{"id":28921,"date":"2014-03-18T05:04:15","date_gmt":"2014-03-18T10:04:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=28921"},"modified":"2014-03-18T05:04:15","modified_gmt":"2014-03-18T10:04:15","slug":"osmanli-imparatorlugunda-1918-sonu-ve-1919-baslarinda-ermeni-soykirimi-sorumlularina-karsi-gerceklestirilen-sorusturmalar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/03\/18\/osmanli-imparatorlugunda-1918-sonu-ve-1919-baslarinda-ermeni-soykirimi-sorumlularina-karsi-gerceklestirilen-sorusturmalar\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda, 1918 sonu ve 1919 ba\u015flar\u0131nda Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 sorumlular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen soru\u015fturmalar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Meline<\/a>Meline Anumyan<\/b><\/p>\n

Tarih doktoru<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130mparatorlu\u011fun nihai \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya bulunmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaki ate\u015fkes d\u00f6neminde h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015fen h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 sorumlular\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karma ve mahk\u00fbm etme giri\u015fimlerinin ard\u0131nda, \u00f6ncelikle bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 maddeleri ile galip devletlerin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yumu\u015fatma arzusu yatmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle, uluslararas\u0131 toplumun su\u00e7lular\u0131 beynelmilel bir mahkemeye teslim etme talebi, T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etki yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle, sesini ilk y\u00fckseltenler aras\u0131nda \u00fcnl\u00fc Alman bilim adam\u0131, \u015farkiyat\u00e7\u0131 Josef Markward, kendi \u00fclkelerinde s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma bulan \u201ctoplu katliamlar\u0131n sorumlular\u0131 Enver ve Talat\u2019\u0131n, uluslar aras\u0131 mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan yarg\u0131lanmalar\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla\u2026\u201d adalete teslim edilmesinin h\u00fck\u00fcmetten talep edilmesi konusunda Alman halk\u0131na \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunur[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z tarih\u00e7i Jacques de Morgan da benzer bir taleple ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar[2]<\/a>. Johannes Lepsius, Armin Wegner, Antoine Meyer, Ren\u00e9 Pinon, Arnold Toynbee, Valeri Br\u00fcsov, Henri Morgenthau ve benzer, farkl\u0131 milletlere ait \u00fcnl\u00fcler, telin edici sert makaleler ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla seslerini y\u00fckseltirler[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Belirtmek gerekir ki, daha Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Ermenilerinin toplu tehciri ve katliam\u0131 haberleri t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131l\u0131p Fransa, B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya ve Rusya h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri nezdinde m\u00fcttefik devletler, 24 May\u0131s 1915 tarihinde Bab\u0131\u00e2li\u2019ye protesto notas\u0131 yollayarak, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun bu yeni caniliklerinin insanl\u0131\u011fa ve medeniyete kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve bunlarla ilgili olarak Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun t\u00fcm fertleri ile katliamlara kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan yerel y\u00f6neticilerini sorumlu kabul edeceklerini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda m\u00fcttefik devletler, katliamlar\u0131n sorumlular\u0131na y\u00f6nelik uluslar aras\u0131 adalet prensiplerini uygulamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, fakat daha sonraki aylarda bu giri\u015fim giderek zay\u0131flar ve nihayetinde siyasi oyunlar\u0131n kurban\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu padi\u015fah\u0131 sultan Mehmet II. Vahdettin (1918-1922) ile s\u0131k-s\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fen h\u00fck\u00fcmet temsilcileri, uluslar aras\u0131 toplumun bask\u0131lar\u0131na boyun e\u011ferek, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen canilikleri, \u00f6zellikle de Ermenilerin tehcir ve katliam\u0131 sorumlular\u0131n\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in acele ederler. Aral\u0131k 1918 tarihinden itibaren y\u00f6netime gelmi\u015f olan h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin b\u00fcnyesinde, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n rakibi ve sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda takibata u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olan H\u00fcrriyet ve \u0130til\u00e2f Partisi \u00fcyelerinin yer bulmu\u015f olmas\u0131 da bu konuda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ahmet \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa, ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, i\u00e7i\u015fleri bakan\u0131 Fethi Okyar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Ekim 1918 tarihinde, sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen su\u00e7larla ilgili, imparatorlu\u011fun t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgelerine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi bildiride, \u201c\u015f\u00fcphelilerin makam\u0131 ve konumundan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak\u201d soru\u015fturmalar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fi vurgulanmaktayd\u0131[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 sorumlular\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda soru\u015fturulmas\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 soru\u015fturma komisyonlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekteydi. Arap as\u0131ll\u0131 milletvekili Fuat Bey\u2019in \u00f6nergesiyle Divaniye\u2019den se\u00e7ilen Osmanl\u0131 meclisinin Be\u015finci \u015eube\u2019si taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen soru\u015fturmalar, bu komisyonlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 meclisi vekillerinden, meclisin i\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne istinaden be\u015f komisyon faaliyet g\u00f6stermekteydi. Bu be\u015f komisyonlardan biri, her bir oturumun ba\u015f\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00e7ekili\u015fle olu\u015fturulan y\u00fcksek mahkemenin g\u00f6revlerini \u00fcstlenmekteydi[6]<\/a>. Fuat Bey taraf\u0131ndan sunulan \u00f6nergeyle, Sait Halim ve Talat Pa\u015fa h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin Divan-\u0131 Ali\u2019ye teslim edilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi. Mecliste ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u00e7ekili\u015fle, Be\u015finci \u015eube olarak an\u0131lan komisyon kurulur ve bu y\u00f6nde soru\u015fturma y\u00fcr\u00fctme g\u00f6revini \u00fczerine al\u0131r[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Fuat Bey taraf\u0131ndan takdim edilen ve \u201csebepsiz yere \u00fclkeyi sava\u015fa sokma\u201d ve daha ba\u015fka su\u00e7lamalar bar\u0131nd\u0131ran 10 maddeden olu\u015fan \u00f6neride, Ermenilerin tehciri konusu (Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131) 5. ve 10. maddelerde ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 5. madde \u201chukuki ve insani kanunlar ve \u00f6zellikle de anayasam\u0131z\u0131n ruhuna tamamen ayk\u0131r\u0131 olan ge\u00e7ici kanunlar, emirler ve maddeler yay\u0131nlayarak \u00fclkeyi bir felaketler sahnesine \u00e7evirdiler” \u015feklinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, 10. maddede ise, \u201c\u00dclke i\u00e7inde karga\u015fa d\u00fczenleyerek can, mal ve namus dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kastetmi\u015f olan baz\u0131 \u00e7etelere destek vererek, onlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi trajedilere kat\u0131ld\u0131lar\u201d,- diyerek kesin bir isim vermeden, Ermenilerin tehciri ve imhas\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015f olan Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa belirtilmekteydi[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na 1918 Kas\u0131m\u0131nda ba\u015flayan Be\u015finci \u015eube\u2019nin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Abdullah Azmi, sekreterli\u011fine ise \u015eemsettin Bey se\u00e7ilir. Komisyon \u00fcyelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc T\u00fcrklerden olu\u015fmu\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Ermeni, Rum ve Arap mebuslar da d\u00e2hil edilmi\u015fti[9]<\/a>. Komisyonda, asl\u0131nda san\u0131k sandalyesine oturmas\u0131 gereken ki\u015filerin var oldu\u011funu da belirtmek gerekir[10]<\/a>. 7 Aral\u0131k 1918 tarihine kadar s\u00fcren 15 oturum esnas\u0131nda 15 bakan, bir ba\u015fbakan (Sait Halim Pa\u015fa) ve iki \u015feyh\u00fclislam sorgulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lardan olu\u015fan Be\u015finci \u015eubenin \u00fcyeleri[11]<\/a>, Ermeni tehciri ve katliamlar\u0131yla ilgili sorular sormaktan \u00e7ekinip, bu i\u015fi Arap milletvekillerine devretmekteydi. Her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda, t\u00fcm sorgulananlara, Fuat Bey\u2019in \u00f6nermi\u015f oldu\u011fu 10 nokta \u00fczerinden kurulan ayn\u0131 sorular soruluyordu.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda y\u00f6netimde bulunan h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fcyeleri, bu sorgulama esnas\u0131nda do\u011fru cevaplar vermekten ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131p yalan konu\u015farak, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin tehcirden haberdar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia edip, Ermeni tehcirini \u201caskeri \u00f6nlemler\u201d veya gereklilikler olarak gerek\u00e7elendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, sorgulama esnas\u0131nda baz\u0131 itiraflar da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, adalet bakan\u0131 \u0130brahim Bey, tehcir ameliyesinin \u201ctehcir hakk\u0131nda\u201d kanunun kabul\u00fcnden \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtir[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Komisyon, sorgulanan bakanlar\u0131n yorumlar\u0131 ve itiraflar\u0131na, i\u00e7lerinde katliamlarla ilgili \u00e7ok gizli emirlerin de bulundu\u011fu \u00e7ok say\u0131da belgeyi de ekler. Bu belgeler daha sonra askeri mahkemelerin savc\u0131lar\u0131na teslim edilir[13]<\/a>. Be\u015finci \u015eube taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen sorgulaman\u0131n nihai amac\u0131, \u015f\u00fcphelileri Divan-\u0131 Ali\u2019ye teslim etmektir ve bu konuya meclis oylamas\u0131yla karar verilir, fakat meclis, 21 Aral\u0131k 1918 tarihinde padi\u015fah ferman\u0131yla feshedildi\u011finden dolay\u0131, sorgulamaya tabi tutulanlar\u0131n meclis karar\u0131yla y\u00fcksek mahkemeye intikal edilmeleri imk\u00e2ns\u0131zla\u015f\u0131r[14]<\/a>. Be\u015finci \u015eube taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen sorgulamalar\u0131n tutanaklar\u0131, 17 Mart 1919 tarihinde, d\u00f6nemin ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Ferit Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n emriyle askeri mahkeme savc\u0131lar\u0131na teslim edilir[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7i\u015fleri bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan ve Bitlis (Ba\u011fe\u015f) valili\u011fi g\u00f6revinde bulunan Hasan Mazhar\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Mazhar Komisyonu olarak tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan Din Ad\u0131na Yap\u0131lan Su\u00e7lar\u0131 Soru\u015fturma Komisyonu (Tedk\u00eek-i Seyyi\u2019\u00e2t\/Tahk\u00eek-i Seyyi\u2019\u00e2t Komisyonu) da Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 sorumlular\u0131n\u0131 bulma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli sorgulamalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Davalardan \u00f6nceki sorgulamalar genelde bu komisyon taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Komisyonun resmen 23 Kas\u0131mda olu\u015fturulmu\u015f, fakat 13 Aral\u0131kta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, komisyonun olu\u015fturulmas\u0131yla ilgili haberler ancak 24 Kas\u0131m 1918\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131nda yer bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

5 Aral\u0131k 1918 tarihinde Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, yukar\u0131da belirtilen komisyona ek olarak, yerinde soru\u015fturma ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme amac\u0131yla adalet ve i\u00e7i\u015fleri bakanl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcyelerinden olu\u015fan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k komisyonlar\u0131n meydana getirilmesine karar verir. Belirtilen soru\u015fturma komisyonlar\u0131, polis b\u00fcnyesine d\u00e2hil olmakla birlikte ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015facakt\u0131[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Mazhar\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu komisyonun \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda adalet bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuk i\u015fleri ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Haralambos, m\u00fcfetti\u015fler Emin H\u00fcsn\u00fc ve \u00d6mer ile \u0130stanbul temyiz mahkemesi \u00fcyesi Artin Mosti\u00e7yan bulunmaktayd\u0131[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Su\u00e7lar\u0131 soru\u015fturma komisyonuna, Osmanl\u0131 ceza mahkemeleri kanunu maddelerine istinaden, \u015f\u00fcphelileri tutuklama hakk\u0131 da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, geni\u015f salahiyetler verilmi\u015fti[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Mazhar komisyonu, baz\u0131 ek giri\u015fimlerde de bulunmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bu soru\u015fturma komisyonu h\u00fck\u00fcmete resmen ba\u015fvurarak, sava\u015f zaman\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen caniliklerle ilgili ate\u015fkes d\u00f6nemi gazetelerinde yay\u0131nlanan t\u00fcm yaz\u0131lar\u0131n bas\u0131n ofisi taraf\u0131ndan derlenmesini talep eder.<\/p>\n

Komisyon, \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrk ve di\u011fer milletlerden M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahitlerinin tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131na \u00f6nem vermekteydi[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Komisyon, \u00fclkenin sava\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesi ve Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa ile ilgili konular\u0131n da d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu 10 bas\u0131l\u0131 soru y\u00f6nelterek, i\u00e7lerinde 26 meclis \u00fcyesinin de oldu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fiden yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve s\u00f6zl\u00fc ifade al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

130 ki\u015fiyle ilgili dosya haz\u0131rlan\u0131r ve bu ki\u015filerin soru\u015fturmaya maruz kalmas\u0131 talep edilir[20]<\/a>. Mazhar komisyonu, iki ayl\u0131k bir s\u00fcrede, Ermenilerin katliamlar\u0131yla ilgili, i\u00e7lerinde \u015fifreli telgraflar[21]<\/a>, resmi yaz\u0131\u015fmalar, talimat ve emirler ile g\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahitlerinin tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu \u00e7ok say\u0131da su\u00e7 kan\u0131t\u0131 elde eder.<\/p>\n

\u015eahitler, ancak yemin ettikten sonra komisyona ifade vermekteydi[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Mazhar komisyonu, soru\u015fturmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan 3 hafta sonra, yarg\u0131laman\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli kan\u0131tlar elde etmi\u015f oldu\u011funu ilan eder.<\/p>\n

Bu belgeler, 1919 Oca\u011f\u0131nda \u0130stanbul askeri mahkemesine teslim edilir[23]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Lakin Birinci Divan-\u0131 Harb-i \u00d6rfi, yukar\u0131da belirtilen soru\u015fturma komisyonu taraf\u0131ndan elde edilen verileri eksik telakki ederek, kendi 5 soru\u015fturma komisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 kurar ve bu komisyonlar da bir dizi ek veriler elde eder[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu soru\u015fturma komisyonlar\u0131 sayesinde elde edilen g\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahitlerinin tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131, elde edilen \u015fifreli telgraflar ve di\u011fer kan\u0131tlar, Ermenilerin tehciri ve toplu imhas\u0131yla su\u00e7lananlar\u0131n soru\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren askeri mahkemelere teslim edilir.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ermenilerin tehciri ve imhas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemekle su\u00e7lananlar\u0131n ilk tutuklamalar\u0131 1918 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Aral\u0131k ba\u015flar\u0131nda Ankara, \u00c7orum ve Adana \u015fehirlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n

Tutuklular \u0130stanbul\u2019a sevk edilir.<\/p>\n

Aralar\u0131nda J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk partisi liderleri, milletvekilleri, b\u00f6lge sorumlu sekreterleri, \u00fcst d\u00fczey askerler ve daha ba\u015fka g\u00f6revliler bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1919 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Ocak ba\u015flar\u0131nda tutuklamalar daha yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r ve 1919 \u015eubat\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrer[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Daha Ocak ay\u0131 s\u00fcresince 40 \u00fcst d\u00fczey g\u00f6revli tutuklanm\u0131\u015fken, Ocak sonlar\u0131nda tutuklananlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 112\u2019ye ula\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eubat ay\u0131nda da, hepsi de \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 olan[26]<\/a> ve i\u00e7lerinde eski i\u00e7i\u015fleri bakan\u0131 \u0130smail Canpolat, senato eski bakan\u0131 Hac\u0131 Adil, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisi eski sekreteri Mithat \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Bleda, mebuslardan H\u00fcseyin Cavit Yal\u00e7\u0131n ile Ziya G\u00f6kalp gibi mebuslar ve eski bakanlar tutuklan\u0131r[27]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul\u2019da tutuklananlar, \u201cBekira\u011fa B\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d olarak an\u0131lan ve askeri bakanl\u0131\u011fa ait tutukevine g\u00f6nderilir.<\/p>\n

Daha sonralar\u0131 Ermenilerin toplu imhas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleme su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla idam cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lan ilk devlet memuru olan Bo\u011fazl\u0131yan kaymakam\u0131 Mehmet Kemal da onlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde Antant \u00fclkeleri, 24 May\u0131s 1915\u2019te Bab\u0131\u00e2li\u2019ye vermi\u015f olduklar\u0131 notaya sad\u0131k kalarak, sava\u015f s\u00fcresince i\u015flenen c\u00fcr\u00fcmler ile \u00f6zellikle Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 sorumlular\u0131n\u0131 ortakla\u015fa yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 denerler.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, Ocak 1919\u2019te Paris\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u00f6n konferans sonucunda olu\u015fturulan komisyon, sava\u015f su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131 bulma yetkisi elde eder.<\/p>\n

\u201cOn be\u015fler komisyonu\u201d olarak da an\u0131lan \u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt komisyon\u201d organ\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, bu caniliklerle birlikte \u201csava\u015f d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen barbarca ve hukuk d\u0131\u015f\u0131 metotlar\u201d da incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Komisyonun, 5 Mart 1919 tarihinde vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu tebli\u011fde, sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l halka kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen s\u00fcrekli ter\u00f6r, katliam, \u015fah\u0131s ve topluma ait m\u00fclklere el koyma ve ya\u011fmalama, tehcir ve zorunlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar vurgulanmaktayd\u0131[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Komisyonun son raporu, 29 Mart 1919 tarihinde okunur. Rapor, \u201cinsani kanunlar\u0131 veya sava\u015f geleneklerini ihlal eden t\u00fcm d\u00fc\u015fman \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131 adli soru\u015fturmaya tabidir\u201d yarg\u0131s\u0131na varmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Raporda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmemesine ra\u011fmen komisyon, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun kendi H\u0131ristiyan vatanda\u015flar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik i\u015fledi\u011fi canilikleri g\u00f6zetmekteydi.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fbu komisyonun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sayesinde Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na, Ermeni katliamlar\u0131 su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131n adli sorumlulu\u011fa \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgili 226., 228. ve 230. maddeleri eklenir[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta sava\u015f su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131 kendi mahkemelerinde yarg\u0131lamay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteydi[30]<\/a>. B\u00f6ylece, B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya y\u00fcksek komiseri, 7 Ocak 1919\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 Mustafa Re\u015fit Pa\u015fa ile birlikte yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme esnas\u0131nda sava\u015f su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131 a. Sava\u015f s\u00fcresinde \u0130ngiliz esirlerine y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddet uygulayan ve b. Ermeni katliamlar\u0131 sorumlular\u0131 olarak, iki kategoriye ay\u0131r\u0131r[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Lakin Fransa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne g\u00f6re sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yarg\u0131lama hakk\u0131 T\u00fcrklerin olmal\u0131, m\u00fcttefik devletler ise sadece davalar\u0131 kontrol etme hakk\u0131na haiz olmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Fransa\u2019n\u0131n, hem J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 esnas\u0131ndaki, hem de daha sonra g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi T\u00fcrk yanl\u0131s\u0131 duru\u015fu, Osmanl\u0131 bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %60\u2019\u0131n\u0131n kendisine ait olmas\u0131 olgusuna ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 iade edecek olan b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin korunmas\u0131yla ilgilendi\u011fini belirtmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n duru\u015funa ra\u011fmen konuyla ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirmez[32]<\/a>. Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, ba\u015fbakan Tevfik Pa\u015fa nezdinde, 1919 \u015eubat\u0131 sonlar\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7re, Danimarka, \u0130spanya, \u0130sve\u00e7 ve Hollanda gibi tarafs\u0131z \u00fclkelere ba\u015fvurarak, Ermenilerin toplu katliamlar\u0131n\u0131n sorumlular\u0131n\u0131 yarg\u0131lamak i\u00e7in uluslar aras\u0131 bir mahkeme kurmak amac\u0131yla bu \u00fclkelerden iki\u015fer h\u00e2kim rica eder[33]<\/a>, fakat bu giri\u015fime B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya engel olur[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

5 Mart 1919\u2019da B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya y\u00fcksek komiserli\u011fi, amiral Web sayesinde Bab\u0131\u00e2li\u2019ye, sava\u015f su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131n tutuklanmas\u0131yla ilgili Britanya h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini iletir[35]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

9 Mart 1919 tarihinde ba\u015fbakan Damat Ferit Pa\u015fa, B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya y\u00fcksek komiserli\u011fini ziyaret ederek, \u0130ngilizlerin arzusuna istinaden hareket edece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klar[36]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu y\u00f6netmi\u015f olan h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fcyeleri, ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde, \u0130ngilizlerin talebiyle tutuklan\u0131r[37]<\/a>. Tutuklamalar ertesi g\u00fcn\u00fc, 10 Martta h\u0131zla devam eder ve Sait Halim Pa\u015fa, \u015feyh\u00fclislam Musa K\u00e2z\u0131m, \u0130stanbul mebusu Salah Cing\u00f6z, senato ba\u015fkan\u0131 R\u0131fat, i\u00e7i\u015fleri bakan\u0131 Ali M\u00fcnif, e\u011fitim bakan\u0131 \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc, d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 Ahmet Nesimi, i\u00e7i\u015fleri bakan\u0131 Fethi, Bolu mebusu Habib, Sinop mebusu Hasan Fehmi ve daha ba\u015fka \u00fcst d\u00fczey g\u00f6revliler tutuklan\u0131r[38]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tutuklananlardan bir\u00e7o\u011fu \u0130ngiliz listelerine nazaran tutuklanmaktayd\u0131[39]<\/a>. B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na teslim edilen ve su\u00e7lularla ilgili \u201ckara\u201d listeden, \u00f6zellikle 15 Mart-7 Nisan 1919 tarihlerinde bir liste halinde verilen 61 ki\u015finin ismini ay\u0131rmak gerekir. Bu ki\u015filer Ermeni tehciri ve katliamlar\u0131ndan sorumlu tutulmaktayd\u0131. ABD (5 ki\u015fi) ve Fransa (12 ki\u015fi) taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetine \u201ckara\u201d liste teslim edilmi\u015fti. Bu arada, Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n listesinde yer bulan t\u00fcm \u015f\u00fcphelilerin isimleri, Yunus Nadi haricinde, B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya\u2019n\u0131n listesindeki \u015fah\u0131slarla uyu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Konstantinopel (\u0130stanbul-\u00e7ev. notu) Ermeni patri\u011fi ba\u015f episkopos Zaven Ter-Ye\u011fiayan ile M\u0131khitaryan karde\u015fli\u011fi \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan da Ermeni katliamlar\u0131 sorumlular\u0131yla ilgili Ba\u015fbakan Damat Ferit\u2019e liste verilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu da eklemek gerekir[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cKara listeler\u201d vas\u0131tas\u0131yla tutuklananlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisi\u2019nin tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00fcyelerinden maliye bakan\u0131 Cavit Bey, gazeteciler Yunus Nadi ve Celal Nuri, Ankara mebusu Hilmi, adalet bakan\u0131 \u0130brahim Pirizade, \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 mebusu Faz\u0131l Berkin, parti merkez komitesi \u00fcyesi \u0130zzet, d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 Halil Mente\u015fe vd. vard\u0131[41]<\/a>. Ermeni tehciri ve katliamlar\u0131 su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla i\u00e7lerinde bakanlar, valiler, kaymakamlar, polisler ve jandarmalar\u0131n da oldu\u011fu, toplam 300 ki\u015finin tutuklanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmek gerekir[42]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tutuklananlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u201cBekira\u011fa B\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d olarak an\u0131lan askeri hapishanede tutulmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, s\u0131k\u0131 denetim alt\u0131nda bulunmamaktayd\u0131. Tutuklular, hapishane \u015fartlar\u0131na benzemeyen h\u00fcrriyete sahipti. Tutuklular, di\u011fer h\u00fccrelere serbest\u00e7e girip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor, birbirlerini ziyaret ediyor, dava soru\u015fturmas\u0131yla ilgili birbirleriyle isti\u015farede bulunuyorlard\u0131. Ziyarete gelenler aranm\u0131yor, ziyaret\u00e7iler g\u0131da haricinde, tutuklulara farkl\u0131 maddeler ihtiva eden paketler de getiriyorlard\u0131[43]<\/a>. Bu arada, Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa da san\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131k-s\u0131k ziyaret etmekteydi[44]<\/a>. 15. Kolordu komutan\u0131 K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir de tutuklular\u0131 bir kere ziyaret etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n, milliyet\u00e7i hareket i\u00e7inde oynam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 rol g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu tutukevi, yeni Kemalist hareketin merkezlerinden birine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Tutuklular, birbirleriyle konu\u015fma, istedikleri ki\u015fiyi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131p bilgi alma imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahipti. Halil Mente\u015fe\u2019nin an\u0131lar\u0131nda yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi, soru\u015fturmadan sorumlu g\u00f6revliler, s\u0131k-s\u0131k tutuklular\u0131 ziyaret edip san\u0131klarla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde bulunmakta[45]<\/a>, tutuklulardan Celal Nuri\u2019nin verilerine istinaden eski bakanlar kurulu, tutukevinde her ak\u015fam iki oturum yapmaktayd\u0131[46]<\/a>. Bu serbestlikler \u00f6ncelikle J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler ve taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n harbiye, i\u00e7i\u015fleri ve adalet bakanl\u0131klar\u0131 ile polis te\u015fkilat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli mevkilere sahip olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktayd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Yunus Nadi\u2019nin an\u0131lar\u0131nda belirtmi\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi, polis te\u015fkilat\u0131nda g\u00f6revli \u0130ttihat taraftarlar\u0131ndan biri, tutuklamalar esnas\u0131nda olaylar\u0131n geli\u015fmesini takip edip g\u00fcnde 3-4 kere kendisini arayarak, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen tutuklamalar hakk\u0131nda bilgi vermekteydi, \u201cBu vaziyette \u015fahs\u0131ma ait olan k\u0131s\u0131m i\u00e7in bir parola ittihaz etmi\u015ftik: \u201cHasta iyidir\u201d demek, tehlike yoktur demekti. Hastan\u0131n halinde biraz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fck var demek, ihtiyatl\u0131 bulunmak laz\u0131m demekti. Hastan\u0131n hali k\u00f6t\u00fcye gidiyor demek, tevkifimize te\u015febb\u00fcs olunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alameti idi\u201d[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gev\u015fek tutukluluk \u015fartlar\u0131 sonucunda, baz\u0131 firar olaylar\u0131 da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u201cBekira\u011fa B\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d tutukevinden ilk firar\u0131, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk 4 kurucular\u0131ndan biri olan[48]<\/a>, Ermenilerin katliamc\u0131lar\u0131ndan Diyarbak\u0131r valisi Doktor Mehmet Re\u015fit ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir[49]<\/a>. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisi genel sekreteri Mithat \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Bleda\u2019n\u0131n belirtmi\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi, Re\u015fit\u2019in firar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyenlerin esas amac\u0131, kendisini Anadolu\u2019nun derinlerine ula\u015ft\u0131rmak olmu\u015f, fakat baz\u0131 dikkatsizlikler sonucunda bu plan suya d\u00fc\u015ferek[50]<\/a>, 6 \u015eubat 1919 tarihinde, polisler taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019un Be\u015fikta\u015f semtinde intihar etmi\u015ftir. 8 A\u011fustos 1919 tarihinde Enver\u2019in amcas\u0131 Halil ve \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Talat da firar eder[51]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Belirtilen d\u00f6nemde Konstantinopel\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan \u201cJo\u011fovurd\u201d Ermenice gazetesine g\u00f6re, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lardan Karam\u00fcrselli Ali ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 da h\u00fccreyi ate\u015fe vererek bir firar denemesi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmelerine ra\u011fmen, ate\u015f n\u00f6bet\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Do\u011frudan Ermeni katliamlar\u0131yla su\u00e7lanan canileri yarg\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla askeri mahkemelerin kurulmas\u0131 konusundaki ilk giri\u015fim, tehcir su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fclkenin farkl\u0131 kesimlerinde askeri mahkemelerin kurulaca\u011f\u0131na dair 14 Aral\u0131k 1918 tarihinde padi\u015fah VI. Mehmet\u2019in \u00f6zel ferman\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131ndan sonra kaydedilmi\u015ftir[53]<\/a>. \u0130mparatorluk, 10 soru\u015fturma b\u00f6lgesine ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Ankara, Bolu ve Kastamonu.<\/li>\n
  2. Bursa ve Edirne vilayetleri ile \u00c7atalca Sanca\u011f\u0131.<\/li>\n
  3. Trabzon Vilayeti ve Samsun Sanca\u011f\u0131.<\/li>\n
  4. Ayd\u0131n Vilayeti ve \u00c7anakkale ile Karesi sancaklar\u0131.<\/li>\n
  5. Konya Vilayeti ve Eski\u015fehir, K\u00fctahya, Karahisar ve Antalya sancaklar\u0131.<\/li>\n
  6. Sivas (Sebastia) Vilayeti ve Kayseri (Kesaria) ile Yozgat livalar\u0131 (sancak).<\/li>\n
  7. Erzurum (Karin), Van, Bitlis (Ba\u011fe\u015f) vilayetleri.<\/li>\n
  8. Diyarbak\u0131r ve Mamuret-\u00fcl Aziz (Kharberd) vilayetleri.<\/li>\n
  9. Adana Vilayeti ve Mara\u015f Sanca\u011f\u0131.<\/li>\n
  10. Urfa, (Der) Zor ve Antep sancaklar\u0131[54]<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Birinci Divan-\u0131 Harb\u2019i \u00d6rfi, 16 Aral\u0131k 1918 tarihinde toplan\u0131r. Mahkeme ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak Mahmut Hayret Pa\u015fa tayin edilir[55]<\/a>. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda askeri mahkemelerin faaliyeti, 1 Eyl\u00fcl 1910 tarihinde kabul edilen \u201cM\u00fcsellah \u00c7etelerin Tenk\u00eeli\u201d (\u201cSilahl\u0131 \u00e7etelerin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d) karar\u0131yla ilgili d\u00fczenlenmekteydi. Bu karar\u0131n 24. maddesine istinaden, askeri mahkemeler taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan kararlar, \u00f6rfi idare kumandanlar\u0131n\u0131n talimat\u0131, idam cezalar ise padi\u015fah\u0131n onaylamas\u0131yla kabul edilmekteydi[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Bu karar\u0131n 25. maddesine istinaden, askeri mahkemeler bir ba\u015fkan, d\u00f6rt \u00fcye ile bir savc\u0131dan olu\u015fmal\u0131yd\u0131. Ba\u015fkan ve \u00fcyelerden ikisi harbiye bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kalan iki \u00fcye ise adalet bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tayin edilecekti. Askeri mahkemelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen duru\u015fmalar kapal\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclecekti[57]<\/a>. H\u00fck\u00fcmler, salt \u00e7o\u011funlukla al\u0131nmal\u0131yd\u0131[58]<\/a>. San\u0131klar\u0131n, karara itiraz etme haklar\u0131 bulunmamaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

    1918 y\u0131l\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan askeri mahkemelerin heyetindeki 7 sivil \u00fcyenin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc H\u0131ristiyan olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine ra\u011fmen, bu mahkeme heyetleri daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131kl\u0131kla de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011fram\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Kanuna g\u00f6re, su\u00e7lular\u0131n, su\u00e7un olu\u015ftu\u011fu yerde yarg\u0131lanmalar\u0131 gerekmesine ra\u011fmen, \u0130stanbul askeri mahkemesi, 5 \u015eubat 1919 tarihinde Yozgat tehciri ve katliamlar\u0131 sorumlular\u0131 yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n ilk celsesinde, san\u0131klar\u0131n ba\u015fkentte yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131yla ilgili \u00f6zel bir karar al\u0131r[59]<\/a>. 8 Mart 1919 tarihinde al\u0131nan karara istinaden, bu mahkemeler \u201cola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc\u201d olarak kabul edilmekte ve mahkeme kurulu\u015fu ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma stilinde \u00f6nemli d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, daha sonraki aylarda da yap\u0131l\u0131r[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1919 Eyl\u00fcl\u00fcnde kabul edilen askeri mahkemeyle ilgili yeni kanuna istinaden, mahkemenin verdi\u011fi idam cezas\u0131 haricindeki h\u00fck\u00fcmler de\u011fi\u015ftirilemezdi. Ola\u011fan ceza \u00f6ng\u00f6ren h\u00fck\u00fcmler, askeri mahkemenin \u00fcyelerinin salt \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fuyla verilmekte, idam cezas\u0131 i\u00e7in ise, mahkeme \u00fcyelerinin \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu gerekmekteydi. \u0130dam cezalar\u0131, askeri temyiz mahkemesinin incelemesine tabiydi[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

    Akunq.net<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

    \n

     <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n

    [1]<\/a> Sahakyan R., <\/b>Tse\u011faspanutyan patmutyunic (Soyk\u0131r\u0131m tarihinden<\/i>), Yerevan, 1990, s.136-137.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [2]<\/a> Po\u011fosyan S.,<\/b> Goyatevman paykari karu\u011finerum (Varolu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi yollar\u0131nda<\/i>), Yerevan, 1988, s.423.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [3]<\/a> Papazyan A.,<\/b> Hayeri tse\u011faspanutyun\u0131 \u0131st yeritturkeri datavarutyan pastat\u011fteri (\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n dava belgelerine istinaden Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131<\/i>), Los Angeles, 2005, s.21.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [4]<\/a> Kirakosyan C., <\/b>Aracin hama\u015fkharhayin paterazm\u0131 yev arevmtahayutyun\u0131 1914-1916 (Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 Ermenileri 1914-1916<\/i>), Yerevan, 1967, s.319.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [5]<\/a> Dadrian V., Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> \u201cTehcir ve Taktil\u201d, Divan-\u0131 Harb-i \u00d6rf\u00ee Zab\u0131tlar\u0131, \u0130ttihad ve Terakki\u2019nin Yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 1919-1922, Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2008, ss. 42-43.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [6]<\/a> Ata F.,<\/b> \u0130\u015fgal \u0130stanbulu\u2019nda Tehcir Yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 2005, s. 35.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [7]<\/a> A.g.e., s.36.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [8]<\/a> Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 ve Ermeni Sorunu. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019den Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na, 2. Bask\u0131, \u0130mge Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul, 2002, s. 419.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [9]<\/a> Kocahano\u011flu O.S.,<\/b> \u0130ttihat Terakki\u2019nin Sorgulanmas\u0131 ve Yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 (1918-1919), Temel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1998, s. 31.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [10]<\/a> Dadrian V., Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> \u201cTehcir ve Taktil\u201d, s. 38.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [11]<\/a> Be\u015finci \u015eube\u2019nin t\u00fcm \u00fcyeleri de \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisi\u2019nin 1915 y\u0131l\u0131 se\u00e7im listesiyle se\u00e7ilmi\u015flerdi, bk. belirtilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, s.79.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [12]<\/a> Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 ve Ermeni Sorunu, s. 423.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [13]<\/a> Dadrian V.,<\/b> Ulusal ve Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk Sorunu Olarak Jenosid, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1995, s. 81.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [14]<\/a> Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 ve Ermeni Sorunu, s. 424.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [15]<\/a>A.g.e., s.454.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [16]<\/a> Dadrian V., Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> \u201cTehcir ve Taktil\u201d, s. 44.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [17]<\/a> Ata F.,<\/b> \u0130\u015fgal \u0130stanbulu\u2019nda Tehcir Yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131, s. 65.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [18]<\/a> Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 ve Ermeni Sorunu, s. 453.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [19]<\/a> Dadrian V. , Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> \u201cTehcir ve Taktil\u201d, ss. 44-45.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [20]<\/a> Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 ve Ermeni Sorunu, ss. 453-454.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [21]<\/a> Dadrian V.,<\/b> Histoire du g\u00e9nocide arm\u00e9nien, Stock, 1996, p. 507.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [22]<\/a> K\u00e9vorkian R.,<\/b> La Turquie face \u00e0 ses responsabilit\u00e9s. Les proc\u00e9s des criminels jeunes turcs (1918-1920), Revue d\u2019histoire de la SHOAH le monde juif, N 177-178, Janvier-Ao\u00fbt, 2003, p. 189.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [23]<\/a> Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 ve Ermeni Sorunu, s. 454.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [24]<\/a> A.g.e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [25]<\/a> \u015eim\u015fir<\/b> B.,<\/b> Malta S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri, Bilgi Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, 1985, s. 35.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [26]<\/a> Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130stanbul\u2019da bas\u0131lan \u201cMemleket\u201d gazetesine istinaden 16 \u015eubat 1919 tarihinde \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Partisi\u2019nin tutuklanan \u00f6nde gelen liderleri karakoldan otomobiller vas\u0131tas\u0131yla askeri mahkemenin tutukevine nakledilmi\u015flerdir. Nakliye esnas\u0131nda olaylara sebebiyet vermemek i\u00e7in, polisler taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemleri ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, bk. Mevk\u00fbf \u0130ttihad Erk\u00e2n\u0131, \u201cMemleket\u201d, 17 \u015eubat 1919.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [27]<\/a> \u015eim\u015fir<\/b> B.,<\/b> Malta S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri, ss. 57-58.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [28]<\/a> Dadrian V.,<\/b> Histoire du g\u00e9nocide arm\u00e9nien, p. 483.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [29]<\/a> A.g.e., s.484.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [30]<\/a> B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Lloyd George<\/b>, \u201cBar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131, kendisini nesiller boyu bo\u011fazlayan, i\u011ffal eden, ya\u011fmalayan ve sava\u015f\u0131n sonuna kadar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn eline b\u0131rakamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z barizdi\u201d,- \u015feklinde bu olguyu an\u0131lar\u0131nda aktarmaktad\u0131r, bk. \u041b\u043b\u043e\u0439\u0434 \u0414\u0436\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0436, \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430 \u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 1957, \u0441. 398.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [31]<\/a> \u015eim\u015fir B.,<\/b> Malta S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri, s. 32.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [32]<\/a> A.g.e., s.41-42.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [33]<\/a> Yeghiayan V.,<\/b> Malta Belgeleri, \u0130ngiltere D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cT\u00fcrk Sava\u015f Su\u00e7lular\u0131\u201d Dosyas\u0131, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2007, s. 19.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [34]<\/a> \u015eim\u015fir B.,<\/b> Malta S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri, ss. 62-63.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [35]<\/a> Sar\u0131han Z.,<\/b> Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, I. Cilt, Mondros\u2019tan Erzurum Kongresi\u2019ne (30 Ekim 1918-22 Temmuz 1919), \u00d6\u011fretmen Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1982, s. 160.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [36]<\/a> \u015eim\u015fir B.,<\/b> Malta S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri, s. 63. \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [37]<\/a> Sar\u0131han Z.,<\/b> Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, s. 160. \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [38]<\/a> Yeni Tevk\u00eefler, \u201cMemleket\u201d, 11 Mart 1919.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [39]<\/a> \u015eim\u015fir B.,<\/b> Malta S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri, s. 68.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [40]<\/a> Ert\u00fcrk H.,<\/b> \u0130ki Devrin Perde Arkas\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1996, ss. 288-289.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [41]<\/a> Sorgun T.,<\/b> M\u00fctareke D\u00f6nemi ve Bekira\u011fa B\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Kamer Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1998, s. 295.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [42]<\/a> Kocahano\u011flu O. S.,<\/b> \u0130ttihat Terakki\u2019nin Sorgulanmas\u0131 ve Yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131, s. 39.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [43]<\/a> Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> Ermeni Tabusu Aralan\u0131rken Diyalogtan Ba\u015fka \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Var m\u0131?, Su Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2002, ss. 111-112.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [44]<\/a> Sorgun T.,<\/b> M\u00fctareke D\u00f6nemi ve Bekira\u011fa B\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, s. 393.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [45]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisi Reisi Halil Mente\u015fe\u2019nin An\u0131lar\u0131, H\u00fcrriyet Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1986, ss. 237-238.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [46]<\/a> \u201c\u0130ttihat hapishanede, tutuklular zamanlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l ge\u00e7iriyor?\u201d, \u201c\u00c7akatamart\u201d, 14 Mart 1919, No 105 (1926).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [47]<\/a> Nadi Y.,<\/b> Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 An\u0131lar\u0131, Erdini Bas\u0131m ve Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, 1978, ss. 19-20.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [48]<\/a> Mehmet Re\u015fit, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda S\u00fcryanilerin de imhas\u0131n\u0131n temel d\u00fczenleyicilerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. Re\u015fit, Diyarbak\u0131r Vilayeti\u2019ndeki H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n katlini o denli gaddarca ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmekteydi ki, Talat dahi, kendisine bir mektup yaz\u0131p Re\u015fit\u2019i Diyarbak\u0131r valili\u011fi g\u00f6revinden azlederek, Ankara valili\u011fine tayin eder, bk. \u0410\u0432\u0430\u043a\u044f\u043d \u0410.<\/b> \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0434 1915 \u0433.: \u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\/ \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0420\u0410, \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d \/ [\u041e\u0442\u0432. \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0413. \u0420. \u0421\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043d], \u0415\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d: \u0413\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u044e\u043d, 1999, \u0441. 48-49.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [49]<\/a> Sar\u0131han Z.,<\/b> Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, s. 114.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [50]<\/a> Bleda M. \u015e.,<\/b> \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, s. 62.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [51]<\/a> Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> Ermeni Tabusu Aralan\u0131rken Diyalogtan Ba\u015fka \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Var m\u0131?, s. 112.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [52]<\/a> \u201cJo\u011fovurd\u201d siyasi ve toplumsal gazetesi, Konstantinopel (\u0130stanbul<\/i>), 5 Eyl\u00fcl 1919, No 32 (278).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [53]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131 Belgelerinde Ermeniler (1915-1920), T.C. Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Devlet Ar\u015fivleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Ankara, 1994, ss. 189-190.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [54]<\/a> Kocahano\u011flu O. S.,<\/b> \u0130ttihat Terakki\u2019nin Sorgulanmas\u0131 ve Yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131, ss. 37-38.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [55]<\/a> Dadrian V. , Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> \u201cTehcir ve Taktil\u201d, s. 133.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [56]<\/a> Ata F.,<\/b> \u0130\u015fgal \u0130stanbulu\u2019nda Tehcir Yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131, s. 75.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [57]<\/a> Geleneksel olarak Divan-\u0131 Harp yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131 kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Ermeni tehciri ve katliamlar\u0131 davalar\u0131, toplumun davalar\u0131n \u201ctarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan\u201d emin olabilmesi amac\u0131yla, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta topluma a\u00e7\u0131k olmu\u015ftur. 14 Aral\u0131k 1918 tarihinde askeri mahkemelerin kurulmas\u0131yla ilgili karara, yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle ilgili karar da eklenir, fakat 23 Nisan 1920 tarihli kararla bu davalar kapal\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r, bk. Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> Ermeni Tabusu Aralan\u0131rken Diyalogtan Ba\u015fka \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Var m\u0131?, s. 98.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [58]<\/a> Ata F.,<\/b> \u0130\u015fgal \u0130stanbulu\u2019nda Tehcir Yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131, s. 75. 5 Aral\u0131k 1920 tarihinde temyize gitme engeli kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, bk. a.g.e, s.273.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [59]<\/a> Yoz\u011fadi hayaspanutyan vaveragrakan patmutyun\u0131 (Yozgat Ermeni katliam\u0131n\u0131n belgesel tarihi<\/i>), New York, 1980, s.309-310.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [60]<\/a> Dadrian V. , Ak\u00e7am T.,<\/b> \u201cTehcir ve Taktil\u201d, s. 149.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    \n

    [61]<\/a> \u201cDivan-\u0131 Harbin yeni talimatnamesi\u201d, \u201c\u00c7akatamart\u201d, 24 Eyl\u00fcl 1919.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Meline Anumyan Tarih doktoru \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun nihai \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya bulunmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaki ate\u015fkes d\u00f6neminde h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015fen h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 sorumlular\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karma ve mahk\u00fbm etme giri\u015fimlerinin ard\u0131nda, \u00f6ncelikle bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 maddeleri ile galip devletlerin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yumu\u015fatma arzusu yatmaktayd\u0131. \u00d6zellikle, uluslararas\u0131 toplumun su\u00e7lular\u0131 beynelmilel bir mahkemeye teslim etme talebi, T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14,26,37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28921","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"\nOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda, 1918 sonu ve 1919 ba\u015flar\u0131nda Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 sorumlular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen soru\u015fturmalar - 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