{"id":29697,"date":"2014-04-30T03:16:46","date_gmt":"2014-04-30T08:16:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=29697"},"modified":"2014-04-30T03:16:46","modified_gmt":"2014-04-30T08:16:46","slug":"1915e-ad-verememek-aghed-medz-yeghern-soykirim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/04\/30\/1915e-ad-verememek-aghed-medz-yeghern-soykirim\/","title":{"rendered":"1915’e ad ver(eme)mek: Aghed, Medz Yeghern, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\u0531\u0575\u0577\u0567<\/a>Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr<\/h1>\n

Bu konudaki kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, gazeteciler, uzmanlar, siyaset adamlar\u0131nda da oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. \u00d6rne\u011fin 24 May\u0131s 1915’te Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne bir nota veren Fransa, Rusya ve Britanya h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri “insanl\u0131k ve medeniyet aleyhine i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar” terimini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ermeniler 1894-1896\u2019da ba\u015fta Do\u011fu Vilayetleri olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok yerde ya da 1909\u2019da Adana\u2019da ba\u015flar\u0131na gelenleri tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in \u2018chart\u2019 (katliam), \u2018vojir\u2019 (su\u00e7), \u2018aksor\u2019 (m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirme), \u2018voghperkutiun\u2019 (trajedi),\u2018nakhjir\u2019, \u2018potorig\u2019 (f\u0131rt\u0131na) gibi terimler kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u20181915\u2019 i\u00e7in ise daha \u00e7ok \u2018yeghern\u2019 ve \u2018aghed\u2019 terimlerini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu iki terimin izini Ermeni s\u00f6zl\u00fcklerinde s\u00fcrersek: 1769 tarihli Haygazyan S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nde \u2018yeghern\u2019in T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olarak \u201cfesad, bela\u201d deniyor, aghed ise yine bela ve fesad olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yordu. Konunun uzmanlar\u0131 birincisinin daha \u00e7ok insanlar eliyle gelen belalar i\u00e7in, di\u011ferinin ise do\u011fadan gelen belalar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. \u0130z s\u00fcrmeye devam edersek, benzer tan\u0131mlamalar, 1836 tarihli Yeni Haygazyan S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nde, 1843 tarihli Somalyan S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nde, 1844 tarihli Pe\u015ftamalciyan S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nde, 1846 tarihli Camc\u0131yan S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nde de yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Ancak, 1908 tarihli Minasyan S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nde \u2018aghed\u2019de bir yenilik yok ama \u2018yeghern\u2019 kelimesinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda eskiden olmayan bir a\u00e7\u0131klama okuyoruz: \u201cKabahat, cinayet, c\u00fcr\u00fcm\u201d\u2026 1974 tarihli Boh\u00e7alyan S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nde ise \u2018yeghern\u2019in art\u0131k tek anlam\u0131 var: \u2018Cinayet\u2019\u00a0<\/p>\n

Bu terimlerden \u2018aghed\u2019 yukar\u0131da da s\u00f6yledi\u011fim gibi esas olarak do\u011fal afetleri, felaketleri anlatan bir terim oldu\u011fu halde, Setrag Shahen\u2019in 1917 tarihli The Suffering Ones adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 ile Teotig\u2019in Hushartzan Abril Dasnemegui (11 Nisan An\u0131t\u0131) adl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131nda 1915\u2019te ya\u015fananlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Aghed, ba\u015f\u0131na Medz (B\u00fcy\u00fck) s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 alarak daha sonra da defalarca kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. (Bazen Metz, bazen Meds olarak da yaz\u0131l\u0131yor.)\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u0130lk kez 5. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Ermeni \u0130ncilinde ge\u00e7en \u2018Medz Yeghern\u2019i 1915 i\u00e7in ilk kullanan muhtemelen Avetis Aharonian. K\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin temsilcisi olarak 15 Haziran 1918\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019a gitmek \u00fczere Batum\u2019dan yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ahoronian: \u201cKonstantinopolis\u2019e gidiyorum. Bu bir mucize. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ve Ermenilerin unuttu\u011fu, Medz Yeghern\u2019in anavatan\u0131na gidiyorum\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne.\u00a0<\/p>\n

9 Aral\u0131k 1945\u2019te (ki Nuremberg yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki bir tarih) Ermenice Haratch gazetesi Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 (Holacaust) ile 1915\u2019i ilintilendirerek, \u201cj\u00fcri ve yarg\u0131\u00e7lar ne zaman geriye bakacaklar? Hen\u00fcz Tseghasbanutiun (\u2018\u0131rk cinayeti\u2019) terimini ke\u015ffedemediler mi yoksa kana susam\u0131\u015f canavar, cezaland\u0131r\u0131lamayacak kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve ula\u015f\u0131lamaz m\u0131?\u201d diye soruyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, 1915 i\u00e7in yeni bir terim icat etmi\u015f oluyordu. Bundan iki y\u0131l sonra, 30 Ocak 1947 tarihli Hairenik Weekly\u2019de \u201cErmenilerin tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fleri \u00e7al\u0131nd\u0131, 1,5 milyon insan kurban edildi, bir milyon yurtsuz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Bu devasa yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u2018Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019 (Genocide, Jenosit) terimini \u00f6nerdi. Bu terimin Ermeni yaralar\u0131na derman olmas\u0131 \u00e7ok zor\u201d diye yazacakt\u0131. Yazar\u0131n kastetti\u011fi, hikayesini yanda anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m Raphael Lemkin\u2019in icad\u0131 olan terimdi.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Nitekim 1915\u2019te ya\u015fananlar\u0131 adland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in do\u011fru terimi bulman\u0131n Ermeniler i\u00e7in kolay olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Kersam Aharonian\u2019\u0131n 1915\u2019in 50. Y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde (1965) Beyrut\u2019ta yay\u0131mlanan Zartonk\u2019taki makalesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Aharonian yaz\u0131s\u0131nda sekiz ayr\u0131 terim kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: Yeghern, Medz Yeghern, Abrillian Yeghern (Nisan Yeghern\u2019i), Kemalist Yeghern, Aghed, Medz Aghed, Tseghasbanutiun, Hayasbanutiun (Ermeni k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131)\u2026\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ermeni cephesindeki son (?) durum \u015f\u00f6yle: 2011 Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ermenistan Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Serge Sarkisian Marsilya\u2019da \u201cMedz Yeghern\u2019den sonra hayatta kalacak kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fck, \u015fimdi de adalet isteyecek kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcy\u00fcz\u201d dedi ve bu konu\u015fma ABD\u2019de ya\u015fayan radikal kanattan Harut Sassounian taraf\u0131ndan Amerikal\u0131 okuyuculara, kullan\u0131lan Ermenice terime at\u0131fta bulunulmadan \u201cSarkisian konu\u015fmas\u0131nda alt\u0131 kez \u2018Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019 (Genocide) dedi\u201d \u015feklinde aktar\u0131ld\u0131.\u00a0<\/p>\n

BATILILARIN MANEVRALARI<\/strong>\u00a0
\nAyn\u0131 kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, gazeteciler, uzmanlar, siyaset adamlar\u0131nda da oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. \u00d6rne\u011fin 24 Nisan 1915 g\u00fcn\u00fcnden itibaren, \u0130stanbul\u2019da ya\u015fayan Ermeni ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n, siyaset adamlar\u0131n\u0131n, kanaat \u00f6nderlerinin kafileler halinde \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 ve Aya\u015f\u2019a do\u011fru \u00f6l\u00fcm yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, 24 May\u0131s 1915\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne bir nota veren Fransa, Rusya ve Britanya h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri \u201cinsanl\u0131k ve medeniyet aleyhine i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar\u201d terimini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. 1918\u2019de sab\u0131k ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Theodore Roosevelt, \u201cErmeni katliam\u0131 sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda i\u015flenmi\u015f en b\u00fcy\u00fck su\u00e7tur\u201d dedi. Britanya\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc siyaset adam\u0131 Winston Churchill 1929 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1915\u2019i \u201cAdministrative holocaust\u201d (idari holocaust) olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131. Yer sorunu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden son y\u0131llara h\u0131zl\u0131ca gelirsek, ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Ronald Reagan, 22 Nisan 1981\u2019de yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirgede \u2018Armenian Genocide\u2019 (Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131) terimini kulland\u0131. Temsilciler Meclisi, 1975 ve 1984\u2019te \u2018Genocide\u2019 dediler. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda Papa John Paul II, B\u00fct\u00fcn Ermenilerin Katolikos\u2019u unvanl\u0131 II. Karekin\u2019in kendisini ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u2018Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019 terimini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki gazeteler haberi \u201cPapa\u2019n\u0131n bunamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d vurgulayarak vermi\u015flerdi. Belki de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tepkisi \u00fczerine 26 Eyl\u00fcl 2001\u2019de Papa, Erivan\u2019\u0131 ziyaretinde yapt\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sa konu\u015fmada \u2018Metz Yeghern\u2019 dedi. B\u00f6ylece epeydir g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fcn olan bu terimi yeniden me\u015fhur etti.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkan George W. Bush, 24 Nisan 2003 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda Medz Yeghern\u2019i de\u011fil \u2018Great Calamity\u2019 (B\u00fcy\u00fck Bela\/Afet) terimini kullanarak Ermenileri bir kez daha hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011frat\u0131rken, T\u00fcrkleri ise sevindirdi. Asl\u0131nda Harout Sassounian\u2019\u0131n tespit etti\u011fi gibi \u2018Baba\u2019 Bush o y\u0131l boyunca, \u2018horrible tragedy,\u2019 (korkun\u00e7 trajedi) \u2018mass killings,\u2019 (kitlesel \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeler) \u2018forced exile,\u2019 (zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7, tehcir) \u2018appalling events,\u2019 (deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc olaylar) \u2018the suffering that befell Armenians in 1915,\u2019 (Ermenilerin 1915\u2019te ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0131zd\u0131rap) \u2018a tragedy for all humanity,\u2019 (t\u00fcm insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck trajedi) ve \u2018horrendous loss of life\u2019 (korkun\u00e7 can kay\u0131plar\u0131) aras\u0131nda denemeler yapm\u0131\u015f, sonunda 24 Nisan konu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u2018Great Calamity\u2019de karar k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunlar olurken Ermenilerin ve T\u00fcrkiye D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri\u2019nin ne heyecanlar ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin edebilirsiniz.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Barack Obama, 2008\u2019de Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k kampanyas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u201cBa\u015fkan oldu\u011fumda Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131 tan\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131m\u201d demi\u015fti, ama iktidara geldikten sonra \u201creel politik\u2019le tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve terimler aras\u0131nda jongl\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe ba\u015flad\u0131 ve 24 Nisan 2009 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u2018Metz Yeghern\u2019 dedi. Bu \u00e7arkedi\u015fin Ermeni toplumunun sinirlerini nas\u0131l gerdi\u011fini tahmin edebilirsiniz. Bu y\u0131l ne diyece\u011fini hep birlikte g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.\u00a0<\/p>\n

TEHC\u0130R, S\u00d6ZDE SOYKIRIM, SOYKIRIM<\/strong>\u00a0
\nT\u00fcrk taraf\u0131na gelince; Cumhuriyet tarihi boyunca 1915\u2019i \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 anmayan, d\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7 zorlamalarla g\u00f6rmezden gelemeyince \u2018tehcir\u2019 (zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7), \u2018fazahat\u2019 (k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck), \u2018k\u0131t\u2019al\u2019 (katliam), \u2018mukatele\u2019 (kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 katliam) gibi terimlerle i\u015fi ge\u00e7i\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan; biraz daha zorlan\u0131nca \u2018s\u00f6zde soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019 terimini uyduran resmi, yar\u0131-resmi \u00e7evrelerin ve buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 1915\u2019i, \u2018trajedi\u2019, \u2018k\u0131r\u0131m\u2019, \u2018katliam\u2019, \u2018insanl\u0131k su\u00e7u\u2019 veya \u2018soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019 diye niteleyen d\u00fcr\u00fcst insanlar\u0131n hikayesini Taraf\u2019ta ve Radikal\u2019de pek \u00e7ok kez anlatt\u0131m, onlar\u0131 okumayanlar i\u00e7in ilerde tekrar anlat\u0131r\u0131m. T\u00fcrkiyeli akt\u00f6rlerin \u2018Medz Yegern\u2019 terimini dola\u015f\u0131ma sokmalar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi ise olduk\u00e7a yeni. \u0130lk kez 2005\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Ermeni Patri\u011fi Mesrob Mutafian s\u0131ras\u0131yla Ermenice, \u0130ngilizce ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olarak \u2018Medz Yeghern\u2019 \u2018The Great Disaster\u2019 ve \u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck Felaket\u2019 demi\u015fti. Onu 2008\u2019de 30 bin ki\u015finin imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cErmenilerden \u00d6z\u00fcr Diliyorum\u201d bildirisinin mimarlar\u0131 izledi. O g\u00fcnden bu yana da kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda durum g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn de kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k. \u2018Medz Yeghern\u2019 denilince art\u0131k Ermeniler eski s\u00f6zl\u00fcklerdeki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlam\u0131yor. Nas\u0131l ki soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n Yahudilere y\u00f6nelik olan\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in \u2018Holocaust\u2019, \u00c7ingenelere y\u00f6nelik olan\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in \u2018Porrajmos\u2019, Ukraynal\u0131 kulaklara y\u00f6nelik olan\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in \u2018Holodomor\u2019, S\u00fcryanilere y\u00f6nelik olan\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in \u2018Seyfo\u2019 terimi kullan\u0131l\u0131yorsa, Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik olan soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in de \u2018Medz Yeghern\u2019 deniliyor. Ancak, Medz Yeghern\u2019in, Ermeni olmayan toplumlar i\u00e7in anla\u015f\u0131lmaz bir kelime olmas\u0131n\u0131n veya telaffuzunun zor olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra, aynen di\u011fer \u00f6zel terimler gibi, hukuki alanda bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 yok. Halbuki, 1915\u2019te Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen korkun\u00e7, \u015feytani su\u00e7un hesab\u0131n\u0131n sorulabilmesi i\u00e7in hukuki bir terimle nitelenmesi gerekiyor. Bu y\u00fczden baz\u0131 Ermeniler \u2018Genocide\u2019 terimi yerine \u2018Medz Yeghern\u2019in ge\u00e7mesini (ya da ge\u00e7irilmesini) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin resmi politikalar\u0131na verilen gizli destek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlarlar. Ben, konuyla ilk ilgilenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131mda \u20181915 Tehciri\u2019 demi\u015ftim. Konu hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi sahibi oldu\u011fumda \u20181915 Ermeni K\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019 dedim, \u015fimdi \u20181915-1916 Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019 diyorum. Medz Yeghern terimini ise hi\u00e7 kullanmad\u0131m, muhtemelen kullanmayaca\u011f\u0131m da\u2026\u00a0<\/p>\n

Zaten, bu tarih\u00e7eden de g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi, 1915\u2019te Ermenilerin ba\u015f\u0131na gelenin ad\u0131n\u0131n konmas\u0131 sadece bizim i\u00e7in de\u011fil Ermeniler ve Bat\u0131l\u0131lar i\u00e7in de kolay olmam\u0131\u015f. \u0130sim koymak kolay de\u011fil belki ama, Ermenilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ac\u0131lar\u0131 hissetmek; bu ac\u0131lar\u0131 Ermenilere ya\u015fatanlarla aram\u0131za duygusal ve ideolojik mesafe koymak ve nihayet bu ac\u0131lara do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak maruz kalanlara \u2018onar\u0131c\u0131 adalet\u2019 kavram\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde elimizi uzatmak pek ala m\u00fcmk\u00fcn\u2026\u00a0<\/p>\n

Lemkin ve Genocide teriminin icad\u0131<\/strong><\/h6>\n

Yunanca \u2018genos=soy\u2019 ile Latince \u2018caedere\u2019 k\u00f6k\u00fcnden gelen \u2018cide=\u00f6ld\u00fcrme\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinden olu\u015fan \u2018genocide=soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019 terimini ve onun uluslararas\u0131 hukukun par\u00e7as\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 Yahudi as\u0131ll\u0131 Polonyal\u0131 hukuk\u00e7u Raphael Lemkin\u2019in (1900- 1959) \u0131srarl\u0131 \u00e7abalar\u0131na bor\u00e7luyuz.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Almanlar\u0131n 1939\u2019da Polonya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesi \u00fczerine Lemkin orduya yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ancak Polonya\u2019n\u0131n Nazilere teslim olmas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00f6nce \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019e oradan da ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. ABD\u2019de \u00f6nce Duke \u00dcniversite\u2019sinde hocal\u0131k yapan Lemkin, Ba\u015fkan Roosevelt d\u00f6neminde Sava\u015f Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda g\u00f6rev ald\u0131. Kafas\u0131ndaki su\u00e7u tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in pek \u00e7ok kelime \u00fcreten Lemkin \u2018genocide\u2019 terimini ilk kez, 1943\u2019te, \u201cAxis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation – Analysis of Government-Proposals for Redress\u201d adl\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc makalesinde kulland\u0131. (Makale 1944\u2019te kitap olarak bas\u0131ld\u0131.) Terim, Lemkin\u2019in y\u0131lmaz \u00e7abalar\u0131 sonucu 9 Aral\u0131k 1948\u2019de Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00d6nleme ve Ceza S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi (k\u0131saca 1948 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi) ile uluslararas\u0131 hukukun par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi, terimin Ermeni Tehciri\u2019ne uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u00e7ma oldu\u011funu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ermeni Tehciri s\u0131ras\u0131nda soyk\u0131r\u0131m diye bir kavram olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Lemkin\u2019in terimi \u00f6zel olarak Holocaust i\u00e7in \u00fcretti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrer. Ancak, Lemkin\u2019in New York Halk K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nin Nadir Eserler B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde saklanan hat\u0131rat\u0131na g\u00f6re bu iddialar do\u011fru de\u011fil.\u00a0<\/p>\n

TALAT PA\u015eA C\u0130NAYET\u0130<\/strong>\u00a0
\nLemkin\u2019i bu alana y\u00f6nlendiren Polonyal\u0131 yazar Henryk Sienkiewicz\u2019in Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc kazanm\u0131\u015f Quo Vadis? adl\u0131 roman\u0131yd\u0131. Romanda, Roma imparatoru Neron taraf\u0131ndan H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edenlere y\u00f6nelik katliamlar anlat\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Daha ilk gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131nda kitlesel \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeler konusuyla ilgili her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kitab\u0131 okudu\u011funu belirten Lemkin\u2019i etkileyen en \u00f6nemli olay ise ailesini 1915\u2019te kaybeden Soghomon Tehlirian adl\u0131 Ermeni gencin \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin liderlerinden Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 15Mart 1921\u2019de Berlin\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesi olmu\u015ftu. Suikast Avrupa\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck yank\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015f fakat Tehlirian, j\u00fcri taraf\u0131ndan cezai ehliyeti olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle beraat ettirilmi\u015fti. Lemkin an\u0131lar\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle devam ediyordu: \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de H\u0131ristiyan olmaktan ba\u015fka su\u00e7u olmayan 1.200.000 Ermeni \u00f6l\u00fcme g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti. Sava\u015ftan sonra 150 kadar T\u00fcrk sava\u015f su\u00e7lusu tutukland\u0131 ve Britanya h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan Malta\u2019ya g\u00f6nderildi… Bir g\u00fcn (Ermeni) delegeler gazetelerde T\u00fcrk sava\u015f su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131n serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 okudular (\u2026) Bir millet toptan \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve su\u00e7lular serbest kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu beni \u015fok etti. Neden bir adam bir adam\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcnce cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r? Niye bir milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi bir tek ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden daha az su\u00e7tur? (\u2026) Kendimi say\u0131lar\u0131 giderek artan kurbanlar\u0131n yerine koydum. Anlad\u0131m ki, haf\u0131zan\u0131n g\u00f6revi sadece ge\u00e7mi\u015f olaylar\u0131 kaydetmek de\u011fil aksine insan bilincini uyarmak (\u2026) Hukuk\u00e7u olmaya ve milletlerin i\u015fbirli\u011fini sa\u011flayarak soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n su\u00e7 haline getirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya karar verdim. (\u2026) Kafamda cesur bir plan vard\u0131 (\u2026) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de imzalamas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir plan. Bu Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in bir \u00e7e\u015fit kefaret olabilirdi. Fakat bu nas\u0131l ba\u015far\u0131labilirdi? T\u00fcrkler Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun yerine koyduklar\u0131 ilerlemeci kavramlardan ve cumhuriyet\u00e7i h\u00fck\u00fcmet bi\u00e7iminden gayet gururluydular. Belki de Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sosyal ve uluslararas\u0131 geli\u015fme \u00e7er\u00e7evesine yerle\u015ftirilmeli…\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler i\u00e7inde Lvov \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeki dil e\u011fitimini b\u0131rak\u0131p hukuk fak\u00fcltesine ge\u00e7en Lemkin\u2019in 1933\u2019den 1943\u2019e kadarki d\u00f6nemde, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc BM\u2019nin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc olan Cemiyet-i Akvam\u2019da, diplomatlar\u0131 \u201cbir zamanlar Do\u011fu\u2019da olan \u015feyin Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6be\u011finde de olabilece\u011fi konusunda uyarmak i\u00e7in\u201d delice u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Nitekim tarih Lemkin\u2019i hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve milyonlarca ki\u015fiyle birlikte Lemkin\u2019in ailesinden 40 ki\u015fi, Nazilerin toplama kamplar\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.\u00a0<\/p>\n

UZUN TARTI\u015eMALAR VE MUTLU SON<\/strong>\u00a0
\nSoyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unda \u2018saik\u2019 (gerek\u00e7e), kas\u0131t ve plan \u00f6nemli midir, hangi gruplara kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar soyk\u0131r\u0131m say\u0131l\u0131r konular\u0131ndaki uzun ve ate\u015fli tart\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra 9 Aral\u0131k 1948\u2019de, Hindistan\u2019\u0131n ilk kabul oyunu takiben, yo\u011fun alk\u0131\u015flar aras\u0131nda oybirli\u011fiyle kabul edilen Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 2. maddesi, \u201cBu s\u00f6zle\u015fme bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ulusal, etnik, \u0131rksal veya dinsel bir grubu, k\u0131smen veya tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla i\u015flenen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki fiillerden her hangi biri, soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturur\u201d, ifadesi ile ba\u015fl\u0131yor ve su\u00e7 te\u015fkil eden fiilleri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ral\u0131yordu: \u201ca) Grup \u00fcyelerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek, b) Grup \u00fcyelerine ciddi bedensel ve zihinsel zarar vermek, c) Grubu, fiziksel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131smen veya tamamen yok olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acak hayat \u015fartlar\u0131na tabi tutmak, d) Grup i\u00e7inde do\u011fumlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla \u00f6nlemler almak, e) Grubun \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 bir ba\u015fka gruba zorla nakletmektir.\u201d S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin 3. maddesine g\u00f6re, soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7una te\u015febb\u00fcs etmek, bile cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 gerektiriyor. (S\u00f6zle\u015fme metni i\u00e7in: http:\/\/www.unhchr.ch\/html\/menu3\/b\/p_genoci.htm)\u00a0<\/p>\n

S\u00d6ZLE\u015eME, GE\u00c7M\u0130\u015eE UYGULANAB\u0130L\u0130R M\u0130?<\/strong>\u00a0
\nRoma hukukundan miras \u2018nullum crimen sine lege, nulla p\u00fana sine lege praevia=Yasa olmadan su\u00e7 olmaz, daha \u00f6nce kabul edilmi\u015f yasa olmadan ceza verilemez\u2019 ilkesi uyar\u0131nca, bir yasan\u0131n geriye do\u011fru i\u015flemeyece\u011fi genel pozitif hukuk ilkesidir. Ancak uygulamada bu kural\u0131n pek \u00e7ok istisnas\u0131 var. En bilinen ex post facto (=olay olduktan sonra) su\u00e7, 8 A\u011fustos 1945 tarihli Londra Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile tan\u0131mlanan \u2018bar\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u2019 (crimes against peace) tan\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r ki, Nazi su\u00e7lular\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zel olarak kurulan Nurnberg ve Tokyo mahkemelerindeki yarg\u0131lama ve cezaland\u0131rmalar buna dayanarak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yani Naziler su\u00e7 i\u015fledikleri tarihte tan\u0131m\u0131 olmayan bir su\u00e7 ve bunun i\u00e7in su\u00e7tan sonra kabul edilmi\u015f bir kanuna g\u00f6re yarg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f ve cezaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (Nazi kasaplar\u0131 Klaus Barbie veya Adolf Eichmann davalar\u0131 gibi \u00f6rnekler de var ama bunlar \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00fczerinde durmuyorum.) Yani baz\u0131 uzmanlar Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 1915\u2019e uygulanabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. Son bir not: Baz\u0131 devletler i\u015fi sa\u011flama ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in 1948 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin imzalanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck olarak uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131na dair bir \u015ferh koylarken. S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019yi 1950\u2019de imzalayan T\u00fcrkiye bu \u00fclkelerin aras\u0131nda de\u011fil!\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00d6ZET KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong>\u00a0
\nRaphael Lemkin\u2019s Thoughts on Genocide: Not Guilty, Edit\u00f6rler: Steven L. Jacobs, Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Melen Pres, 1992; Samantha Power, A Problem from Hell, America and the Age of Genocide, HarperCollins, 2003; Khatchig Mouradian, \u201cFrom Yeghern to Genocide: Armenian Newspapers, Raphael Lemkin, and the Road to the UN Genocide Convention,\u201d Haigazian Armenological Review, Vol. 29, 2009; Vartan Matiossian, \u201cThe Birth of \u2018Great Calamity\u2019: How \u2018Medz Yeghern\u2019 Was Introduced onto the World Stage\u201d, \u201cThe \u2018Exact Translation\u2019: How \u2018Medz Yeghern\u2019 Means Genocide\u201d, \u201cThe Turkish-Made \u2018Great Calamity\u2019: How \u2018Medz Yeghern\u2019 Became \u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck Fel\u00e2ket\u2019\u201d, \u00fc\u00e7 makale de http:\/\/www.armenianweekly.com sitesinde okunabilir; William A. Schabas, Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes, Cambridge University Press, 2000; Alfred Zayas, \u201cThe Genocide against the Armenians 1915-1923 and the relevance of the 1948 Genocide Convention\u201d, www.alfreddezayas.com\/Law_history\/armlegopi.sh tml.<\/em><\/p>\n

Radikal, 20.04.2014<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.izmirizmir.net\/ayse-hur-1915e-ad-verememek-aghed-medz-yeghern-soykirim-y3708.html<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr Bu konudaki kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, gazeteciler, uzmanlar, siyaset adamlar\u0131nda da oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. \u00d6rne\u011fin 24 May\u0131s 1915’te Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne bir nota veren Fransa, Rusya ve Britanya h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri “insanl\u0131k ve medeniyet aleyhine i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar” terimini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ermeniler 1894-1896\u2019da ba\u015fta Do\u011fu Vilayetleri olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok yerde ya da 1909\u2019da Adana\u2019da ba\u015flar\u0131na gelenleri tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14,26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29697","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\n1915'e ad ver(eme)mek: Aghed, Medz Yeghern, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/04\/30\/1915e-ad-verememek-aghed-medz-yeghern-soykirim\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"1915'e ad ver(eme)mek: Aghed, Medz Yeghern, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr Bu konudaki kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, gazeteciler, uzmanlar, siyaset adamlar\u0131nda da oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. \u00d6rne\u011fin 24 May\u0131s 1915’te Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne bir nota veren Fransa, Rusya ve Britanya h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri “insanl\u0131k ve medeniyet aleyhine i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar” terimini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ermeniler 1894-1896\u2019da ba\u015fta Do\u011fu Vilayetleri olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok yerde ya da 1909\u2019da Adana\u2019da ba\u015flar\u0131na gelenleri tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/04\/30\/1915e-ad-verememek-aghed-medz-yeghern-soykirim\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-04-30T08:16:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"kalem\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"kalem\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"15 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/04\/30\/1915e-ad-verememek-aghed-medz-yeghern-soykirim\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/04\/30\/1915e-ad-verememek-aghed-medz-yeghern-soykirim\/\",\"name\":\"1915'e ad ver(eme)mek: Aghed, Medz Yeghern, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2014-04-30T08:16:46+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#\/schema\/person\/135e7923d1aeb8887890799619969a6c\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/04\/30\/1915e-ad-verememek-aghed-medz-yeghern-soykirim\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/04\/30\/1915e-ad-verememek-aghed-medz-yeghern-soykirim\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/04\/30\/1915e-ad-verememek-aghed-medz-yeghern-soykirim\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"1915’e ad ver(eme)mek: Aghed, Medz Yeghern, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/\",\"name\":\"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#\/schema\/person\/135e7923d1aeb8887890799619969a6c\",\"name\":\"kalem\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a06875e4b25feb5674296adf8e8a7ae1e587cebce2493fe63c456109967e27d3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a06875e4b25feb5674296adf8e8a7ae1e587cebce2493fe63c456109967e27d3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"kalem\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/author\/kalem\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"1915'e ad ver(eme)mek: Aghed, Medz Yeghern, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/04\/30\/1915e-ad-verememek-aghed-medz-yeghern-soykirim\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"1915'e ad ver(eme)mek: Aghed, Medz Yeghern, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","og_description":"Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr Bu konudaki kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, gazeteciler, uzmanlar, siyaset adamlar\u0131nda da oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. \u00d6rne\u011fin 24 May\u0131s 1915’te Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne bir nota veren Fransa, Rusya ve Britanya h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri “insanl\u0131k ve medeniyet aleyhine i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar” terimini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. 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