{"id":29475,"date":"2014-04-18T02:58:57","date_gmt":"2014-04-18T07:58:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=29475"},"modified":"2014-04-18T02:58:57","modified_gmt":"2014-04-18T07:58:57","slug":"67-egitim-matbaa-bilim-edebiyat-ve-sanat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/04\/18\/67-egitim-matbaa-bilim-edebiyat-ve-sanat\/","title":{"rendered":"67. E\u011fitim, matbaa, bilim, edebiyat ve sanat"},"content":{"rendered":"

Okul<\/b><\/p>\n

\"Hovhannavank\"<\/a>
Hovhannavank<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr ocaklar\u0131, eski Ermeni milli adetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte, ayn\u0131 zamanda da Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn zenginle\u015fmesine olumlu etki yapan Avrupa k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn edinimleriyle daha yak\u0131n ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fimi ve medeniyetinin y\u00fckseli\u015finin temelinde e\u011fitim yatmaktad\u0131r. Ermenistan\u2019da, XVII.-XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki e\u011fitim gelenekleri s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve yeni imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermenistan b\u00f6lgesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan Ermeni cemaatlerinde de, say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131yla birlikte e\u011fitim faaliyetleri de hareketlenir.<\/p>\n

XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda, S\u00fcnik b\u00f6lgesinde kurulan Harants manast\u0131r\u0131 okulu, \u00fcnl\u00fc bir e\u011fitim merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr geli\u015fimi buradan ba\u015flar. Sevan, \u015eamkor ve daha ba\u015fka yerlerde okullar kurulur.<\/p>\n

Movses Tatevatsi taraf\u0131ndan Hovhannavank mektebi kurulur. Bu okul 1635-1637 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ecmiadsin\u2019e nakledilir, fakat Hovhannavank\u2019ta e\u011fitime ara verilmez ve daha \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6\u011frenci burada e\u011fitim almaya devam eder.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ok say\u0131da de\u011ferli elyazmas\u0131n\u0131n istinsah edilip topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ba\u011fe\u015f\u2019in (Bitlis-\u00e7ev. notu) Amirdolu manast\u0131r\u0131 okulunda, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bilim ve e\u011fitim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan faal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Nor (yeni-\u00e7ev. notu) Cu\u011fa da XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki okul hayat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir merkeziydi. Kha\u00e7atur Ke\u00e7aretsi\u2019nin \u00e7abalar\u0131yla burada kurulan okul, elli y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nemli rol oynar. \u00d6\u011frencileri ticaret hayat\u0131na haz\u0131rlamak amac\u0131yla bu okulda zaman bilimi, aritmetik ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc-a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k bilgileri \u00f6\u011fretilmekteydi. Okul, var oldu\u011fu y\u0131llar boyunca 250\u2019nin \u00fczerinde mezun vermi\u015ftir. Voskan Yerevantsi, baz\u0131 katolikoslar ve daha ba\u015fka \u00fcnl\u00fcler bu okulun mezunlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. T\u00fcm okullar gibi bu okul da \u00f6nemli bir yaz\u0131m merkezi olmu\u015f, kendi k\u00fct\u00fcphanesine sahip olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Matbaa<\/b><\/p>\n

\"Voskan<\/a>
Voskan Yerevantsi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ermenice kitaplar\u0131n bas\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 yeni bir a\u015famay\u0131 belirleyip, XVII.-XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fimi konusunda paha bi\u00e7ilmez bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f\u0131, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Amsterdam\u2019da kurulan matbaad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ermenilerin Amsterdam\u2019daki matbaas\u0131, buraya yerle\u015fen Voskan Yerevantsi ile Karapet Andriantsi\u2019nin ortak \u00e7abalar\u0131 sayesinde 1664 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren tam manas\u0131yla faaliyete ge\u00e7er. \u0130ncil\u2019in tamamen resimli ve \u00f6zel ihtimamla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bas\u0131m\u0131, Ermeni matbaac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli edinimlerindendir. Amserdam\u2019daki Ermeni matbaas\u0131nda 11 kalem kitap daha bas\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Matbaa, Voskan Yerevantsi taraf\u0131ndan Livorno\u2019ya, burada \u00fc\u00e7 kitap daha yay\u0131nland\u0131ktan sonra ise Marsilya\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve burada, 1680\u2019lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda 16 isim kitap daha yay\u0131nlan\u0131r. Voskan Yerevantsi, Grigor Narekatsi\u2019nin \u201cMatyan Vo\u011fbergutyan\u201d eserinin bas\u0131m\u0131na 1673 y\u0131l\u0131nda Marsilya\u2019da ba\u015flar, fakat yar\u0131m kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Amsterdam\u2019\u0131n Ermeni matbaas\u0131, Ermenice matbaa tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Voskan Yerevantsi\u2019nin \u00f6\u011frencileri de matbuat sayesinde ayd\u0131nlanma yayma konusuna ayn\u0131 \u015fevkle kendilerini adam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"D\u00fcnya<\/a>
D\u00fcnya Ermenileri Katolikosu I. Simeon Yerevantsi (1763-1780)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

XVII.-XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131nda Ermeni yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Konstantinopel\u2019de (\u0130stanbul) b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u015fama kaydeder. Yeremia \u00c7elebi K\u00f6m\u00fcrc\u00fcyan 1677 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu \u015fehirde matbaa kurar. Kurmu\u015f oldu\u011fu matbaada 1699 y\u0131l\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak 50 k\u00fcsur y\u0131l kadar seksenin \u00fczerinde kitap basan Astvadsatur D\u0131bir Konstantinopeltsi, Ermeni matbaac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihinde \u00f6nemli yere sahiptir. Grigor Narekatsi\u2019in \u00fcnl\u00fc \u201cMatyan Vo\u011fbergutyan\u201d eseri ilk olarak bu matbaada bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Ermeni matbaac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir geli\u015fim d\u00f6nemi olmu\u015ftur. Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcnl\u00fc merkezlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Konstantinopel, Roma, Venedik, Trieste, Peterburg, Nor Nakhicevan, Astrakhan, Madras, Kalk\u00fcta ve Ecmiadsin\u2019de Ermenice kitaplar yay\u0131nlanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Katolikos Simeon Yerevantsi\u2019nin (1763-1780) giri\u015fimleriyle Ecmiadsin\u2019de kurulan (1771) matbaa, Ermeni matbaac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan dev bir edinimdi. Simeon Yerevantsi, 1776 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ecmiadsin\u2019de bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t fabrikas\u0131 kurulmas\u0131 faaliyetine de giri\u015fip, ba\u015far\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

Dini ve d\u00fcnyevi i\u00e7erikli binin \u00fczerinde eserin yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 1512-1800 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Ermeni matbaac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ilerleme kaydeder.<\/p>\n

Hindistan\u2019daki faal toplumsal hayat, s\u00fcreli yay\u0131n ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 da do\u011furur. Madras\u2019ta 1794-1796 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Harutyun \u015e\u0131mavonyan\u2019\u0131n giri\u015fimi ve kendi matbaas\u0131nda ilk Ermenice s\u00fcreli yay\u0131n olan \u201cAzdarar\u201d yay\u0131nlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.findarmenia.com\/arm\/history\/22\/413<\/a><\/p>\n

Bilim<\/b><\/p>\n

\n

\"M\u0131khitar<\/a>
M\u0131khitar Sebastatsi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1695 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amsterdam\u2019da, Vanandal\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7abalar\u0131yla haz\u0131rlan\u0131p yay\u0131nlanan \u201cHamatarads A\u015fkharatsuyts\u201d adl\u0131 harita, Ermeni bilim tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Yeremia \u00c7elebi K\u00f6m\u00fcrc\u00fcyan taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan Ermenistan haritas\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcn ve benzersiz bir \u00f6rnektir. Matematik bilimleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da, uygulamal\u0131 bilim ama\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131r. 1675 y\u0131l\u0131nda Marsilya\u2019da, Alman matematik\u00e7i K. Klavius\u2019un \u201cPratik matemati\u011fin k\u0131sa a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n Ermenice terc\u00fcmesi yay\u0131nlan\u0131r. Yevklides\u2019in \u201cGeometri\u201dsinin XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Ermeniceye yeniden terc\u00fcmesi, matematik bilimlerinin geli\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir edinim olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Venedik M\u0131khitaryan Karde\u015fli\u011fi, Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fimi alan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u0131khitar Sebastatsi ve onun taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f olan M\u0131khitaryan Karde\u015fli\u011fi\u2019nin yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetleri de, Ermeni yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemlidir. XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda, M\u0131khitar Sebastatsi taraf\u0131ndan derlenen ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan Ermenilerin yeniden Ermeniceye vak\u0131f olmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olan \u201cDurn kerakanutyan a\u015fkharhabar lezvin hayots\u201d (d\u00fcnyevi Ermenicenin gramerine giri\u015f-\u00e7ev. notu) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yay\u0131nlan\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan, \u201cKerakanutyun grabari lezvi haygazyan seri\u201d (klasik Ermenice grameri-\u00e7ev. notu), \u201cBargirk haygazyan lezvi\u201d (Ermenice s\u00f6zl\u00fck-\u00e7ev. notu) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve \u201cHamatarads a\u015fkharatsuyts\u201d haritas\u0131 ve daha ba\u015fka kitaplar yay\u0131nlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"Mikayel<\/a>
Mikayel \u00c7am\u00e7\u0131yan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren Ermeni tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi de geli\u015fim g\u00f6sterir. \u00dcnl\u00fc tarih\u00e7ilerden Arakel Davrijetsi\u2019nin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cPatmutyun\u201d (tarih-\u00e7ev. notu) eseri, d\u00f6neminin en \u00f6nemli kaynaklar\u0131ndan biridir. Ayn\u0131 asr\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren Zakaria Kanakertsi ve Yeremia \u00c7elebi K\u00f6m\u00fcrc\u00fcyan, tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n haricinde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve \u0130ran\u2019da vuku bulan olaylara da yer vermi\u015flerdir. Yesayi Hasan-Calalyan\u2019\u0131n \u201cHamarot patmutyun A\u011fvanits\u201d (Albanlar\u0131n k\u0131sa tarihi-\u00e7ev. notu), Abraham Yerevantsi\u2019nin \u201cPatmutyun Paterazmats\u201d (Sava\u015flar\u0131n tarihi-\u00e7ev. notu) ile Stepanos \u015eahumyan\u2019\u0131n \u201cPatmutyun Davit Bekin\u201d (Davit Beg\u2019in tarihi-\u00e7ev. notu) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda olu\u015fturulan \u00f6nemli tarih eserlerindendir.<\/p>\n

Mikayel \u00c7am\u00e7\u0131yan\u2019\u0131n \u201cPatmutyun Hayots\u201d (Ermeni Tarihi-\u00e7ev. notu) adl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 ciltlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 (1784-1786) Ermenilik i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011f yaratan bir \u00f6neme sahip olmu\u015ftur. Bu eser, Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n tarihte ge\u00e7mi\u015f oldu\u011fu yolu hakk\u0131nda ilk olarak b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir fikir vermenin haricinde, o zamana kadar bilinmeyen bir\u00e7ok kaynak kullanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 da de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u00c7am\u00e7\u0131yan\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Ermeni halk\u0131na onur ve milli bilin\u00e7 a\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mikayel \u00c7am\u00e7\u0131yan\u2019\u0131n \u201cPatmutyun Hayots\u201d kitab\u0131 Ermeni tarih bilimi fikrinin geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Edebiyat<\/b><\/p>\n

\"Sayat-Nova\"<\/a>
Sayat-Nova<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

XVII.-XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, edebiyat alan\u0131nda da \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler elde edilir. Petros \u011eapantsi, Na\u011fa\u015f Hovnatan, Sayat-Nova ve daha bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde \u015fiir dal\u0131nda tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Na\u011fa\u015f Hovnatan, \u015fair olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde ressam ve m\u00fczisyen olmu\u015f, \u00f6nemli bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131 b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olan Hovnatanyan s\u00fclalesinin kurucusu olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 dilde eserler veren Sayat-Nova, ya\u015fay\u0131p \u00fcretti\u011fi \u015fehir olan Tiflis \u015fehri halk\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f \u00e7evresinde oldu\u011fu gibi, bu \u015fehrin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olup \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131 a\u015fk, adalet, do\u011fruluk ve samimiyet gibi y\u00fcce fikirlerle doludur. Sayat-Nova, \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131nda samimiyetsizli\u011fi, soysal e\u015fitsizli\u011fi yermekte, be\u015feri onuru savunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sanat<\/b><\/p>\n

XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131 ve XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sanat ve mimari a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da verimli ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Ermenistan\u2019da \u00e7ok say\u0131da kilise in\u015fa edilmi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131-\u0130ran sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda tahrip edilenler restore edilmi\u015f, Hovnatanyanlar taraf\u0131ndan fresklerle bezenen ba\u015f makam Ecmiadsin manast\u0131r\u0131nda ciddi restorasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"Yeni<\/a>
Yeni Cu\u011fa\u2019daki kilisenin bir duvar resmi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ermeni sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n haricinde, di\u011fer Ermeni kolonilerinde de eserler verir. Nor Cu\u011fa\u2019n\u0131n Ermenilere ait konak ve evlerindeki duvar resimleri, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar hayran b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcnl\u00fc ressam Bogdan Saltanov, Ermeni heyeti b\u00fcnyesinde Moskova\u2019ya gelerek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na orada da devam etmi\u015ftir. Nor Cu\u011fa\u2019dan gelen Ermeni heyeti taraf\u0131ndan Rus \u00e7ar\u0131 Aleksey\u2019e hediye edilen ve Ermeni zanaatk\u00e2rlar taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f olan \u201cElmas taht\u201d e\u015fsiz bir sanat eseri olup, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Moskova\u2019daki Askeri Saray\u2019da korunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.findarmenia.com\/arm\/history\/22\/416<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Okul XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr ocaklar\u0131, eski Ermeni milli adetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte, ayn\u0131 zamanda da Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn zenginle\u015fmesine olumlu etki yapan Avrupa k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn edinimleriyle daha yak\u0131n ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde bulunmaktayd\u0131. Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fimi ve medeniyetinin y\u00fckseli\u015finin temelinde e\u011fitim yatmaktad\u0131r. Ermenistan\u2019da, XVII.-XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki e\u011fitim gelenekleri s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve yeni imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 da […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29475","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermenilerin-tarihi","category-haberler"],"yoast_head":"\n67. 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