge\u00e7er, ele ge\u00e7irilen di\u011fer b\u00f6lgeler ise Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya iade edilir.<\/span><\/p>\nBu antla\u015fman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine, Moldova\u2019da ya\u015fayan tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Ermeni t\u00fcccar Manuk Bey destek olur ve antla\u015fma onun kona\u011f\u0131nda imzalan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\nhttp:\/\/www.findarmenia.com\/arm\/history\/23\/420<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu a\u011f\u0131r durum Ermeni halk\u0131, h\u00fcr ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ya\u015fama imk\u00e2n\u0131ndan yoksun bir halde XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131la ayak basar. \u00dclke, \u0130ran ile Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda kalmaya devam eder. Do\u011fu Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n\u0131n esas b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Yerevan, Nakhicevan ve Karaba\u011f hanl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kuzeydeki baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmler ise G\u00fcrcistan krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30068","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermenilerin-tarihi","category-haberler"],"yoast_head":"\n
68. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Ermenistan ile Trtanskafkasya\u2019daki durum - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/05\/24\/67-xix-yuzyil-baslarinda-ermenistan-ile-trtanskafkasyadaki-durum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"68. 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Do\u011fu Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n\u0131n esas b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Yerevan, Nakhicevan ve Karaba\u011f hanl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kuzeydeki baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmler ise G\u00fcrcistan krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/05\/24\/67-xix-yuzyil-baslarinda-ermenistan-ile-trtanskafkasyadaki-durum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-05-24T09:59:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"kalem\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"kalem\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/05\/24\/67-xix-yuzyil-baslarinda-ermenistan-ile-trtanskafkasyadaki-durum\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/05\/24\/67-xix-yuzyil-baslarinda-ermenistan-ile-trtanskafkasyadaki-durum\/\",\"name\":\"68. 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