{"id":28515,"date":"2014-02-19T03:34:25","date_gmt":"2014-02-19T08:34:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=28515"},"modified":"2014-02-19T03:34:25","modified_gmt":"2014-02-19T08:34:25","slug":"soykirim-arastirmacilarindan-isvicreye-acik-mektup-an-open-letter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/02\/19\/soykirim-arastirmacilarindan-isvicreye-acik-mektup-an-open-letter\/","title":{"rendered":"Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u0130svi\u00e7re’ye A\u00e7\u0131k Mektup \/ An Open Letter"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Soyk\u0131r\u0131m<\/a>Madame la Conseill\u00e8re f\u00e9d\u00e9rale Simonetta Sommaruga <\/i><\/b>\u2028<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Cheffe du D\u00e9partement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral de justice et police (DFJP)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Palais f\u00e9d\u00e9ral ouest<\/i><\/b>\u2028<\/i><\/b>CH-3003 Berne<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019nin Do\u011fu Perin\u00e7ek\u2019in \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 davan\u0131n karar\u0131n\u0131 (A\u0130HM. 370, 230, 17 Aral\u0131k 2013) okuduktan sonra, biz, soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan endi\u015feli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, kararda bahsedilen baz\u0131 tarihsel ve kavramsal hatalara bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verme zorunlulu\u011fu duyuyoruz. Bu hatalar\u0131n ciddi bir bi\u00e7imde ahlaki ve sosyal \u00f6nemi oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

Biz, bu mektupta ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kavram\u0131n\u0131 sorgulam\u0131yoruz; bu kavram, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n da kabul etti\u011fi \u00fczere, a\u00e7\u0131k ve demokratik bir toplum i\u00e7in gerekli bir \u015fartt\u0131r. Ancak, Mahkeme\u2019nin gerek\u00e7elerinin 1915 Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019na dair tarihsel kan\u0131tlarla, ve de inkarc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dair etik anlay\u0131\u015fla \u00e7eli\u015fmesi nedeniyle kayg\u0131 duyuyoruz.<\/p>\n

Kararda \u015f\u00f6yle denmektedir: 1) \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, hukuki bir terim olarak tam tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 haliyle, ispatlamak kolay de\u011fildir\u201d; 2) \u201cMahkeme, tarihsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n tan\u0131m itibar\u0131 ile tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131k ve de tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olmas\u0131 nedeni ile, nihai bir karara varabilmenin ya da objektif ve mutlak do\u011frulara ula\u015fabilmenin \u015fart olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alarak, \u015fu anda s\u00f6z konusu olan davada oldu\u011fu gibi, bu t\u00fcr konularda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fine var\u0131labilece\u011finden \u015f\u00fcphe duymaktad\u0131r; Mahkeme, \u201c hararetli tart\u0131\u015fma\u201d ifadesini kullanarak Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u015fu andaki politik ortama at\u0131fta bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Birincisi, soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n (herhangi bir h\u00fck\u00fcmetle ba\u011f\u0131 olmayan, ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeyi, milleti ve onlarca y\u0131l\u0131 kapsayan y\u00fczlerce ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131) kesin kan\u0131s\u0131 odur ki, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Ermenileri kitle katliam\u0131 ile \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olmalar\u0131, BM.CPPC 2. Madde\u2019de tan\u0131mlanan soyk\u0131r\u0131m tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 her bak\u0131mdan kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/p>\n

1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda, soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 Uluslararas\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 Birli\u011fi (IAGS), oybirli\u011fi ile Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 Ermeni katliam\u0131n\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bildiren bir karar \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131lar. Uluslararas\u0131 Ge\u00e7i\u015f D\u00f6nemi Adaleti Merkezi (ICTJ), T\u00fcrk Ermeni Uzla\u015fma Komisyonu (TARC) i\u00e7in 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 analizde, \u201c[1915\u2019teki] Olaylar, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n \u00d6nlenmesi ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nde (UNCPPCG) tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekliyle soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unun t\u00fcm ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r\u201d denmektedir.<\/p>\n

2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00f6nde gelen 100 Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131, New York Times\u2019ta ortak bir bildiri yay\u0131nlayarak 1915\u2019teki olaylar\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m oldu\u011funu belirtip, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istediler. Haziran 2005\u2019te IAGS, T\u00fcrkiye Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan\u2019a yazd\u0131klar\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131k Mektup\u2019ta, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u201cErmeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 belgeleyen tarihi verileri\u201d kabul etmesini istediler. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m-\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 teorisyenlerinin (William Schabas gibi) \u00fczerinde fikir birli\u011fine vard\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 soyk\u0131r\u0131m T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ermeniler,1915; Avrupa\u2019da Yahudiler, 1940-45; ve Ruanda\u2019da Tutsiler, 1994. Ermenilerin katledilmesi, Raphael Lemkin\u2019in uluslararas\u0131 hukukta su\u00e7 say\u0131lan soyk\u0131r\u0131m kavram\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015f ve Lemkin 1944\u2019te ilk defa Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 terimini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konan, soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7u sadece Ruanda ve Srebrenitsa\u2019ya atfedilebilir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi\u2019nde (ICC) yarg\u0131land\u0131lar, fikri kusurludur. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7lar\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan on y\u0131llard\u0131r tarihsel olaylar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilmektedirler. \u00dcstelik hem Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrklerinin 1915\u2019te Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 hem de 1940larda Nazilerin Avrupa Yahudilerine kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fledikleri su\u00e7lar, Lemkin taraf\u0131ndan soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak nitelendirilmi\u015ftir. Hukuk uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n belirttikleri gibi, soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7lar\u0131 geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck olarak yarg\u0131lanabilir. William Schabas, 1961\u2019de Kud\u00fcs\u2019te yarg\u0131lanan Eichmann davas\u0131nda Yahudilere kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar\u0131 belirtmek i\u00e7in soyk\u0131r\u0131m ifadesinin geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkatleri \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Dahas\u0131, Madde 10\u2019nun alt\u0131nda, \u201cMahkeme ku\u015fkusuz bu davay\u0131 Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 inkar su\u00e7unun i\u015flendi\u011fi davalardan ayr\u0131 tutmaktad\u0131r… \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u00f6z konusu davalar uluslararas\u0131 mahkemede a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ispatlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d Belirtmek isteriz ki, Raphael Lemkin\u2019in \u201csoyk\u0131r\u0131m\u201d kelimesini daha \u00f6nceden olu\u015fturmu\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n failleri Nuremberg Mahkemelerinde (1945-46), soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7undan de\u011fil, \u201cinsanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7 i\u015flemekten\u201d yarg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Mahkeme\u2019nin karar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Ermeni davas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fine dair hukuki bir dayana\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Birincisi, Fransa, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n, Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Ermenileri katletmeleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, 1915\u2019te yay\u0131nlad\u0131klar\u0131 ortak deklarasyonda \u201cinsanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen su\u00e7\u201d tabiri kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Ermeni n\u00fcfusunu, tasarlayarak ve topluca katletmek su\u00e7lamas\u0131 ile 200 \u00fcst d\u00fczey askeri ve sivil yetkiliyi askeri mahkemelerde yarg\u0131lad\u0131 (1919-20). 2006 ICTJ karar\u0131 da bu t\u00fcr bir hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131 onaylamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mahkeme ayr\u0131ca, Madde 17\u2019ye (haklar\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen madde) dayanarak \u201c1915\u2019teki olaylar\u0131n hukuken \u2018soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019 olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131 reddetmek, Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 nefret duyulmas\u0131na neden olmamaktad\u0131r\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnde karar alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak AIHM \u015f\u00f6yle der (para 19): \u201cYahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n reddi, anti-Semitizmin ana etkenidir.\u201d Belirtmek isteriz ki, ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de inkar edilmesi de Ermeni gazeteci Hrant Dink\u2019in suikast sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ba\u015fka Ermenilere \u015fiddet uygulanmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na \u201culuslararas\u0131 bir yalan\u201d diyerek, Sn. Perin\u00e7ek sa\u011fduyu ile \u00e7eli\u015fen bir a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fczeyini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kartmaktad\u0131r. Mahkeme\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki (son y\u0131llarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve insan haklar\u0131 konusunda en k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00fclkelerden biri) inkarc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201chararetli tart\u0131\u015fma\u201d diye niteleyerek kay\u0131rmak suretiyle yanl\u0131\u015f bir ad\u0131m att\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yoruz. IAGS\u2019nin inkarc\u0131l\u0131k ve Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131k Mektup\u2019ta s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi (Ekim 2006), \u201cKu\u015fkuya yer b\u0131rakmayacak kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bilimsel kan\u0131tlara ra\u011fmen soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 reddeden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ve akademisyenler tarihsel bir tart\u0131\u015fmaya kat\u0131lm\u0131yorlar, onlar farkl\u0131 bir ama\u00e7 g\u00fcd\u00fcyorlar. Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 konusunda ama\u00e7lanan, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi Ermenilerin planl\u0131 \u015fekilde yok edilmeleri sorumlulu\u011fundan kurtarmak \u2013 ki bu 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan beri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki b\u00fct\u00fcn iktidar partilerinin istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ama\u00e7lar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. 1915\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Ermenilerinin ba\u015f\u0131na gelenleri reddeden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, ku\u015fkuya yer b\u0131rakmayacak kadar kesin tarihi ve bilimsel kan\u0131tlar\u0131 pervas\u0131zca g\u00f6rmezden gelmektedirler.\u201d<\/p>\n

Tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f soyk\u0131r\u0131m ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 Deborah Lipstadt\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi: \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ink\u00e2r\u0131 etmek, T\u00fcrklerin Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ya da Nazilerin Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ink\u00e2r etmesi, tarihi yeniden yorumlamak de\u011fildir (…) \u0130nk\u00e2rc\u0131lar\u0131n amac\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131 hik\u00e2yenin ba\u015fka bir y\u00f6n\u00fc daha oldu\u011funa ikna etmektir (…) ki ba\u015fka bir y\u00f6n yoktur.\u201d Biz Mahkeme karar\u0131n\u0131n ve karar\u0131n gerek\u00e7elerinin inkarc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 destekledi\u011fine ve bunun da ger\u00e7ekler, uzla\u015f\u0131 ve ahlak \u00fczerinde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

\u0130svi\u00e7re h\u00fck\u00fcmentinin, Mahkeme’nin bu davaya ili\u015fkin karar\u0131n\u0131n tekrar incelenmesi talebinde bulunaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

Sayg\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131zla,<\/p>\n

Taner Ak\u00e7am, Kaloosdian\/Mugar Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Merkezi, Clark \u00dcniversitesi<\/i><\/p>\n

Margaret Lavinia Anderson, Tarih Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi – Berkeley<\/i><\/p>\n

Joyce Apsel, Sosyal Bilimler \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi, New York \u00dcniversitesi; Uluslararas\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 Birli\u011fi Eski Ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/i><\/p>\n

Yair Auron, Sosyoloji, Politik Bilimler ve \u0130leti\u015fim B\u00f6l\u00fcm Ba\u015fkan\u0131, The Open University of Israel<\/i><\/p>\n

Peter Balakian, Sosyal Bilimler Donald M. ve Constance H. Rebar Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Colgate \u00dcniversitesi<\/i><\/p>\n

Annette Becker, Tarih Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Paris \u00dcniversitesi, Ouest Nanterre La Defense; k\u0131demli \u00fcye, Institut Universitaire de France<\/i><\/p>\n

Matthias Bjornlund, Ar\u015fiv Tarih\u00e7isi; Kopenhag, Danish Institute for Study Abroad (DIS)<\/i><\/p>\n

Donald Bloxham, Modern Tarih Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Edinburgh \u00dcniversitesi<\/i><\/p>\n

Cathy Caruth, Humane Letters Frank H. T. Rhodes Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Cornell \u00dcniversitesi<\/i><\/p>\n

Frank Chalk, Tarih Profes\u00f6r\u00fc; Ba\u015fkan, Montreal Soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Montreal \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/i><\/p>\n

Israel Charny, Uluslararas\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 Birli\u011fi Eski Ba\u015fkan\u0131; Ba\u015fkan, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Kud\u00fcs<\/i><\/p>\n

Deborah Dwork, Rose Tarih Profes\u00f6r\u00fc; Strassler Soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Merkezi Ba\u015fkan\u0131, Clark \u00dcniversitesi<\/i><\/p>\n

Helen Fein, Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131; Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc murahhas eski \u00fcye (New York)<\/i><\/p>\n

Marcelo Flores, Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Tarih Profes\u00f6r\u00fc; ba\u015fkan, Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u0130daresi, Siena \u00dcniversitesi<\/i><\/p>\n

Donna-Lee Frieze, Prins Senior Fellow, Yahudi Tarihi Merkezi, New York City;<\/i><\/p>\n

Misafir \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcye, Alfred Deakin Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Deakin \u00dcniversitesi, Melbourne.<\/i><\/p>\n

Wolfgang Gust, Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, Director Armenocide.de, Hamburg<\/i><\/p>\n

Herbert Hirsch, Politik Bilimler Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Virginia Commonwealth \u00dcniversitesi; edit\u00f6r, Genocide Studies International<\/i><\/p>\n

Marianne Hirsch, William Peterfield Trent \u0130ngiliz Edebiyat\u0131 ve Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Edebiyat Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Kad\u0131n, Cinsiyet ve Cinsellik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Profes\u00f6r\u00fc; Columbia \u00dcniversitesi<\/i><\/p>\n

Tessa Hofmann, Prof. h.c. Dr. phil, Frie Universitat Berlin, Do\u011fu Avrupa Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/i><\/p>\n

Richard Hovanissian, Emerit\u00fcs Profes\u00f6r, California \u00dcniversitesi Ermeni ve Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu Tarihi, Los Angeles; Chapman \u00dcniversitesi ve California \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde Misafir \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi, Irvine<\/i><\/p>\n

Hans-Lukas Kieser, Modern Tarih Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Z\u00fcrih \u00dcniversitesi<\/i><\/p>\n

Mark Levene, Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Tarih Okutman\u0131, Southampton \u00dcniversitesi, UK<\/i><\/p>\n

Robert Jay Lifton, MD; Se\u00e7kin EmeritusProfes\u00f6r, The City University of New York<\/i><\/p>\n

Deborah Lipstadt, Dorot Modern Yahudi Tarihi ve Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Emory \u00dcniversitesi<\/i><\/p>\n

Wendy Lower, John K. Roth Tarih Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Claremont McKenna Koleji<\/i><\/p>\n

Robert Melson, Emeritus Profes\u00f6r, Purdue \u00dcniversitesi; Uluslararas\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 Birli\u011fi Eski Ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/i><\/p>\n

Donald E. Miller, \u0130lahiyat Profes\u00f6r\u00fc; Ba\u015fkan, \u0130lahiyat ve \u015eehir K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Merkezi, G\u00fcney California \u00dcniversitesi<\/i><\/p>\n

A. Dirk Moses, K\u00fcresel ve Kolonyal Tarih Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Avrupa \u00dcniversitesi, Floransa; Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi Ba\u015f Edit\u00f6r\u00fc<\/i><\/p>\n

James R. Russell, Mashtots Ermeni \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Harvard \u00dcniversitesi<\/i><\/p>\n

Roger W. Smith, H\u00fck\u00fcmet Emeritus Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, William and Mary Koleji; Uluslararas\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 Birli\u011fi Eski Ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/i><\/p>\n

Leo Spitzer, K.T. Vernon Tarih Emeritus Profes\u00f6r\u00fc , Dartmouth Koleji<\/i><\/p>\n

Gregory Stanton, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve \u00d6nleme Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, George Mason \u00dcniversitesi; Uluslararas\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 Birli\u011fi Eski Ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/i><\/p>\n

Henry C. Theriault, Felsefe Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Worcester Eyalet \u00dcniversitesi; Ba\u015f Edit\u00f6r, Genocide Studies and Prevention (Soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve \u00d6nleme)<\/i><\/p>\n

Eric D. Weitz, Sosyal Bilimler ve Sanat Fak\u00fcltesi Dekan\u0131 ve Tarih Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, The City College of New York\/Graduate Center<\/i><\/p>\n

An Open Letter to Mme. Simonetta Sommaruga, Federal Councillor and Head, Department of Justice and Police:<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b>After having read the European Court\u2019s decision on Dogu Perin\u00e7ek v. Switzerland (ECHR. 370, 230, 17 December, 2013) we, as scholars of human rights and genocide, believe it imperative to respond to historical and conceptual inaccuracies that are articulated in the decision, and we believe those inaccuracies have serious ethical and social significance.<\/p>\n

We do not take issue with the notion of freedom of expression, something that scholars agree is most often an essential part of open, democratic society. We are, however, concerned about elements of the Court\u2019s reasoning that are at odds with the facts about the historical record on the Armenian genocide of 1915 and at odds with an ethical understanding of denialism. The decision asserts that: 1) \u201cgenocide as a precisely defined legal concept was not easy to prove\u201d; 2) \u201cthe Court doubted that there could be a general consensus as to the events such as those at issue, given that the historical research was by definition open to discussion and a matter of debate, without necessarily giving rise to a final conclusion or to the assertion of objective and absolute truths\u201d; the court uses the phrase \u201cheated debate\u201d in referring to the current political context surrounding the Armenian genocide.<\/p>\n

First, it is the overwhelming conclusion of scholars who study genocide (hundreds of independent scholars, who have no affiliations with governments, and whose work spans many countries and nationalities and the course of decades) that the Ottoman mass killings of Armenians conforms to all the aspects of Article 2 of the U.N. CPPC definition of genocide. In 1997, the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS), the major body of scholars who study genocide, passed a resolution unanimously recognizing the Ottoman massacres of Armenians as genocide. The International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) prepared an analysis for the Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission (TARC) in 2003, stating that \u201cthe Events [of 1915] include all of the elements of the crime of genocide as defined in the Convention (UNCPPCG).<\/p>\n

In 2000, 100 leading Holocaust scholars signed a petition in The New York Times affirming the events of 1915 were genocide and urging worldwide recognition. An Open Letter from the IAGS to Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan, in June, 2005, enjoined the Turkish government to own up to \u201cthe unambiguous historical record on the Armenian genocide.\u201d The only three histories of genocide in the 20th century that genocide-studies theorists (such as William Schabas) agree on are the cases of the Armenians in Turkey, in 1915; the Jews in Europe, in 1940\u201345; and the Tutsis in Rwanda, in 1994. The destruction of the Armenians was central to Raphael Lemkin\u2019s creation of the concept of genocide as a crime in international law, and it was Lemkin who coined and first used the term Armenian Genocide in 1944.<\/p>\n

The idea put forth by the Court that crimes of genocide may only apply to the events in Rwanda and at Srebrenica because they were tried at the ICC is incomplete. Crimes of genocide have been assessed as historical events by scholars for decades now, and both the crimes committed against the Armenians by the Ottoman Turks in 1915 and those committed against the Jews of Europe by the Nazis in the 1940s were deemed genocide by Lemkin. As legal scholars have noted, crimes of genocide can be tried retroactively, and William Schabas has pointed out that in the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem, in 1961, the word genocide was used retroactively to designate crimes committed against the Jews.<\/p>\n

Further, under Article 10, \u201cthe Court clearly distinguished the present case from those concerning the negation of the crimes of the Holocaust. . . . because the acts that they had called into question had been found by an international court to be clearly established.\u201d We would note that the perpetrators of the Holocaust were prosecuted at the Nuremberg Trials (1945\u201346), not for the crime of genocide, but for \u201ccrimes against humanity,\u201d even though Raphael Lemkin had previously created the term \u201cgenocide.\u201d The Armenian case, contrary to the Court\u2019s assertion, does have a clear legal basis for its authenticity. First, \u201ccrimes against humanity\u201d was the very phrase coined by France, the United Kingdom, and Russia in their 1915 joint declaration in response to the massacres of the Armenians by the Ottoman Turkish government. After WWI, the Ottoman government convened military tribunals (1919\u201320) to try 200 high-level members of the military and government for premeditated mass murder of the Armenian population. The ICTJ decision of 2006 also affirms such a legal basis.<\/p>\n

The Court also decided, on the basis of Article 17 (prohibition of abuse of rights), that \u201cThe rejection of the legal characterization as \u2018genocide\u2019 of the 1915 events was not such as to incite hatred against the Armenian people.\u201d Yet the ECtHR states (para 19) that \u201cthe negation of the Holocaust is today the principal motor of anti-Semitism.\u201d We would note similarly that the denialism of the Armenian genocide in Turkey resulted in the assassination of Armenian Turkish journalist Hrant Dink, and has resulted in violence to others in Turkey.<\/p>\n

In referring to the Armenian genocide as \u201can international lie,\u201d Mr. Peren\u00e7ik reveals a level of extremism that belies all sense of judgment. We believe that the Court makes a misstep when it privileges Turkey\u2019s denialism (a country with one of the worst records on intellectual freedom and human rights over the past decades) as a \u201cheated debate.\u201d As the IAGS has written in an Open Letter on denialism and the Armenian genocide (October, 2006), \u201cscholars who deny the facts of genocide in the face of the overwhelming scholarly evidence are not engaging in historical debate, but have another agenda. In the case of the Armenian Genocide, the agenda is to absolve Turkey of responsibility for the planned extermination of the Armenians\u2014an agenda consistent with every Turkish ruling party since the time of the Genocide in 1915. Scholars who dispute that what happened to the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in 1915 constitutes genocide blatantly ignore the overwhelming historical and scholarly evidence.\u201d<\/p>\n

As noted genocide scholar Deborah Lipstadt has written: \u201cDenial of genocide whether that of the Turks against the Armenians, or the Nazis against the Jews is not an act of historical reinterpretation . . . . The deniers aim at convincing innocent third parties that there is another side of the story . . . when there is no other side.\u201d We believe that the Court\u2019s decision and reasoning contributes to denialism and this has a corrosive impact on efforts for truth and reconciliation, and ethics.<\/p>\n

We believe it important that the government of Switzerland request a reexamination of the Court\u2019s judgment.<\/p>\n

Sincerely,\u00a0<\/p>\n

Taner Ak\u00e7am, Kaloosdian\/Mugar Professor, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Clark University <\/i><\/p>\n

Joyce Apsel, Master Teacher of Humanities, New York University; Past President, International Association of Genocide Scholars <\/i><\/p>\n

Peter Balakian, Donald M. and Constance H. Rebar Professor of the Humanities, Colgate University <\/i><\/p>\n

Cathy Caruth, Frank H. T. Rhodes Professor of Humane Letters, Cornell University <\/i><\/p>\n

Frank Chalk, Professor of History; Director, Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies <\/i><\/p>\n

Israel Charny, Past President of International Association of Genocide Scholars, Executive Director, Institute on the Holocaust & Genocide, Jerusalem <\/i><\/p>\n

Donna-Lee Frieze, Prins Senior Fellow, Center For Jewish History, New York City <\/i><\/p>\n

Wolfgang Gust, Director Armenocide.de, Hamburg <\/i><\/p>\n

Tessa Hofmann, Prof. h.c. Dr. phil., Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Institute for Eastern European Studies <\/i><\/p>\n

Hans-Lukas Kieser, Professor of Modern History, University of Zurich <\/i><\/p>\n

Mark Levene, Reader in Comparative History, University of Southhampton, UK <\/i><\/p>\n

Robert Jay Lifton, MD; Distinguished Professor Emeritus, The City University of New York <\/i><\/p>\n

Deborah Lipstadt, Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish History and Holocaust Studies, Emory University <\/i><\/p>\n

Wendy Lower, John K. Roth Professor of History, Claremont McKenna College <\/i><\/p>\n

Robert Melson, Professor Emeritus, Purdue University; Past President, International Association of Genocide Scholars <\/i><\/p>\n

Donald E. Miller, Professor of Religion; Director, Center for Religion and Civic Culture, University of Southern California <\/i><\/p>\n

Roger W. Smith, Professor Emeritus of Government, College of William and Mary; Past President, International Association of Genocide Scholars <\/i><\/p>\n

Leo Spitzer, K.T. Vernon Professor of History Emeritus, Dartmouth College <\/i><\/p>\n

Gregory Stanton, Research Professor in Genocide Studies and Prevention, George Mason University; Past President, International Association of Genocide Scholars <\/i><\/p>\n

Henry C. Theriault, Professor of Philosophy, Worcester State University; Co-Editor-in-Chief, Genocide Studies and Prevention <\/i><\/p>\n

Eric D. Weitz, Dean of Humanities and Arts and Professor of History, The City College of New York\/Graduate Center<\/i><\/p>\n

G\u00f6nderen: Sarkis Adam<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

http:\/\/hyetert.blogspot.com\/2014\/02\/soykrm-arastrmaclarndan-isvicreye-ack.html<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Madame la Conseill\u00e8re f\u00e9d\u00e9rale Simonetta Sommaruga \u2028 Cheffe du D\u00e9partement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral de justice et police (DFJP) Palais f\u00e9d\u00e9ral ouest\u2028CH-3003 Berne Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019nin Do\u011fu Perin\u00e7ek\u2019in \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 davan\u0131n karar\u0131n\u0131 (A\u0130HM. 370, 230, 17 Aral\u0131k 2013) okuduktan sonra, biz, soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan endi\u015feli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, kararda bahsedilen baz\u0131 tarihsel ve kavramsal hatalara bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verme […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler"],"yoast_head":"\nSoyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u0130svi\u00e7re'ye A\u00e7\u0131k Mektup \/ An Open Letter - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/02\/19\/soykirim-arastirmacilarindan-isvicreye-acik-mektup-an-open-letter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u0130svi\u00e7re'ye A\u00e7\u0131k Mektup \/ An Open Letter - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Madame la Conseill\u00e8re f\u00e9d\u00e9rale Simonetta Sommaruga \u2028 Cheffe du D\u00e9partement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral de justice et police (DFJP) Palais f\u00e9d\u00e9ral ouest\u2028CH-3003 Berne Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019nin Do\u011fu Perin\u00e7ek\u2019in \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 davan\u0131n karar\u0131n\u0131 (A\u0130HM. 370, 230, 17 Aral\u0131k 2013) okuduktan sonra, biz, soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan endi\u015feli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, kararda bahsedilen baz\u0131 tarihsel ve kavramsal hatalara bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verme […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/02\/19\/soykirim-arastirmacilarindan-isvicreye-acik-mektup-an-open-letter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-02-19T08:34:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"kalem\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"kalem\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"17 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/turkish\\\/2014\\\/02\\\/19\\\/soykirim-arastirmacilarindan-isvicreye-acik-mektup-an-open-letter\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/turkish\\\/2014\\\/02\\\/19\\\/soykirim-arastirmacilarindan-isvicreye-acik-mektup-an-open-letter\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"kalem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/turkish\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/135e7923d1aeb8887890799619969a6c\"},\"headline\":\"Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u0130svi\u00e7re’ye A\u00e7\u0131k Mektup \\\/ An Open Letter\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-02-19T08:34:25+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/turkish\\\/2014\\\/02\\\/19\\\/soykirim-arastirmacilarindan-isvicreye-acik-mektup-an-open-letter\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":3347,\"commentCount\":0,\"articleSection\":[\"Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\",\"Haberler\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/turkish\\\/2014\\\/02\\\/19\\\/soykirim-arastirmacilarindan-isvicreye-acik-mektup-an-open-letter\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/turkish\\\/2014\\\/02\\\/19\\\/soykirim-arastirmacilarindan-isvicreye-acik-mektup-an-open-letter\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/turkish\\\/2014\\\/02\\\/19\\\/soykirim-arastirmacilarindan-isvicreye-acik-mektup-an-open-letter\\\/\",\"name\":\"Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u0130svi\u00e7re'ye A\u00e7\u0131k Mektup \\\/ An Open Letter - 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