{"id":29339,"date":"2014-04-10T06:27:24","date_gmt":"2014-04-10T11:27:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=29339"},"modified":"2014-04-10T06:27:24","modified_gmt":"2014-04-10T11:27:24","slug":"osmanli-imparatorlugunda-ermenilere-karsi-geceklestirilen-katliamlar-ve-soykirim-surecinde-katillerin-tutumlarinin-disavurumlari-cinsel-siddet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/04\/10\/osmanli-imparatorlugunda-ermenilere-karsi-geceklestirilen-katliamlar-ve-soykirim-surecinde-katillerin-tutumlarinin-disavurumlari-cinsel-siddet\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen katliamlar ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde katillerin tutumlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015favurumlar\u0131. Cinsel \u015fiddet"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\"\u0540\u0561\u057d\u0574\u056b\u056f<\/a>Grigoryan Hasmik<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Kitlesel katliamlar ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n s\u0131raland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, canilerin, homoseks\u00fcellik, grup seksi, seks oyunlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015favurumlar\u0131 vs. gibi cinsel aktivitenin t\u00fcm \u015fekillerini ihtiva eden \u201corgiastik k\u00fclt\u00fcre\u201d has tutum sergilemi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sosyal psikanaliz taraf\u0131ndan kabul g\u00f6ren bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, toplu katliamlar ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m esnas\u0131nda filogenetik gerileme[1]<\/a> ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. \u0130nsanlar, arkaik d\u00f6nem psikolojisine ve \u201cvah\u015fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u015fekline\u201d (bunun mant\u0131ksal ekseni olan geneli ve \u00f6zeli, m\u00fcnferit formlar olarak \u015fekillenmemi\u015flerdir[2]<\/a>), bunun sonucunda da arkaik d\u00f6nem yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen toplu katliamlar ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m esnas\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen cinsel \u015fiddet ile cinsel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m ba\u011flam\u0131nda sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u015femaland\u0131r\u0131lma \u015fekilleri elde etmekte oldu\u011fu, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da d\u00fczenlenen ve azami belirgin \u00f6rneklerle sunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015flar ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlarla geli\u015fen toplu cinsel \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131n temelinde, kural olarak, etnik, milli, dini ve cinsel olarak, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir stereotip kompleksi yatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cHedef\u201d grubundaki kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n, erkeklerin ve hatta cesetlerin, \u00f6zellikle etnik veya dini gruba ait olmas\u0131 sebebiyle cinsel \u015fiddete maruz kalmas\u0131 bu olguyu kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. Cinsel \u015fiddet, \u00f6zellikle cinsel aidiyet alg\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r. Cinsel \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na \u00f6zellikle g\u00fczel kad\u0131nlar\u0131n maruz kalmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi budur[3]<\/a>. Cinsel \u015fiddetin, edebiyatta s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u201cgalibin\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olarak sunulmas\u0131n\u0131, \u201cyenilen\u201d taraf\u0131n kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n, ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u201ckahramanl\u0131klar\u201d i\u00e7in bir \u201cm\u00fck\u00e2fat\u201d olarak kabul edilmesi olarak a\u00e7\u0131klamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Seremonik tecav\u00fczler, \u00e7ocuk sevicili\u011fi (pedofili), \u00f6l\u00fc sevicili\u011fi (nekrofili), \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011fa ve cinsel organlara y\u00f6nelik \u00f6zel ilgi benzeri alternatif \u015fekillerde cinsel tatmin<\/i>, toplu katliama ve soyk\u0131r\u0131ma \u00f6zg\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00f6rensel\u201d tecav\u00fczler<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen katliamlar s\u0131kl\u0131kla alenen, sokaklarda, kiliselerde, k\u0131\u015flalarda, tehcir yolunda, aile fertlerinin g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilip, b\u00f6ylelikle \u201ct\u00f6rensel\u201d bir hal almaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, 1894 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mu\u015f b\u00f6lgesindeki k\u00f6ylerde \u00fc\u00e7 hafta s\u00fcren katliamlar esnas\u0131nda y\u00fczlerce Ermeni kad\u0131n, katledilmeden \u00f6nce askerlerin kaprislerine teslim edilir.<\/p>\n

Talvorik\u2019teki yerle\u015fim yerlerinden birinde, gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar ve kad\u0131nlar kiliseye s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r. T\u00fcrk askerler, kiliseye sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda bu kad\u0131nlara y\u00f6nelik cinsel \u015fiddet uygulad\u0131ktan sonra hepsini katlederler[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1896 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Urfa katliamlar\u0131nda kad\u0131n ve k\u0131zlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc soyularak k\u0131\u015flalara g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu kad\u0131nlar, k\u0131\u015flalarda be\u015f g\u00fcn boyunca tecav\u00fcz edildikten sonra serbest b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00f6rensel\u201d tecav\u00fcz olaylar\u0131ndan biri de ilk Adana katliam\u0131 esnas\u0131nda, 1 (14) Nisan 1909 tarihinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Caniler, Boyac\u0131yan ailesinin t\u00fcm erkeklerini katlettikten sonra evde bulunan kad\u0131n ve k\u0131zlara tecav\u00fcz edip, kanl\u0131 i\u00e7 \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 pencerelerden asm\u0131\u015f, tecav\u00fcze u\u011frayanlar\u0131 ise yar\u0131-\u00e7\u0131plak bir halde sokakta s\u0131raya dizerek, g\u00fcruhu da ayn\u0131 \u015feyi yapmaya davet etmi\u015flerdir[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 esnas\u0131nda tehcir yollar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen tecav\u00fczler ola\u011fan bir hal alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6zellikle zaptiyeler ile jandarmalar\u0131n, subaylar taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenen \u00e7ad\u0131r partileri bilinmektedir[7]<\/a>. Bu ki\u015filer hen\u00fcz re\u015fit olmayan k\u0131zlar\u0131 ve bakireleri ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131p \u201ckulland\u0131ktan\u201d sonra serbest b\u0131rakmakta, genellikle ise gaddarca \u00f6ld\u00fcrmekteydi. \u00d6rne\u011fin 15 Temmuzda Recep Da\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde Samsunlu gen\u00e7 bir k\u0131z, 25-30 zaptiye taraf\u0131ndan alenen kirletilir, zaptiyeler daha sonra yak\u0131ndaki iki a\u011fac\u0131n dallar\u0131n\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flay\u0131p, k\u0131z\u0131 ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde asarlar[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuk sevicili\u011fi (pedofili). \u00c7ocuklar cinsel \u015fiddet kurban\u0131<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Toplu katliam ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131ma \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir yakla\u015f\u0131m da \u00e7ocuk istismar\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ki ya\u015f\u0131ndan on d\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131na kadar olan iki cinsten \u00e7ocuklar, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda cinsel \u015fiddete maruz kalmaktayd\u0131. Bu \u015fekilde, 1894 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yedesia\u2019daki (Urfa-\u00e7ev. notu) katliamlar \u00f6ncesinde iki canilik vuku bulmu\u015ftur. Bunlardan ilki 14 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir erkek \u00e7ocu\u011fun tecav\u00fcz\u00fcyd\u00fc. K\u0131rk-elli T\u00fcrk, \u00e7ocu\u011fun namusunu kirlettikten sonra, yar\u0131-\u00f6l\u00fc bir vaziyette baba evinin \u00f6n\u00fcne atarlar[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Adana katliamlar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda da \u00e7ocuk istismar\u0131yla ilgili \u00e7ok say\u0131da olaylar olmu\u015ftur. Hamidiye kasabas\u0131na sald\u0131ran erkeklerden bir\u00e7o\u011fu, ebeveynlerinin g\u00f6zleri \u00f6n\u00fcnde 6-10 ya\u015flar\u0131nda \u00e7ocuklara tecav\u00fcz ederek \u015fehvet duygular\u0131n\u0131 tatmin etmi\u015flerdir[10]<\/a>. G\u00f6zalt\u2019ta, 7-8 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm erkek \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n tecav\u00fcze u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 bilinmektedir[11]<\/a>. Hayatta kalanlardan birinin anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na istinaden, Kharberd\u2019ten (Harput) Urfa\u2019ya uzanan tehcir yolunda, t\u00fcm kad\u0131nlar ve 8-10 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuklar tecav\u00fcze u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[12]<\/a>. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Halep el\u00e7isi R\u00f6ssler\u2019in, Almanya Reichskanzler\u2019i Bertman Hollweg\u2019e yollam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu raporlardan birinde, k\u0131zlar\u0131n ticaretiyle ilgili k\u0131\u0131smda, Ras-\u00fcl Ayn\u2019da Ermenileri denetim alt\u0131nda tutan Nuri \u015eaukh\u2019un, Doktor Farayev\u2019in huzurunda,<\/p>\n

12 ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki k\u0131zlar\u0131n bek\u00e2retini alarak nas\u0131l zevk<\/i> [vurgu bize aittir-H.G.] ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatmaktayd\u0131[13]<\/a>. Bir di\u011fer raporda ise, cinsel organlar\u0131 kanlar i\u00e7inde, iki ya\u015flar\u0131nda bir k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun cesedini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir[14]<\/a>. Alman \u00f6\u011fretmen Niepage\u2019nin raporunda, \u201cHalep Ba\u011fdat demiryolu depocusu Bay Krause\u2019nin, 14 ya\u015flar\u0131nda bir k\u0131z\u0131 korumaya ald\u0131. T\u00fcrk askerleri taraf\u0131ndan bir gece i\u00e7inde bu k\u0131z\u0131n \u0131rz\u0131na o denli \u00e7ok ge\u00e7ilmi\u015fti ki, akl\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u201d[15]<\/a>,- diye belirtmektedir Hayatta kalanlardan bir di\u011fer ki\u015fi \u201cUrfa d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz sahneler korkun\u00e7tu. Katiller, tecav\u00fcz etmeden \u00f6nce, kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n kollar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f, ard\u0131ndan da bayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde b\u0131rak\u0131p, uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Zileli bir anne, 10-12 ya\u015flar\u0131ndaki k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 bu halde g\u00f6r\u00fcp, \u00e7\u0131ld\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u201d[16]<\/a>,- demektedir. Vanl\u0131 Magruhi Sahakyan\u2019\u0131n belirtti\u011fine g\u00f6re \u201cEbeveynlerinin yan\u0131ndan uzakla\u015fan, kom\u015fumuzun sekiz ya\u015f\u0131ndaki k\u0131z\u0131na T\u00fcrkler, orac\u0131kta, avluda \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fiyle tecav\u00fcz etmi\u015flerdi. Biz samanlar\u0131n i\u00e7inden g\u00f6r\u00fcyorduk. K\u0131z bir saat sonra \u00f6ld\u00fc\u201d[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00d6l\u00fc sevicili\u011fi (nekrofili)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Cinsel \u015fiddet i\u00e7inde, seks\u00fcel olan ve seks\u00fcel olmayan olarak ikiye ayr\u0131lan \u00f6l\u00fc sevicili\u011fi \u00f6zel bir yer tutmaktad\u0131r. Seks\u00fcel nekrofili, cesede y\u00f6nelik seks\u00fcel arzuyla, seks\u00fcel olmayan\u0131 ise, aralar\u0131nda cesedin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 da olmak \u00fczere, seks\u00fcel olmayan arzularla kendisini g\u00f6stermektedir. Alman a\u011f\u0131r ceza uzman\u0131 von Gending, 1. Kad\u0131n\u0131n cesedine y\u00f6nelik seks\u00fcel faaliyetlerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi, 2. Kad\u0131n cesedi g\u00f6r\u00fcnce cinsel arzu duyma, cinsel organlara y\u00f6nelik ilgi ve cesetlerin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131n, nekrofilinin d\u0131\u015favurumlar\u0131ndan oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, nekrofilinin san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu, fakat uygun \u015fartlar\u0131n elveri\u015fli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir[18]<\/a>. Nekrofil arzular\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle cesede eri\u015fimin gerekli olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, toplu katliamlar ve \u00f6zellikle de Soyk\u0131r\u0131m esnas\u0131nda her \u015feye izin verilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu \u015fartlarda, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n sergilenmesi i\u00e7in t\u00fcm olumlu \u015fartlar\u0131n var oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Hamidiye katliamlar\u0131 zaman\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u015fu olay, bir \u00f6l\u00fc sevicili\u011fi \u00f6rne\u011fi te\u015fkil etmektedir. T\u00fcrkler Birecik\u2019te, g\u00fczelli\u011fiyle \u00fcnl\u00fc k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla Ermeni Karapet\u2019in evine sald\u0131r\u0131r. K\u0131z, ba\u015f\u0131na gelecek olan korkun\u00e7 olaydan korkarak, kendisini kuyuya atar ve \u00f6l\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkler, evdekilerin hepsini \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr ve ard\u0131ndan k\u0131z\u0131n cesedini kuyudan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131p \u201cMuhammet\u2019e \u015f\u00fck\u00fcr\u201d nidalar\u0131yla tecav\u00fcz ettikten sonra, kahramanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 her yerde anlat\u0131p b\u00f6b\u00fcrlenirler[19]<\/a>. Adana katliamlar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda, Misis\u2019te, 60 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir kad\u0131na k\u0131rk ki\u015fi s\u0131rayla tecav\u00fcz eder. Kad\u0131n, bu eziyetlere dayanamayarak \u00f6l\u00fcr ve caniler, cesedine tecav\u00fcz etmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Konuyla ilgili olarak, Urfa katliam\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahidinin s\u00f6zlerine yer vermek yerindedir \u201cOnlar (T\u00fcrkler) \u00e7ok say\u0131da kad\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u0131z\u0131, babalar\u0131 ve kocalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zleri \u00f6n\u00fcnde lekeliyor, lekelediklerinin g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslerini kesiyor, ta\u015fl\u0131yor ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Bu rezaletten kurtulmak i\u00e7in hayatlar\u0131na son vermi\u015f olan k\u0131zlar\u0131n cesetleri \u00fczerinde arzular\u0131n\u0131 tatmin eden yabaniler de vard\u0131\u201d[21]<\/a>. 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda Konstantinopel\u2019den (\u0130stanbul-\u00e7ev. notu) Halep\u2019e do\u011fru seyahat eden, tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u0130ranl\u0131 yazar M. A. Camalzade g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini kaydetmi\u015ftir \u201cHer yerde, yol kenar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f veya \u00f6lmek \u00fczere olan Ermeni erkek ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorduk. Daha sonra duydu\u011fumuza g\u00f6re, bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki gen\u00e7lerden baz\u0131lar\u0131, \u00f6lmek \u00fczere olan veya \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f Ermeni k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n namusunu kirleterek \u015fehvetlerini tatmin etmekten geri durmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131\u201d[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Dominik karde\u015fli\u011fi \u00fcyesi karde\u015f Yaset Simon, 1915-1916 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki Mardin facias\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahidi olarak, Ermeni kad\u0131nlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik cinsel \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na da de\u011finerek \u201c\u015eehvet, Khene\u015f\u2019te de ziyadesiyle tiksindirici bir cesaret elde etti. Arzular\u0131n\u0131 tatmin etmek amac\u0131yla sa\u011flar\u0131n haricinde, \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f kad\u0131nlara da sald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Ve vah\u015fet nihayet i\u011fren\u00e7li\u011fin doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Tigranakert (Diyarbak\u0131r) Vadisi\u2019nde ge\u00e7ici bir sergi yap\u0131p, askerlerin denetiminde, ayaklar\u0131 yukarda ve g\u00fcne\u015ften \u015fi\u015fmi\u015f, deforme edilmi\u015f uzuvlar\u0131yla, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bedenleri sergilendi\u201d[23]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nekrofilinin ikinci \u015feklinin de yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu belirtmek gerekir. Caniler, kad\u0131nlara tecav\u00fcz ettikten sonra \u00e7\u0131plak v\u00fccutlar\u0131n\u0131 par\u00e7alamakta, memelerine \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ma\u015falar sokmakta, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslerini ve cinsel organlar\u0131n\u0131 kesmekteydi[24]<\/a>. \u00d6rne\u011fin Pap\u2019\u0131n[25]<\/a> M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ahalisi, gruplar halinde cesetlerin etraf\u0131nda toplan\u0131p, idrak edilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan bir vah\u015fetle cinsel organlar\u0131n\u0131 kesmekteydi[26]<\/a>. M\u00fchendis Piper\u2019in belirtti\u011fine g\u00f6re, ak\u0131nt\u0131yla birlikte Yeprat\u2019tan (F\u0131rat-\u00e7ev. notu) a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen cesetler, genellikle birbirlerine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (5-6 ceset). Erkek cesetlerinin cinsel organlar\u0131 par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f, kad\u0131n cesetleri ise lime-lime edilmi\u015fti[27]<\/a>. \u00c7\u0131m\u0131\u015fkadsagl\u0131 (\u00c7emi\u015fgezek- \u00e7ev. notu) hayatta kalan A. Mardiganyan\u2019\u0131n anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201cHasan \u00c7elebi yolunda, zaptiyelerden biri, He\u011fu\u015f\u2019u yolun \u00f6tesine g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. K\u0131z direniyor, zaptiye ise onu ac\u0131madan d\u00f6v\u00fcyordu. Zaptiye, tecav\u00fcz ettikten sonra b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcne saplad\u0131 ve bu \u015fekilde de \u00e7eki\u015ftirerek yan\u0131m\u0131za getirdi\u201d[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Alternatif \u015fekilerde cinsel tatmin<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Ermeni muhacirlere refakat eden zaptiyeler s\u0131kl\u0131kla Ermeni kad\u0131nlar\u0131n soyunup, tehcir yolunu \u00e7\u0131plak olarak ge\u00e7melerini talep etmekte ve bu durumdan cinsel haz duymaktayd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 6 A\u011fustos 1915\u2019te, Urfa\u2019n\u0131n on saat uza\u011f\u0131nda bulunan bir yerde zaptiyeler, 800 ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan kervan\u0131n t\u00fcm kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 soyarlar[29]<\/a>. Alman belgelerinden birinde bulunan \u00f6\u011fretmen Niepage\u2019nin raporundan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 Almanlardan birinin, Urfa yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk askerlerin y\u00fczlerce H\u0131ristiyan k\u00f6yl\u00fc kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131, soyunarak kendilerini e\u011flendirmek i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn boyunca 40 derece s\u0131cakl\u0131k alt\u0131nda, derileri tamamen yanana kadar \u00e7\u00f6lde y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye mecbur ettiklerini[30]<\/a> g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u0131plakl\u0131k konusundaki ilginin di\u011fer d\u0131\u015favurumlar\u0131ndan biri de \u015fudur. Kad\u0131nlara tecav\u00fcz edip \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeden \u00f6nce, onlar\u0131 soyunup dans etmeye mecbur etmekteydiler. Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019ndan kurtulan H. Di\u015fdi\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n an\u0131lar\u0131nda, Zabel ad\u0131nda bir Ermeni kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n anlatt\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Hac\u0131 \u0130smail\u2019in, evini nas\u0131l hareme \u00e7evirmi\u015f olup, yirmi Ermeni k\u0131z\u0131 ve dokuz arkada\u015f\u0131yla gece e\u011flenceleri d\u00fczenlemi\u015f oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenmekteyiz. Hik\u00e2yenin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na girmeden, bu e\u011flenceler esnas\u0131nda Ermeni k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 soyunup dans etmeye mecbur etmi\u015f, ayr\u0131ca \u015fiddet uygulayarak oral cinsel ili\u015fkiye zorlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019ndan kurtulan H. Kha\u00e7atryan, an\u0131lar\u0131nda, D\u0131dma\u015f\u2019\u0131n yeni valisinin, yeni g\u00f6revi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla evinde bir e\u011flence d\u00fczenleyip, bu esnada da \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fczel Ermeni k\u0131z\u0131 getirmelerini emrederek, soyunup dans etmeye zorlar. Ayn\u0131 ki\u015fi, D\u0131dma\u015fenlilerin tehcir yolunda, zaptiyelerin 15 Ermeni kad\u0131n\u0131 ile gen\u00e7 k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131r\u0131p, a\u00e7\u0131k alanda \u00e7\u0131plak dans etmeye zorlad\u0131ktan sonra \u00e7e\u015fitli cinsel \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na maruz b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r[32]<\/a>. Bir ba\u015fka kurtulan da an\u0131lar\u0131nda, benzer bir olaydan bahsetmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bo\u011fazl\u0131yan Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Pa\u015falar K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nden Mahmut A\u011fa\u2019n\u0131n o\u011flu, evinde bir e\u011flence d\u00fczenleyip T\u00fcrk arkada\u015flar\u0131yla birlikte, kam\u00e7\u0131 darbeleri alt\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 Ermeni k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131plak dans etmeye zorlar[33]<\/a>. \u0130ngiliz istihbarat servisi taraf\u0131ndan B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya Askeri bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen, 20 May\u0131s 1916 tarihli gizli raporda, ajanlardan birinin Port Sait\u2019ten bildirdi\u011fine g\u00f6re, 15 Nisanda Damaskus\u2019ta (\u015eam-\u00e7ev. notu) bulunup, k\u0131\u015flalar\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunan otelde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Midan\u2019dan gelen g\u00fcruhun g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc duyarak, otelden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve askerlerin, 300-400 \u00e7\u0131plak Ermeni k\u0131zlar\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu kad\u0131nlar m\u00fczayedeye \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131p, iki ile d\u00f6rt frank kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 paralarla sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sadece M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar sat\u0131n alma hakk\u0131na haizdi. Sat\u0131c\u0131lar durmadan \u015f\u00f6yle ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131 \u201cH\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n kepazeli\u011fi, siz M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara zevk versin\u201d[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Kharberd el\u00e7isi Laslie Davis, k\u00f6yleri gezip katliam sahnelerini betimleyerek, bir\u00e7ok cesette s\u00fcng\u00fc yaralar\u0131 bulundu\u011funu, genelde kar\u0131nlar\u0131ndan ve g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslerinden, bazen de bo\u011fazlar\u0131ndan darbe alm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 belirtmektedir. \u201cKad\u0131nlar\u0131n cesetleri s\u0131rt\u00fcst\u00fc serilmi\u015fti, zaptiyelerin, insan bedenlerine \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra dahi insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015fkenceler uygulam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 net bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6z\u00fckmekteydi. Ya alt\u0131n ar\u0131yorlard\u0131, ya da son derece \u015ferefsizdiler<\/i> [vurgu bizimdir-H. G.]\u201d[35]<\/a>. Alman raporlar\u0131ndan birinde yer alan g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131ndan, Tel Abiad ve Ras-\u00fcl Ayn demiryolu tepesi yak\u0131n\u0131nda toplu halde lekelenmi\u015f kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131plak v\u00fccutlar\u0131n\u0131n serili oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenmekteyiz. Bunlardan bir\u00e7oklar\u0131n\u0131n an\u00fcslerine sopalar sokulmu\u015ftu[36]<\/a>. Arapkirli bir kurtulan\u0131n anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na istinaden 1 Temmuz 1915 tarihinde Malatya\u2019dan Ad\u0131yaman\u2019a giden yolda, cinsel organlar\u0131na ta\u015f yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f 23 k\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7\u0131plak cesetlerini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylelikle, cinsel \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve tahlil edilmesi, bu yola ba\u015fvurman\u0131n nedenleri ve ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 belirleme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Cinsel \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131, soyk\u0131r\u0131m ba\u011flam\u0131nda birka\u00e7 \u00f6nemli i\u015flev yerine getirmektedir. Toplu tecav\u00fcz, \u00f6ncelikle, soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme \u201caletlerinden\u201d biridir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m esnas\u0131nda genelde kad\u0131n ve gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar\u0131n tecav\u00fcz edildi\u011fi olgusu, sadece canilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun erkeklerden olu\u015ftu\u011fuyla a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz. Kad\u0131nlar ve gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar, s\u00f6z konusu milletin nesillerinin \u00fcremesinin en \u00f6nemli birimleri olduklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, cinsel \u015fiddetin ba\u015fl\u0131ca kurbanlar\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Caniler, bu \u015fekilde insanlar\u0131 sosyal-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ortamlar\u0131ndan tecrit edip \u201chedef\u201d grubu biyolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011fratmakta, bu ise, soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 esnas\u0131nda ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lan ve zorla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla evlendirilmi\u015f olan Ermeni kad\u0131nlar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan do\u011furmu\u015f olduklar\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 terk etmemek i\u00e7in ve Ermeniler aras\u0131nda anlay\u0131\u015f bulamama korkusuyla, Ermeni toplumuna geri d\u00f6nmemi\u015flerdir[38]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylelikle, kad\u0131nlar sadece toplumlar\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015flanmakla kalmay\u0131p, \u201ccanilerin\u201d toplumuna entegre olmakta, onlardan do\u011fan \u00e7ocuklar ise yeni bir benlik elde etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Toplu tecav\u00fczler, \u201ckurban\u0131n\u201d hedef haline gelme s\u00fcrecine katk\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k yerlerde ve ailenin huzurunda kad\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layarak, \u00f6ncelikle kurbanlar olmak \u00fczere, aileler ve topluma da korku sal\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde ki\u015fi manevi a\u00e7\u0131dan da yok edilip, ona y\u00f6nelik galibiyet per\u00e7inlenmektedir.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Tarihte bilinen etnik temizlikler, katliamlar, sava\u015flar ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar s\u00fcrekli olarak toplu cinsel \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131yla paralel gitmi\u015ftir. Lakin cinsel \u015fiddet, 1990\u2019lara kadar uluslar aras\u0131 toplum taraf\u0131ndan kovu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gereken bir sava\u015f su\u00e7u olarak kabul edilmemi\u015fti. Bu c\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn cezas\u0131z kalmas\u0131, toplu cinsel \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131n tarih boyunca s\u00fcrekli tekrarlanmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar ba\u011flam\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen toplu tecav\u00fczlerle ilgili uluslar aras\u0131 toplum ve uzmanlar\u0131n ilgisi, eski Yugoslavya (1991-1994) ve Ruanda\u2019da (1994) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131ndan sonra b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunlar\u0131n sebepleri ile ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, toplu ve s\u00fcrekli ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen tecav\u00fczleri, soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme y\u00f6ntemlerinden biri olarak kabul edip, d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f bir siyaset, insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7[40]<\/a> ve \u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc soyk\u0131r\u0131m[41]<\/a> olarak yorumlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7i 9 Aral\u0131k 1948 tarihinde Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM) taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilen \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unu \u00f6nleme ve cezaland\u0131rmakla ilgili\u201d konvansiyonla ilgili \u201cGrup \u00fcyelerine ciddi bedensel veya zihinsel zarar vermek\u201d soyk\u0131r\u0131m d\u0131\u015favurumu olarak kabul edilmekte olmakla birlikte, cinsel \u015fiddet \u00f6zel olarak konvansiyonda \u00f6zellikle soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7u olarak betimlenmemektedir. Sorun, ancak Ruanda ve eski Yugoslavya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen toplu tecav\u00fcz olaylar\u0131, soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u201caleti\u201d olarak kabul edildikten sonra hukuk alan\u0131nda peyda olmu\u015ftur. 14 Temmuz 2008 tarihinde Uluslar Aras\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi savc\u0131s\u0131 Luis Moreno-Okampo taraf\u0131ndan, Sudan ba\u015fkan\u0131 Omar al-Ba\u015fir\u2019e y\u00f6neltilen iddianamede tecav\u00fcz, soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak kabul edilmektedir[42]<\/a>. Bu olay\u0131, 19 Haziran 2008 tarihinde BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin 1820 No.lu tasar\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar ba\u011flam\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen tecav\u00fczler ve di\u011fer cinsel \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131, sava\u015f su\u00e7u, insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7 veya soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme konusunda tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 faaliyet olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir[43]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu makale, \u201cErmeni K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde Geleneksel ve Modern Olan\u0131\u201d, Ermeni Halk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, XVI, Derenik Vardumyan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fumunun 90. Y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcne adanm\u0131\u015f bilimsel konferans sunumlar\u0131n\u0131n derlemesi, Yerevan, Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti Bilimler Milli Akademisi \u201cGitutyun\u201d yay\u0131nevi, 2014, s.342-349\u2019de \u00f6zet olarak yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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[1]<\/a>\u00a0Medeni insan\u0131n veya insan grubunun, tarih \u00f6ncesi s\u00fcr\u00fc seviyesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc. Bk. Nal\u00e7ac\u0131yan K., Psikolojik Fenomen Olarak Soyk\u0131r\u0131m, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 90. Y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc. Makaleler derlemesi, 2005, s.339-340.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[2]<\/a>\u041b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u2013\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441 \u041a., \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u041c., 1994, \u0441\u0442\u0440. 367.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[3]<\/a>\u00d6rne\u011fin, Sumgait katliamlar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda g\u00f6zlemlenen bu durum, etnograf H. Kharatyan taraf\u0131ndan, o zamana kadar ula\u015f\u0131lmaz olan kad\u0131nlara y\u00f6nelik \u201csosyal intikam\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Kharatyan H., Azerbaycan \u201cMilli Cephesi\u201d \u00d6rne\u011finde, Kurban Se\u00e7imi ve Kurban Etme Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, s.10. El yaz\u0131s\u0131 n\u00fcshay\u0131 tahsis etmi\u015f oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 H. Kharatyan\u2019a te\u015fekk\u00fcrlerimizi sunmaktay\u0131z. Tutsi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n eri\u015filmez ve \u00e7ekici olduklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda uygulanan aktif propaganda neticesinde cinsel ilgi olu\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda ise, Tutsi kad\u0131nlara y\u00f6nelik cinsel \u015fiddet uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cKangura\u201d gazetesi muhabiri Hasan N\u0131geze, 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cHutu\u2019lar\u0131n On Emrini\u201d yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u201cEmirlerin\u201d baz\u0131 maddeleri Tutsi kad\u0131nlara y\u00f6nelik olmu\u015ftur. Bk. ayr\u0131ca Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence During Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath. Human Rights Watch, USA, 1996, pp. 15-19.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[4]<\/a>Brendes G., Ermenistan ve Avrupa, Ermeni Sorunu ve Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri, I, Yerevan, 1997, s.4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[5]<\/a>Spirov D., Ermenistan ve Sultan Abd\u00fclhamit, 2000, s.36.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[6]<\/a>Simonyan H., Kilikya\u2019da (1909 Nisan) Ermenilerin Toplu Katliamlar\u0131, Yerevan, 2009, s.54.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[7]<\/a>M\u00fctevelyan H., 1915 Tehcirinden An\u0131lar , Paris, 1981, s.9. Antonyan A., O Kara G\u00fcnlerde\u2026, Beyrut, 1985, s.93. Davis L. A., K\u0131r\u0131m Vilayeti, Yerevan, 2001, s.194.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[8]<\/a>Po\u011fosyan S., Po\u011fosyan K., Ermeni Sorunu ve Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Tarihi, II. cilt, II. kitap, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m. 1914-1917 y\u0131llar\u0131, Yerevan, 2002, s.245-246.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a>Kazanc\u0131yan N., 1895 katliam\u0131ndan 1915 \u2018teki kahramanca direni\u015fine kadar Yedesia (Urfa-\u00e7ev. notu) g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Yerevan, 2004, s.38.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a>Simonyan H., A.g.e., s.118.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a>A.g.e., s.105.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a>Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131. Belge ve Veri Derlemesi, M. G. Nersisyan\u2019\u0131n redaksiyonuyla, Yerevan, 1991, s.462.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a>\u00a0Gust V., 1915-1916 Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, Almanya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Siyasi Ar\u015fivi Belgelerinden, Yerevan, 2008, s.495.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a>A.g.e., s. 525<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a>\u00a0A.g.e., s.584<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[16]<\/a>.Tekeyan A., Nisan Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan B\u00f6l\u00fcmler, Pahesni Ermenilerinin Golgotas\u0131 (1914-1918), Beyrut, 1956, s.132.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[17]<\/a>S\u0131vasl\u0131yan V., Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019ndan Hayatta Kalanlar\u0131n G\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015eahitliklerinin Kay\u0131tlar\u0131, Yerevan, 2011, s.146.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a>\u0424\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043c \u042d.,<\/b> \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0418\u0437\u0434. \u0410\u0421\u0422., 2004, \u0441\u0442\u0440. 231.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[19]<\/a>Spirov D., a.g.e., s.43.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[20]<\/a>\u00a0Terziyan H., Kilikya Facias\u0131, Konstantinopel (\u0130stanbul), 1912, s.675.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[21]<\/a>\u00c1\u00f0\u00e0\u00f2\u00f1\u00ea\u00e0\u00ff \u00ef\u00ee\u00ec\u00ee\u00f9\u00fc \u00ef\u00ee\u00f1\u00f2\u00f0\u00e0\u00e4\u00e0\u00e2\u00f8\u00e8\u00ec \u00e2\u00d2\u00f3\u00f0\u00f6\u00e8\u00e8 \u00e0\u00f0\u00ec\u00ff\u00ed\u00e0\u00ec, \u00ce\u00f2\u00e4\u00e5\u00eb II, \u00cc\u00ee\u00f1\u00ea\u00e2\u00e0, 1897, \u00f1. 53.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[22]<\/a>\u00a0Po\u011fosyan S. K., Varolu\u015f M\u00fccadelesi Yollar\u0131nda, Yerevan, 1988, s.460-461.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[23]<\/a>Karde\u015f Yasent Simon, Mardin. Kahraman \u015eehir, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n 1915 Katliamlar\u0131nda Sunak ve Kabir, L\u00fcbnan, 1991, s.153-154.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[24]<\/a>Sumgait katliamlar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda da tecav\u00fczler, sosyal aidiyete ba\u011fl\u0131 olmadan, toplu karakter ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde de, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kesmek, canl\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fc kad\u0131nlar\u0131n cinsel organ\u0131na demir par\u00e7alar\u0131 sokmak ve genel olarak kad\u0131nlar\u0131n cinsel organlar\u0131n\u0131n sergilenmesi gibi, cinsel organlara y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddetli bir ilgi olmu\u015ftur. Kharatyan H., a.g.e., s.8. Ruanda\u2019da ise, hamile kad\u0131nlar veya k\u0131zlar\u0131n karn\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131lmas\u0131 veya cinsel organlar\u0131n kesilip a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131na verilmesine Tutsi erkeklerini seyretmeye mecbur ediyorlard\u0131. Dowden R.,<\/b> The Graves of the Tutsi are only Half Full\u2013We Must Complete the Task, The Independent, 1994, May 24.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[25]<\/a>Pap (Bab), Kilikya\u2019n\u0131n Adana (Halep) Vilayeti\u2019nin Adana Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019nda bulunan \u015fehir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[26]<\/a>Antonyan A., Soyk\u0131r\u0131m, Son Ermeni Katliamlar\u0131 ve Talat Pa\u015fa, Boston, 1921, s.98.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[27]<\/a>Gust V., a.g.e., s.302.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[28]<\/a>Mardiganyan A., Par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f Ermenistan, Los Angeles, 1995, s.68.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[29]<\/a>Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019a An\u0131t, Beyrut, 1965, s.542.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[30]<\/a>\u00a0Gust V., a.g.e., s.584.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[31]<\/a>Di\u015fdi\u015fyan H., Der-Zor \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fcnde, An\u0131lar, Yerevan, 2006, s.57-59.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[32]<\/a>Kha\u00e7atryan H., Kanl\u0131 Y\u0131llardan Sonra, el yaz\u0131s\u0131 an\u0131, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 M\u00fcze-Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (ESME), dosya 158.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[33]<\/a>Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Ebeveynlerin Evlad\u0131 Hovhannes-Hovnan Melkonyan\u2019\u0131n Notlar\u0131ndan, Vahim \u00c7abalar (ger\u00e7ek anlat\u0131), el yaz\u0131s\u0131 an\u0131, ESME, dosya 123.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[34]<\/a>\u00a0Frans\u0131z Kaynaklar\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck Devletler, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve Ermeniler (1914-18), cilt 1, derleyen A. Beyleryan, Yerevan, 2005, s.301.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[35]<\/a>Davis L. A., a.g.e., s.172.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[36]<\/a>Gust V., a.g.e., s.583-584.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[37]<\/a>Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019a An\u0131t, s.540.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[38]<\/a>Ermeni kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n zorla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bunun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak bk. Melkonyan R., Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ermenilerin Zorla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131. S\u00fcreci ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, Yerevan, 2010, s.40-45.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[39]<\/a>1971 y\u0131l\u0131nda vuku bulan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar esnas\u0131nda Banglade\u015f\u2019te yakla\u015f\u0131k 200.000 kad\u0131n ve k\u0131z, Pakistan\u2019l\u0131 askerler taraf\u0131ndan cinsel \u015fiddete maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yugoslavya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen kitlesel tecav\u00fczler \u00f6zel bir strateji olup, Somali\u2019deki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda, Camu ve Ka\u015fmir eyaletlerinde, sadece 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda 882 kad\u0131n, Hint g\u00fcvenlik g\u00f6revlileri taraf\u0131ndan tecav\u00fcze u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Preliminary report submitted by the Special Raportuer on Violence against Women. Its Causes and Coinsequences (N.Y., United Nations Publications (1994) E\/CN. 4\/1995\/42, point C. Violence perpetrated or condoned by the state, point 2, Violence against women in situations of armed conflict. 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nankin \u015fehrinde, 80.000 \u00c7inli kad\u0131n ve k\u0131z, alt\u0131 hafta i\u00e7inde Japon askerler taraf\u0131ndan tecav\u00fcze u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak bk. Chang I., The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II, New York, 1997, p. 6. 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda Darfur\u2019da, Sudan\u2019\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmet birlikleri ve \u201cCancavid\u201d olarak an\u0131lan askeri g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan kitlesel tecav\u00fcz ve farkl\u0131 cinsel \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak bk. Askin K. D., Holding Leaders Accountable in the International Criminal Court (ICC) for Gender Crimes Commited in Darfur, Genocide Studies and Prevention, Genocide in Darfur, Vol. 1, No. 1, Summer, Toronto, 2006, p. 14.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[40]<\/a>Reid-Cunningham A. R., Rape as a Weapon of Genocide, Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 3, No. 3, Winter, Toronto, 2008, pp. 280-281.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[41]<\/a>Allen B., Rape Warfare. The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, The University of Minnesota Press, 1996.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[42]<\/a>Miller S. C., Moral Injury and Relational Harm: Analyzing Rape in Darfur, Journal of Social Phylosophy, Vol. 40, No. 4, Winter, 2009, pp. 504-505.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[43]<\/a>\u00abRape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute a war crime, a crime against humanity, or a constitutive act with respect to genocide\u00bb. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1820 (2008), Adopted by the Security at its 5916th meeting, on 19 June 2008, p. 4.<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0Grigoryan Hasmik Kitlesel katliamlar ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n s\u0131raland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, canilerin, homoseks\u00fcellik, grup seksi, seks oyunlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015favurumlar\u0131 vs. gibi cinsel aktivitenin t\u00fcm \u015fekillerini ihtiva eden \u201corgiastik k\u00fclt\u00fcre\u201d has tutum sergilemi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r. Sosyal psikanaliz taraf\u0131ndan kabul g\u00f6ren bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, toplu katliamlar ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m esnas\u0131nda filogenetik gerileme[1] ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. 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