{"id":28397,"date":"2014-02-12T03:31:18","date_gmt":"2014-02-12T08:31:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=28397"},"modified":"2014-02-12T03:31:18","modified_gmt":"2014-02-12T08:31:18","slug":"ermeni-soykiriminin-siradan-gerceklestiricileri-musluman-kadinlar-islevsel-ozellikler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/02\/12\/ermeni-soykiriminin-siradan-gerceklestiricileri-musluman-kadinlar-islevsel-ozellikler\/","title":{"rendered":"Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201ds\u0131radan\u201d ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiricileri, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar \u0130\u015flevsel \u00f6zellikler"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\"\u0540\u0561\u057d\u0574\u056b\u056fHasmik Grigoryan<\/b><\/p>\n

Soyk\u0131r\u0131m biliminde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerden birine nazaran, toplu katliam veya soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in, toplumun do\u011frudan kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 veya en az\u0131ndan aktif deste\u011fi gerekmektedir. Bu durum, toplu katliamlar\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi ve te\u015fvik edilmesinin \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in toplumun farkl\u0131 sosyal gruplar\u0131n\u0131n kanaati, zihniyeti, \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na kat\u0131lma niyeti ve sebeplerinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Genelde, toplu \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda erkekler[2]<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ise vah\u015fete yatk\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmektedir. Lakin var olan stereotiplere kar\u015f\u0131n, yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, toplu katliamlar ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren \u201cinsan unsurunun\u201d ger\u00e7ekte, gaddarl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan geri kalmayan kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar gibi marjinal gruplar taraf\u0131ndan takviye edildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Siyaset\u00e7i Lisa \u00c7arla\u00e7\u2019\u0131n hakl\u0131 olarak belirtmi\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi, kad\u0131nlar\u0131, soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren caniler olarak g\u00f6rmek, soyk\u0131r\u0131m kurbanlar\u0131[3]<\/a> olarak g\u00f6rmekten daha zordur, Norve\u00e7li sosyolog G. Holter taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re cinsel stereotipler,\u00a0 toplu \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131nda, erkek ve kad\u0131n rollerini gizlemektedir. Ger\u00e7ekte ise kad\u0131nlar\u0131n olaylara g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ve erkeklerden daha aktif kat\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Yazar, egemen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin, var olan \u00e7ok say\u0131da cinsel e\u015fitsizli\u011fin, toplu \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinde bir tek cinsin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmekte veya soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme siyasetine ters d\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, farkl\u0131 cins veya sosyal gruplar\u0131n temsilcilerinin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6zde olanak d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak kabul etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

A. Cons\u2019un belirtti\u011fine g\u00f6re, \u015eoah ve Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 esnas\u0131nda da benzer veriler kaydedilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ruanda\u2019da vuku bulan Tutsilerin soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, imha s\u00fcrecine kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan benzersiz olmu\u015ftur[5]<\/a>. Yazar, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 konusuna \u00f6ylemesine de\u011finmekle birlikte, tehcir edilen Ermenilerin kervanlar\u0131na sadece K\u00fcrt kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131p ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131 olaylar\u0131ndan bahsetmektedir[6]<\/a>. Cons\u2019un aksine D. Meyer, \u015fu soruyu ortaya atmaktad\u0131r. Tutsilerin soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131nda caniliklere kat\u0131lma konusundaki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, di\u011fer halklar\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha m\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck olmu\u015ftur, yoksa bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, Ruanda\u2019yla ilgili daha b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131da kan\u0131tlar\u0131n kaydedilmi\u015f olmas\u0131yla m\u0131 ilgilidir[7]<\/a>?<\/p>\n

Benzer yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 belki de, soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme s\u00fcresine kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 konusundaki ilginin, \u00f6zellikle Ruanda\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen soyk\u0131r\u0131ma, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 sebebiyle art\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tutsilere uygulanan soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri en iyi \u015fekilde, katil kad\u0131nlarla yap\u0131lan r\u00f6portajlara dayanan \u201cAfrican Rights Report\u201d verilerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu r\u00f6portajlar, bunlardan her birinin, faaliyet alanlar\u0131 ve i\u015flevleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan m\u00fcnferit olarak takdim edilmesi imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r[9]<\/a>. Soru\u015fturmalar sonucunda iki bin kad\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Raunda Uluslar Aras\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi (\u0130nternational Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda-ICTR) ile ulusal mahkemeler, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla ilgili kan\u0131tlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ruanda\u2019daki Tutsi soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ve \u015eoahla ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n aksine, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Bat\u0131 Ermenilerin katliamlar\u0131 ve soyk\u0131r\u0131ma, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar\u0131n[11]<\/a> kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir tek bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Tam da bu sebepten dolay\u0131, bu sorunun ortaya konulmas\u0131 niyetiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda, hayatta kalan Ermeniler, yabanc\u0131 g\u00f6revliler ve g\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahitlerinin an\u0131lar\u0131 ile raporlar\u0131nda yer bulmu\u015f olan, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na do\u011frudan kat\u0131lmas\u0131 eylemlerine e\u011filmekteyiz.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma ve grupland\u0131rma, toplu \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar\u0131n rollerinin \u00f6zellikleri ile i\u015flevlerini g\u00f6receli olarak belirlemeyi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Ermenilerin toplu katliamlar\u0131na ve soyk\u0131r\u0131ma kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 farkl\u0131 alanlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131\u015f, bazen olaylar\u0131n giri\u015fimcileri, do\u011frudan cinayet tertipleyicileri, te\u015fvik eden ve ya\u011fmac\u0131lar olarak rol oynam\u0131\u015flar, ayr\u0131ca \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak ve daha ba\u015fka ama\u00e7larla Ermeni \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcte\u015febbisler<\/b><\/p>\n

Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 konusunda, do\u011frudan \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131 d\u00fczenlemi\u015f olan az say\u0131da kad\u0131n bilinmesine ra\u011fmen, her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda, kaynaklarda, \u00f6zellikle m\u00fcte\u015febbis olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan memur e\u015fleriyle ilgili baz\u0131 kay\u0131tlar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, 1909 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Kilikya katliamlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahidi, Adana Katolik Ermenilerinin dini \u00f6nderi episkopos Hakob Terziyan, Adana\u2019n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 saat uza\u011f\u0131nda bulunan \u011eay\u0131rl\u0131 K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nde ya\u015fayan Abdal Khaloyi\u2019nin k\u0131z\u0131 Sineme Han\u0131m\u2019\u0131n, hayatta kalanlar\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, etkisi sayesinde k\u00f6ydeki ve civardaki Ermeni kad\u0131n ve erkeklerini toplad\u0131ktan sonra, g\u00fczel kad\u0131n ve k\u0131zlar\u0131 ay\u0131r\u0131p kendi se\u00e7ti\u011fi T\u00fcrklerle evlendirmi\u015f, i\u00e7lerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 teredd\u00fct etmeden f\u0131r\u0131na at\u0131p yakarak e\u011flenmi\u015f, kalanlar\u0131 ise nehir k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcp, \u015fahsen bo\u011fazlay\u0131p nehre atm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bildirilmektedir[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bir \u00f6rnek daha verelim. T\u00fcrk ordu komutanlar\u0131ndan Vehip Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n e\u015fi aramalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirip, alt\u0131n arama bahanesiyle tehcir edilen kad\u0131nlar\u0131n v\u00fccutlar\u0131n\u0131, hatta cinsel organlar\u0131n\u0131 incelemi\u015ftir[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Cinayetlere do\u011frudan kat\u0131lanlar<\/b><\/p>\n

M\u00fcte\u015febbislerin oynam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu rol\u00fcn aksine, T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, cinayet de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, toplu \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla ilgili \u00e7ok say\u0131da tan\u0131kl\u0131k bulunmaktad\u0131r. 1915 Temmuzunda Harput\u2019ta bulunan \u0130sve\u00e7li misyoner kad\u0131n A. Yohanson, konuyla ilgili vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu bilgilerde \u201cTemmuz ba\u015f\u0131nda, 2.000 Ermeni askerin, yol yapma amac\u0131yla Halep\u2019e gitmesi emredilir. Birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra 2.000 Ermeni asker daha g\u00f6nderilir Diyarbak\u0131r \u00fczerinden\u2026 K\u00fcrtlere, Ermenilerin geldi\u011fi bildirilmekte ve K\u00fcrt kad\u0131nlar\u0131, kasap b\u0131\u00e7aklar\u0131yla, kocalar\u0131na yard\u0131m etmeye gelmekteydi\u201d[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Alman ba\u015f\u00f6\u011fretmen Niipage\u2019nin, 1916 Eyl\u00fcl\u00fcnde siyasi kabine memuru Valentin arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Rayhskantsler Bertan Hoolveg\u2019e yollanan raporda, Ba\u011fdat demiryolu m\u00fchendisi ve Alman seyyahlar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015fi, Halep\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen caniliklerin g\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahidi olup, bu konuda bilgi vermi\u015f olduklar\u0131 belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Niipage\u2019nin belirtmi\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi V. \u015epiker, Halep\u2019te erkeklerin elleri arkadan ba\u011flan\u0131p yoku\u015flardan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya yuvarlad\u0131ktan sonra, yoku\u015fun alt k\u0131sm\u0131nda bekleyen T\u00fck kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, kurbanlar hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybedene kadar bu insanlar\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7aklam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[15]<\/a>. Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019ndan hayatta kalan on iki ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Harputlu Manuk, bir K\u00fcrt kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n, alt\u0131n arama amac\u0131yla Ermeni kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kar\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7akla yard\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015fahit oldu\u011funu anlatmaktad\u0131r[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Yabanc\u0131 g\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahitleri ve Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019ndan hayatta kalanlar\u0131n tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na istinaden T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar Ermenilere sald\u0131r\u0131p ta\u015flayarak, hakaret edip su\u00e7lamaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Harput\u2019ta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Danimarkal\u0131 misyoner kad\u0131n M. Yakobsen, g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, 5 May\u0131s 1915 tarihi alt\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar\u0131n H\u0131ristiyanlara y\u00f6nelik (etnik aidiyetlerini belirtmemektedir) nefret dolu olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sorumlu olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia ettiklerini belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu kad\u0131nlar, H\u0131ristiyan doktorlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk askerlerini zehirlemi\u015f olduklar\u0131ndan da emin bulunmaktayd\u0131[17]<\/a>. Hayatta kalan Ermeniler de, T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik benzer yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7lerinden Minas Tataryan\u2019\u0131n belirtti\u011fine g\u00f6re, Siverek\u2019te[18]<\/a>, kendi kervanlar\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 ki\u015fiyi, ekmek getirme amac\u0131yla \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131ya g\u00f6nderirler. Yolda, yakla\u015f\u0131k yirmi T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131na rastlarlar. Bu kad\u0131nlar, Ermenilerin kocalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olup, onlar\u0131n ruhu i\u00e7in bir kurban vermek istediklerinden, i\u00e7lerinden birini polislerden talep eder. \u0130\u00e7lerinden Hovhannes\u2019i ay\u0131ran T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar, ta\u015flarla ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ezer[19]<\/a>. Bayburtlu bir kad\u0131n\u0131n anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na istinaden gruplar\u0131, Haziran 1915 ortalar\u0131nda Bayburtlular\u0131n tehciri esnas\u0131nda, sava\u015f sebebiyle dul kalm\u0131\u015f ve Erzurum\u2019dan \u0130stanbul\u2019a seyahat eden otuz T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu elli-altm\u0131\u015f arabaya rastlar. \u0130\u00e7lerinden biri, jandarmalardan bir Ermeni rica eder ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Erkeklerle birlikte cinayetlere kat\u0131lan kad\u0131nlar<\/b><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt kad\u0131nlar, cinayet ve soygun amac\u0131yla genelde gruplar halinde katliam b\u00f6lgelerine gider veya tehcir edilen Ermenilerin kervanlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yollara yakla\u015f\u0131rlar. Bu ki\u015filer bazen erkeklerle birlikte Ermenilerin \u00fczerine sald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hayatta kalanlardan, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m zaman\u0131nda dokuz ya\u015f\u0131nda olan Petros Dsaturyan \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r. \u201cAk\u0131n (E\u011fin-\u00e7ev. notu) \u015fehri yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndayd\u0131k, ilk da\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7tik, ikincisini daha yeni ge\u00e7mi\u015ftik ki, K\u00fcrtler aniden d\u00f6rt yandan \u00fczerimize sald\u0131rd\u0131. Anneler \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 suya att\u0131\u2026 K\u00fcrt kad\u0131n ve erkekler, a\u00e7 kurtlar gibi \u00fczerimize \u00e7ulland\u0131\u201d[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1901 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bitlis\u2019in Ahlat Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki P\u0131rkhus K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nde do\u011fan Sokrat M\u0131k\u0131rti\u00e7yan, 1915 bahar\u0131nda Ala\u015fkert\u2019in Zilan da\u011flar\u0131nda ve vadilerinde ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtlerin k\u00f6ylerine sald\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r \u201cBu K\u00fcrt s\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc, gece vakti k\u00f6ye girmeye cesaret etmedi. Sabahleyin, direni\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinde, d\u00f6rt yandan, kad\u0131nlar\u0131yla birlikte, \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek ve ya\u011fmalamak amac\u0131yla, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131ktan uluyan kurt s\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn savunmas\u0131z ve silahs\u0131z kurban\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131r gibi bir vah\u015fetle k\u00f6ye sald\u0131rd\u0131\u201d[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Dercan\u2019\u0131n \u00c7\u0131kh\u0131nlots K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nden, 1915 katliam\u0131ndan hayatta kalm\u0131\u015f ve o zaman 13 ya\u015f\u0131nda olan Arakel Tagoyan, \u201cBir de bakt\u0131k ki, bir grup insan, ellerinde baltalar ve b\u0131\u00e7aklarla, kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ise torbalar dolusu ta\u015flarla \u00fczerimize geldi. Jandarmalar geri \u00e7ekildi. Onlar ise ileri geldi. Bizi, kayan\u0131n bir k\u00f6\u015fesine s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar, F\u0131rat Nehri\u2019nin k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda. Arkadan vurup, F\u0131rat Nehri\u2019ne d\u00f6k\u00fcyorlard\u0131\u201d[23]<\/a>,- diye anlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Garegin Turikyan, 1915 Nisan\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Arm\u0131tan k\u00f6ylerinin tehciri ve katliam\u0131yla ilgili \u201cKervan Mavi Keban\u2019\u0131n yoku\u015fundan, da\u011flar\u0131n tepelerine do\u011fru y\u00fckselirken, ovalarda, tepelerin \u00fcst\u00fcnde dolu\u015fan, kudurmu\u015f T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar\u0131, erkekleri ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ulumas\u0131 ve k\u00fcf\u00fcrleri ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Baz\u0131lar\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131ndaki ekmek torbas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eki\u015ftiriyor, di\u011ferleri kad\u0131nlar\u0131n omuzlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yorganlar\u0131 ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 da s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlara y\u00fcklenmi\u015f erzak\u0131 al\u0131yorlard\u0131\u201d[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Te\u015fvik edenler<\/b><\/p>\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 cinayetlere ve soyguna do\u011frudan kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, fakat erkekleri te\u015fvik etmi\u015f, onlara yard\u0131m ve cesaret vermi\u015f, ayr\u0131ca Ermenilerin gizlendi\u011fi yerleri g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\n

1895 Kas\u0131m\u0131nda, Antep olaylar\u0131yla ilgili bir mektupta, Amerikal\u0131 din adam\u0131 ve misyoner Edvin Blis \u201cTabancam\u0131 al\u0131p at\u0131ma atlad\u0131m ve h\u0131zla oraya gittim. D\u00f6v\u00fc\u015fen erkeklerin kaba seslerini, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n hayk\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve en k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, erkekleri \u015fevke getiren T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bayraml\u0131k, kulak t\u0131rmalayan lu-lu-lu\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rt edebiliyordum\u201d[25]<\/a>,- diye yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sivas\u2019ta, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ikinci konsolosu Moris Karlie\u2019nin e\u015fi Emili Karlie, g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, \u201cUrfa olaylar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda, 3.000 kad\u0131n katedrale s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, katiller kiliseye girip \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler. Bir s\u00fcre sonra t\u00fcm bunlardan yorulduklar\u0131nda \u00f6yle bir kana bulanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ki, tan\u0131namaz hale gelmi\u015flerdi, bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde vah\u015fi kad\u0131nlar da vard\u0131, erkeklerden daha gaddard\u0131lar<\/i> (vurgu bize aittir-H.G.), ak\u0131llar\u0131na korkun\u00e7 bir \u015fey geldi, \u015fiddeti daha t\u0131rmand\u0131rmaya karar verdiler. Gazya\u011f\u0131 aramaya ko\u015ftular. Korkun\u00e7 bir kader, kilisenin avlusunda elli sand\u0131k gazya\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. Gazya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dibine kadar bo\u015faltt\u0131lar. 3.000 talihsiz kad\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r-a\u011f\u0131r yan\u0131yor, bu arada da suna\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan hocalar, ellerini yukar\u0131ya do\u011frultmu\u015f, Tanr\u0131ya \u015f\u00fckrediyorlard\u0131\u201d[26]<\/a>,- olarak, Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n \u201cSar\u0131 Kitab\u0131ndan\u201d al\u0131nt\u0131lamaktayd\u0131. 1909 y\u0131l\u0131nda Adana\u2019daki ilk katliam esnas\u0131nda Oval\u0131k Kilikya\u2019da bulunan Say Ge\u00e7it K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nde, kurbanlar caniler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ukura at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bir T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir erkek \u00e7ocu\u011fun hayatta kalm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu fark ederek, \u201cG\u00e2vurlar dirildi\u201d diye ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131p katillerin dikkatini \u00e7ocu\u011fa \u00e7ekerek, onun da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesini sa\u011flar[27]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019ndan hayatta kalan yazar-gazeteci Aram Andonyan, T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar\u0131n oynam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu rolle ilgili \u015f\u00f6yle yazmaktad\u0131r, \u201cHapiste bulunan Ermeni ayd\u0131nlara ve tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ki\u015filere i\u015fkence yap\u0131l\u0131rken, T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar da her g\u00fcn de\u011fnekler toplay\u0131p, \u015fi\u015fip daha sa\u011flam olmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir g\u00fcn \u00f6nce suya koyarak, cell\u00e2tlara \u201cVurun, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc vurun, sopalar k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa i\u015fte, size yenilerini getirdik\u201d,- diye ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor, her yerde \u00e7alg\u0131lar, alayc\u0131 \u015fark\u0131lar ve oyunlar e\u015fli\u011finde mezbahaya s\u00fcr\u00fclen kervanlar\u0131 co\u015fkuyla u\u011furluyorlard\u0131\u201d[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Hayatta kalan Anna Mirakyan, Diyarbak\u0131r Vilayeti\u2019nin Amit Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019nda bulunan Huni K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kervan\u0131 yola \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7\u0131kmaz bir T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n, harmanda gizlenmi\u015f \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n bulundu\u011funu tahmin ederek, Sosikli M\u00fcd\u00fcr adl\u0131 caniye haber verir, o da \u00e7ocuklara dayak atar[29]<\/a>. Bitlis Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki H\u0131lat Kazas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n P\u0131rkhus K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nde, 1915 Nisan\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen katliamlarla ilgili on iki ya\u015f\u0131nda hayatta kalan A\u011favni H\u0131l\u011fatyan\u2019\u0131n tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201cK\u00fcrtler ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131 anneme sald\u0131r\u0131p tuttular. K\u00fcrt kad\u0131nlar \u201cGelin, burada da g\u00fczel bir kad\u0131n var\u2026\u201d,- diyerek erkeklerini \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131\u201d[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Soyguncular<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle Ermenilerin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n soyulmas\u0131 konusunda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt kad\u0131nlar genellikle kom\u015fu Ermenilerin evlerini ya\u011fmalamakta mobilya, elbise, ziynet e\u015fyalar\u0131 ve hatta g\u0131dalar\u0131na el koymaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Say\u0131s\u0131z kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk soyguna kat\u0131l\u0131p, e\u015fya ve mallar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ald\u0131ktan sonra, yeni bir soygun beklentisiyle hemen geri d\u00f6n\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Askerler ve polisler, Ermeni yerle\u015fim yerlerinin soygununu nihayetlendirdiklerinde, hen\u00fcz \u00e7al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f mallar\u0131 ya\u011fmalamak amac\u0131yla kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar oraya \u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu[31]<\/a>. \u00c7o\u011funlukla, Ermenilere ait olan mallar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in polisleri takip ediyorlard\u0131[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tehcire haz\u0131rlanmak i\u00e7in az bir s\u00fcre verilen Ermeniler, yanlar\u0131na \u00e7ok \u015fey alam\u0131yor ve b\u00f6ylece, mobilya, ev e\u015fyas\u0131, erzak ve hatta elbiselerini yok pahas\u0131na sat\u0131yorlard\u0131. Sokaklar, Ermeni kom\u015fular\u0131ndan kelepir fiyatlarla mal almaya niyetli M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131n ve erkeklerle doluydu. Mal sahipleri bunlar\u0131 satamad\u0131klar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, bir\u00e7ok mal\u0131 bedavaya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Harput Amerikan konsolosu L. Devis, benzer bir olay\u0131 anlatarak \u015fu \u015fekilde betimlemektedir, \u201cBu sahne bana \u00e7akallar\u0131n kurbanlar\u0131na sald\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131yordu. T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek bir bayramd\u0131, s\u00fcslenip-p\u00fcslenerek soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n felaketiyle co\u015fup e\u011fleniyorlard\u0131\u201d[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Doinikan karde\u015fli\u011fi \u00fcyesi, karde\u015f Yasent Simon, 1 Temmuz 1915\u2019te, Tel Armen K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ku\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgili \u015f\u00f6yle yazmaktad\u0131r, \u201cK\u00fcrt erkeklerin i\u015fi bitmi\u015f, herkesi katletmi\u015flerdi. \u015eimdi K\u00fcrt kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fi, ya\u011fma ba\u015fl\u0131yordu. K\u00fcrt kad\u0131nlar, Ermeni evlerine girdi, mobilya, sand\u0131k, erzak, elbise, ne buldularsa, hepsi kat\u0131rlara y\u00fcklenip da\u011flara do\u011fru g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u201d[34]<\/a>. Ermeni k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7eyizlerinden ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f ipek elbiseleri s\u00fcrekli \u00fczerlerinde g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. 1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda Harput\u2019un \u00c7emi\u015fgezek \u015fehrinde do\u011fan, hayatta kalanlardan \u011eevond P\u0131rperyan\u2019\u0131n anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, 1915 Eyl\u00fcl sonu-Ekim ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u015fehre d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra evlerinin kap\u0131 ve pencerelerini, kom\u015fu K\u00fcrtlerin ah\u0131r\u0131nda bulurlar. Kom\u015fular\u0131 olan T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n, maharetle evlerine girip, her \u015feyi g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu, annesinin ise, R\u0131za Efendi\u2019nin karde\u015fi Faik Efendi\u2019nin evine gitti\u011finde, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde, k\u0131z karde\u015finin \u00e7eyizindeki ipek elbiseleri g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r[35]<\/a>. Beyaz\u0131tl\u0131, on yedi ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Kamsar Kha\u00e7aturyan\u2019\u0131n tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u201c1916 y\u0131l\u0131 sonbahar\u0131nda, \u015fehir yar\u0131 bo\u015f bir haldeyken, gitmenin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funu anlay\u0131p, toparlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131k. Az zaman kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kom\u015fu T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00e7oktan evimize dolu\u015fmu\u015f, kimin ne almak istedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ilan ediyorlard\u0131. Mallar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcnde payla\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ekmek\u00e7imiz olan T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131 her \u015feyin yerini biliyor ve nerede ne bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyordu\u201d[36]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt kad\u0131nlar kom\u015fu Ermenilerin evlerini soymakla kalmay\u0131p, Ermeni kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fczerine de sald\u0131r\u0131p, ya\u011fmalamaktayd\u0131. Soygun amac\u0131yla, katliam yerlerine gidip, genelde elbise ve ziynet e\u015fyalar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131yorlard\u0131. Avetis Tekeyan\u2019\u0131n an\u0131lar\u0131nda, Urfa tehciriyle ilgili bir kad\u0131n\u0131n hik\u00e2yesini okumaktay\u0131z, \u201cK\u00f6ye do\u011fru ilerliyorduk\u2026 O arada, bize do\u011fru gelen bir grup k\u00f6yl\u00fc kad\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fck (Zaza)\u2026 K\u00f6yl\u00fc kad\u0131nlar bize yakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda, bozuk bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyle \u201cNerde kald\u0131n\u0131z, geberesiceler\u201d,- dediler. \u2026 Bu kalle\u015f kad\u0131nlar, \u00f6nceden avu\u00e7lar\u0131nda haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 k\u00fcl\u00fc g\u00f6zlerimize at\u0131p, \u00fczerimize sald\u0131rd\u0131lar ve bizi soymaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Biri parmaklar\u0131m\u0131zdaki y\u00fcz\u00fckleri \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yordu, bir di\u011feri ise kulaklar\u0131m\u0131zdaki k\u00fcpeleri. Ard\u0131ndan kemerlerimizi s\u00f6kmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar, elbiselerimizi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p sepetlere doldurdular ve \u201cGeberesiceler, bunlar art\u0131k sizin neyinize gerek? Bu da\u011flar\u0131n sizin mezar\u0131n\u0131z olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kurda ku\u015fa yem olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bilmiyor musunuz?\u201d[37]<\/a>,- diyerek, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yolunu tuttular.<\/p>\n

Siranu\u015f Yesayan, Nisan 1915\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen Ki\u011f\u0131 Ermenilerinin tehciri ve katliam\u0131na de\u011finerek, Palu\u2019da T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt g\u00fcruhun sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 betimlemektedir, \u201cKad\u0131nlar\u0131n deh\u015fet i\u00e7indeki grubu bu \u015fekilde ko\u015farken, aniden, kad\u0131n ve erkeklerden olu\u015fan T\u00fcrk g\u00fcruhu, dolu gibi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fczerine ya\u011fd\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fcp, bulduklar\u0131 her \u015feyi, para, ziynet e\u015fyas\u0131, elbise vs. ac\u0131madan ya\u011fmalamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u201d[38]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Hayatta kalan g\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahitlerinden episkopos Grigoris Balakyan, Yozgat\u2019tan Kayseri\u2019ye kadar olan yolda erkek, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n y\u00fczde sekseninin, Ermenilerden \u00e7ald\u0131klar\u0131, kana bulanm\u0131\u015f Avrupai elbiseleri ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir. G\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahidine g\u00f6re, elbisenin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 birinin \u00fczerinde, di\u011fer k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ise bir di\u011ferinin \u00fczerinde g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc\u201d[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ki\u011f\u0131 \u015fehrinden hayatta kalan bir di\u011fer ki\u015fi olan Yeprem T\u0131lemyan, \u00c7an K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nde, 1915 Haziran\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen katliam\u0131 anlatmaktad\u0131r, \u201cBu katliam esnas\u0131nda ben ve annem bir K\u00fcrt\u00fcn evine girdik. Bu evin erke\u011fi ve kad\u0131n\u0131, soygun amac\u0131yla katliam mevkiine gitmi\u015flerdi. Katliam ve soygun bittikten sonra eve d\u00f6nd\u00fcler. Elbiselerimizi \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131k ve bize pa\u00e7avralar verdiler\u201d[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Erzurumlu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re ise, 3 Haziran 1915\u2019te yirmi be\u015f hane Ermeni, Palu ve Ki\u011f\u0131 yoluyla Harput\u2019a gitmekteydi. \u015eehrin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir \u00e7ad\u0131r yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olur, burada T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar, polislerin kontrol\u00fcnde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde herkesin \u00fczerini ar\u0131yorlard\u0131[41]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt kad\u0131nlar, erkeklerin \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu e\u015fyalar\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in bazen katliam yerlerine gider. Hayatta kalan Erzincanl\u0131 Vardan Malyan an\u0131lar\u0131nda, May\u0131s 1915\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen tehcirle ilgili, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, tehcir edilmi\u015f Ermenilerin kervanlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yerlere gidip, kocalar\u0131 ile karde\u015flerine, soygun mallar\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na yard\u0131m etmekte oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. \u201cHen\u00fcz biraz ilerlemi\u015ftik ki, tekrar bir t\u00fcfek at\u0131m\u0131yla i\u015faret verildi ve \u00e7evre da\u011flardan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kalabal\u0131k halinde silahl\u0131 K\u00fcrtler ve T\u00fcrkler bizi ku\u015fatt\u0131. Atl\u0131lar, atlar ve e\u015feklerin heybelerini y\u00fckleyip g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fcler ve k\u00f6t\u00fc kad\u0131nlar\u0131na teslim ederek, cinayet ve ya\u011fma i\u00e7in geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcler\u201d[42]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma veya daha farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7larla \u00e7ocuk ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131ran veya g\u00f6t\u00fcren kad\u0131nlar<\/b><\/p>\n

Belirtilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi kad\u0131nlar, tehcir edilen Ermenilerin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yollara gidip, soygunla u\u011fra\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n haricinde, tehcir edilenlerin aras\u0131ndan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131, kad\u0131nlar\u0131 veya gen\u00e7 gelinleri, evlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak veya daha ba\u015fka ama\u00e7larla se\u00e7ip g\u00f6t\u00fcrmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Hayatta kalanlardan biri, Avetis Tekeyan, Pahesni Ermenilerinin 1915 tehciriyle ilgili, \u201cT\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar, kocalar\u0131n\u0131n te\u015fvikiyle, \u00c7at meydan\u0131nda terk edilmi\u015f Ermeni ailelerin i\u00e7inden zengin olanlar veya gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar\u0131 ile k\u00f6rpe gelinleri olanlara sahip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, evlerine g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek istiyorlard\u0131\u2026\u201d[43]<\/a>,- diye ifade vermektedir. Hayatta kalanlardan, Beyaz\u0131tl\u0131lar\u0131n 1916 sonbahar\u0131ndaki tehciri esnas\u0131nda, k\u0131z ve erkek karde\u015flerini ya\u015fl\u0131 bir kad\u0131na teslim edip, annesini aramaya giden S\u0131mbat Dav\u0131tyan, Ermeni \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan evlerine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtmektedir. Geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ya\u015fl\u0131 kad\u0131n \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r. \u201c\u015eehirli bir kad\u0131n geldi, o\u011flan\u0131n elinden tutup, kimin \u00e7ocu\u011fu oldu\u011funu sordu. Ben de tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00f6yledim\u2026 o\u011flan\u0131n elini tutmak i\u00e7in elini uzatt\u0131, k\u0131z karde\u015fi hayk\u0131rd\u0131, erkek karde\u015fine sar\u0131l\u0131p a\u011flad\u0131\u2026 Kad\u0131n dayanamad\u0131, ikisini de ver, g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcp yeti\u015ftireyim, dedi. Verdim\u201d[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Baberdlilerin (Bayburt-\u00e7ev. notu) 1915 katliam\u0131 ve tehcirinden hayatta kalm\u0131\u015f olan Ar\u015faluys Ter-Nazaretyan\u2019\u0131n Yerz\u0131nka (Erzincan-\u00e7ev. notu) yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda vuku bulanla ilgili tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bu a\u00e7\u0131dan ilgin\u00e7tir. \u201cBen o s\u00f6zleri duydum, buna istinaden hepsini suya atm\u0131\u015flar. Oturup a\u011flad\u0131m. Bu arada iki T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131p \u201cEvimize gelir misin?,- diye sordu. Y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli bir subay\u0131n e\u015fleriydi. Kalk\u0131p gittim onlarla. Elimden tutup, beni iki sokak \u00f6teye g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Beni y\u0131kad\u0131lar, elbiseler giydirdiler ve \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l bakt\u0131lar. Ad\u0131m\u0131 G\u00fcli koymu\u015flard\u0131\u201d[45]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Erzurumlu A\u015fkhen Po\u011fikyan, 1915 sonbahar\u0131nda Tigranakert\u2019te (Diyarbak\u0131r-\u00e7ev. notu) kervanlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na geleni anlatmaktad\u0131r. \u201cErtesi g\u00fcn\u00fc Levonik \u00f6ld\u00fc. Annemle tek ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131za kald\u0131k. Sekizime basm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m ve annemi teselli edip rahatlat\u0131yordum. So\u011fuklar bast\u0131rd\u0131, yiyecek yoktu. Korkun\u00e7tu. G\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde kad\u0131n\u0131n biri geldi ve anneme \u201cK\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ver, kendi \u00e7ocu\u011fum olarak g\u00f6t\u00fcreyim, bu so\u011fuk handa ya\u015famaz\u201d,- dedi. Ben gitmek istemiyor, fakat annem ikna ediyordu\u2026 T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131 \u201cG\u00e2vura iyilik yaramaz\u201d,- dedi. Sonunda o kad\u0131n\u0131n evine gittim\u201d[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da belirtilen Arakel Tagoyan, Ermeni \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmektedir. \u201cAk\u0131n\u2019a (E\u011fin-\u00e7ev. notu) varana kadar o denli \u00e7o\u011falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k ki, yakla\u015f\u0131k on bine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Orada bir gece kald\u0131k. Annem elimden tutmu\u015ftu. Amcam Vardan\u2019\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 da bizimleydi. Nehri ge\u00e7tik. Gittik, bir k\u00f6y vard\u0131. Ekmek istemeye gittik. \u00c7aremiz yoktu. Bir de, iki kad\u0131n gelip, amcam Vardan\u2019\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eki\u015ftirerek g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Bu \u015fekilde bizi Arapkir\u2019e ula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar. \u00c7ok yorulmu\u015f oldu\u011fumdan ve ayaklar\u0131m kan i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fundan annem beni kucaklad\u0131. Adam\u0131n biri, kar\u0131s\u0131yla birlikte beni annemin kuca\u011f\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u201d[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen toplu katliamlar ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m, cani M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flevsel \u00f6zellikleri ve di\u011fer halklar\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri zarf\u0131ndaki benzer olgular aras\u0131nda paraleller \u00e7izerek, toplu \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na, cinsel stereotiplerin haricinde, toplumun s\u0131radan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bakmak gerekti\u011fini kesin olarak s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n nefret ve k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k fakt\u00f6rlerine b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu tabiidir. Buna ra\u011fmen, katliam ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlara toplumun geni\u015f \u00e7apta kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 konusundaki \u00fc\u00e7 temel sosyal-ruhsal ve sosyal-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel mekanizmleri belirtmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6ncesi propagandan\u0131n etkisi<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Toplumsal kitlelerin y\u00f6nlendirilerek, soyk\u0131r\u0131ma kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00f6neticiler, propaganda malzemesi olarak, genelde sosyalle\u015fme[48]<\/a> esnas\u0131nda benimsenen \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcr modelleri\u201d kullanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bu \u015fekilde, ki\u015filerin kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00f6zelliklerini kaybedip davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirdikleri bir ruhsal durum h\u00e2s\u0131l olmaktad\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda, genel olarak Ermenilerin \u201cisyanc\u0131\u201d ve \u201chain\u201d olduklar\u0131 y\u00f6nde haberlerin yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201cyabanc\u0131\u201d fig\u00fcr\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik patolojik tehlike bar\u0131nd\u0131ran veriler, benzer \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel modellerden\u201d biridir. Vatan hakk\u0131ndaki tasavvurlar, \u201calt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u201d yeniden tesisi, \u201ccihat\u201d, T\u00fcrk \u201cmilli benli\u011fini\u201d olu\u015fturma \u00e7abas\u0131 vs. propagandan\u0131n geri plan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel modellerdendir\u201d[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Toplumun hiyerar\u015fik yap\u0131s\u0131<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Toplu katliamlar ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlara, kad\u0131nlar da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, t\u00fcm toplumun kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve toplumun belirgin hiyerar\u015fik yap\u0131s\u0131yla da ili\u015fkilidir. Geleneksel hiyerar\u015fik yap\u0131ya sahip toplum d\u00fczenlerinin temelinde yatmakta olan toplumsal de\u011ferler, grup d\u00e2hilindeki ahengin tesis edilmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131p, \u015fiddet kullanman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc alan engelleri ortadan kald\u0131rarak, radikal d\u0131\u015favurumlar sayesinde, toplu \u015fiddet veya soyk\u0131r\u0131m farizas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

      Cinsel \u00f6zellikler de, geleneksel toplumlarda \u00f6nemli role sahip olup, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bu toplumda sahip oldu\u011fu sosyal rol, onlar\u0131n toplu \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki \u015fekil ve kapsam\u0131 etkileyebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

      Bat\u0131 Ermenilerinin Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki imhas\u0131na, genelde ya\u011fmac\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131da s\u0131radan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu, tam da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar\u0131n toplum i\u00e7inde sabit bir sosyal konuma sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131 ve aktif toplumsal faaliyetlerle u\u011fra\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususuyla a\u00e7\u0131klamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr[51]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Ortam bask\u0131s\u0131<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Toplumun s\u0131radan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n toplu katliamlara ve soyk\u0131r\u0131ma kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 iki \u015fekilde, ya askeri veya yar\u0131-askeri kurumlara, ya da sokaktaki cani gruplar\u0131na kat\u0131lmalar\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Halk kitlelerinin katliamlara ve soyk\u0131r\u0131ma kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca etkenleri, \u00e7evre bask\u0131s\u0131 ve toplumsal beraberlik etmenleridir[52]<\/a>. S\u0131radan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki toplu \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara genelde ortam\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda, bazen erkeklerle birlikte, fakat genellikle sadece kad\u0131nlardan olu\u015fan sokak gruplar\u0131na d\u00e2hil olarak kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        The \u201cordinary\u201d executors of the Armenian Genocide: Functional peculiarities of women\u2019s participation<\/b><\/p>\n

        To understand mass violence, massacres, genocides, as well as to prevent their organization and implementation it\u2019s necessary to conduct a research of convictions of different social groups, the concerns they have, their goals and motives of participation in mass violence.<\/p>\n

        In general, it\u2019s a common belief that the implementation of mass violence is the priority of men, that women in their nature are not inclined to commitment of cruelty. In contrast with the existing stereotypes recent researches show that the \u201chuman resource\u201d implementing mass murders and genocides is in fact replenished by such marginalized groups as women and children who do not yield to men by their cruelty.<\/p>\n

        In the article are grouped and illustrated with examples the functional peculiarities of participation of Muslim women in the mass murders and genocide committed against the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire at the end of 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century. Muslim women have often appeared to be in the role of initiators, immediate participants, undertakers, assistants, sneakers, burglars and abductors.<\/p>\n

        Armenoloji konular\u0131, Dergi 1, Yerevan, Yerevan Devlet \u00dcniversitesi (YD\u00dc) yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2014, s. 48-60.<\/b><\/p>\n

        T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/b><\/p>\n

        \n
        \n
        \n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
        \n

        1 Konuyla ilgili bk. Valentino B<\/i>., Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, Ithaca and London, 2004, p. 31.<\/p>\n

        2 Goldhagen D<\/i>., Worse than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity, New York, 2009, p. 100.<\/p>\n

        3 Sharlach L<\/i>., Gender and Genocide in Rwanda: Women as Agents and Objects of Genocide, Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 1, issue 3, 1999, p. 388.<\/p>\n

        4 Holter G<\/i>., A Theory of Gendercide, Gendercide and Genocide, edited by A. Jones, USA, 2004, pp. 73-74.<\/p>\n

        5 Jones A<\/i>., Gender and Genocide in Rwanda, Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 4, Issue 1, 2002, p. 65.<\/p>\n

        6 A.g.e., 88.<\/p>\n

        7 Maier D<\/i>.,<\/b> Women Leaders in the Rwandan Genocide: When Women Choose To Kill, Universitas, The University of Northern Iowa, Journal of Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity, vol. 8, 2012-2013.<\/p>\n

        8 Ruanda\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen Tustsi soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na Aile ve Kad\u0131n Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n genelde kad\u0131nlardan olu\u015ftu\u011fu \u201cMills Collin Radio Station\u201d kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, bu radio sayesinde aktif bir \u015fekilde Tutsi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 propaganda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir (bk. Sharlach L<\/i><\/b>., s. 387, 392). \u015eoah ve Tutsi soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan kad\u0131nlar askeri kamplar, sa\u011fl\u0131k, haberle\u015fme ve e\u011fitim sistemlerine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bk. Adler R<\/i><\/b>., Loyle C<\/i>.,<\/b> and Globerman J<\/i><\/b>., A Calamity in the Neighborhood: Women\u2019s Participation in the Rwandan Genocide, Genocide Studies and Prevention, Offical Journal of the International Assosiation of Genocide Scholars, vol. 2, N 3, 2007). \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m Ansiklopedisi\u2019nde\u201d, Yahudi halk\u0131n\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 esnas\u0131nda askeri kamplar\u0131n var oldu\u011fu ve burada bulunan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, erkekler gibi ayn\u0131 yetkilere sahip oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. \u201cBu kad\u0131nlar, erkek meslekda\u015flar\u0131 kadar kolay bir \u015fekilde insan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Onlar\u0131n sadizmi daha az de\u011fildi\u201d. (\u057f\u0565\u00b4\u057d Encyclopedia of Genocide, edited by I. Charny, vol. II, Oxford, 1999, p. 481): \u201cAlman kad\u0131n doktorlar ligas\u0131\u201d, Yahudilerin \u00fcyeli\u011finin yasak oldu\u011fu ilk \u00f6rg\u00fctlerden biriydi. Kad\u0131n doktorlar, toplama kamplar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u201ct\u0131bbi\u201d cinayetlere de kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hastabak\u0131c\u0131lar, alt\u0131 cinayet merkezlerinde \u201cuzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f katillere\u201d yard\u0131m edip, bazen de \u015fahsen cinayetler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmekteydiler. (ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak bk. Bock G<\/i><\/b>.,<\/b> Ordinary Women in Nazi Germany: Perpetrators, Victims, Followers, and Bystanders. – Women in the Holocaust, edited by Dalia Ofer and Lenore J. Weitzman, New Haven and London, 1998, pp. 87-88):<\/p>\n

        9 Affrican Rights, Rwanda. Not so innocent. When women become killers, August, 1995, Kigali.<\/p>\n

        10 Hogg N<\/i><\/b>.,<\/b> Women\u2019s Participation in the Rwandan Genocide: Mothers or Monsters? International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 92, N 877, March 2010, p. 70.<\/p>\n

        11 Bu ba\u011flamda, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt kad\u0131nlar ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaynaklarda, canilikleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirenlerin milli aidiyetleri belirtilmedi\u011fi durumlarda makalede bu terim kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        12 Terziyan Y., Kilikio a\u011fet\u0131, K. Polis, 1912, s.252. Konuyla ilgili bk. ayr\u0131ca, Ver. A\u015f\u00e7\u0131yan H., Adanayi ye\u011fern\u0131 yev Koniaye hu\u015fer (patmutyan hamar), New York, 1950, s.84.<\/p>\n

        13 Bk. Po\u011fosyan S., Goyatevman paykari karu\u011finerum, Yerevan, 1988, s.428.<\/p>\n

        14 Yohanson A., Aksoryal jo\u011fovurd, mek tari hayots patmutyunits, Yerevan, 2008, s.44.<\/p>\n

        15 Bk. Gust V., Hayeri tse\u011faspanutyun\u0131 1915-1916, Germaniayi artakin gordseri nakhararutyan ka\u011fakakan arkhivi pastat\u011fterits, Yerevan, 2008, s.584.<\/p>\n

        16 Manuk, Dzeragir hush, HTsT\u0130, t\u011ftapanak, 172.<\/p>\n

        17 Cek\u0131bs\u0131n M., Oragrutyun, 1907-1919. Kharberd, Antilias, Libanan, 1979, s.92-93.<\/p>\n

        18 Severek (Sevarag), ka\u011fak Arevmtyan Hayastanum, Diarbekiri nahangi Diarbekiri gavarum.<\/p>\n

        19 Tataryan M., Kamavori m\u0131 hu\u015fer, Matena\u015far tiv 7, Antilias, Libanan, 1960, s.40. An\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131, 1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        20 Ga\u011ftni te\u011fekagir Doktor Yohannes Lepsiusi, Hayastani carder\u0131, K.Polis, 1919, s.56-57. Bu konuda bk. ayr\u0131ca Gust V., belirtilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, s.370.<\/p>\n

        21 Dsaturyan P., Kyank\u0131 vor apretsa, Matena\u015far tiv 13, Antilias, Libanan, 1969, s.27. An\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131, 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        22 Bk. S\u0131vasl\u0131yan V., Hayots tse\u011faspanutyun. Akanates verapro\u011fneri vkayutyunner, Yerevan, 2011, s.106. An\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131, 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        23 S\u0131vasl\u0131yan V., belirtilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, s.234. An\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131, 1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        24 Bk. Hayots tse\u011faspanutyun\u0131 Osmanyan Turkiayum, Verapradsneri vkayutyunner, Pastat\u011fteri jo\u011fovadsu, c. III, Erzurumi, Kharberdi, Diarbekiri, Sebastiayi, Trapizoni nahangner, Parskahayk, Yerevan, 2012, s.204.<\/p>\n

        25 Bliss E.,<\/b> Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities, Edgewood Publishing Company, 1896, pp. 451-452, 465.<\/p>\n

        26 Karlie E., Kotoradsneri mec, Hayastanum fransiatsi h\u00fcpatosi knoch oragir\u0131, Yerevan, 2010, s.77-78. Bu konuda bk. ayr\u0131ca \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0430\u043c, \u041c., 1897, \u0441. 53.<\/p>\n

        27 Bk. Terziyan Y., belirtilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, s.214.<\/p>\n

        28 Antonyan A., Meds vo\u00e7ir\u0131, Haykakan vercin kotoradsner\u0131 yev Talat pa\u015fa, Boston, 1921, s.243-244.<\/p>\n

        29 Bk. Mirakyan A., Verker u tsaver, Matena\u015far tiv 10, Antilias, Libanan, 1960, s.30-31. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m esnas\u0131nda 26 ya\u015f\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

        30 Hayots tse\u011faspanutyun\u0131 Osmanyan Turkiayum, Verapro\u011fneri vkayutyunner, Pastat\u011fteri jo\u011fovadsu, c. II., Bitlisi nahang, Yerevan, 2012, s.51.<\/p>\n

        31 Bk. Bliss E., belirtilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, s.458.<\/p>\n

        32 Ga\u011ftni te\u011fekagir Doktor Yohannes Lepsiusi, Hayastani carder\u0131, s.40.<\/p>\n

        33 Devis L., Spandi nahang, Yerevan, 2001, s.114.<\/p>\n

        34 Ye\u011fbayr Yasent Simon, Martin. Heros ka\u011fak, khoran yev \u015firim Hayastani 1915\u2019i carderun \u0131ntatskin, Libanan, 1991, s.93-94.<\/p>\n

        35 P\u0131rp\u0131ryan \u011e., \u0130m kyanki vodisakan\u0131, Los Angeles, 2000, s.93-94.<\/p>\n

        36 S\u0131vasl\u0131yan V., belirtilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, s.172.<\/p>\n

        37 Tekeyan A., Drvagner aprilyan Meds ye\u011fernen, Pahesnihayutyan go\u011fgotan (1914-1918), Beyrut, 1956, s.134.<\/p>\n

        38 Hayots tse\u011faspanutyun\u0131 Osmanyan Turkiayum, c. III., s.162.<\/p>\n

        39 Bk. Palakyan G. Ds. Vard., Hay go\u011fgotan, Drvagner hay martirosagrutene, Berlinen depi Zor, 1914-1920, Viyana, 1922, s.231-233.<\/p>\n

        40 Hayots tse\u011faspanutyun\u0131 Osmanyan Turkiayum, c. III., s.166.<\/p>\n

        41 Ayn\u0131 yerde, s.45.<\/p>\n

        42 Malyan V., Yerz\u0131nkayi Hayots te\u011fahanutyun\u0131 yev card\u0131. Akanatesi m\u0131 notagrutenen, dzeragir hu\u015fer, HTsT\u0130, t\u011ftapanak 54. Bu an\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, Vardan Malyan, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m y\u0131llar\u0131nda tahminen 10-12 ya\u015flar\u0131nda olmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

        43 Tekeyan A., belirtilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, s.81.<\/p>\n

        44 S\u0131vasl\u0131yan V., belirtilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, s.173.<\/p>\n

        45 A.g.e., s.202.<\/p>\n

        46 A.g.e., s.226.<\/p>\n

        47 A.g.e., s.233-234.<\/p>\n

        48 Ferdin, kendi etnik toplumu ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcreci, etnografya a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u201csosyalle\u015fme\u201d veya \u201cenk\u00fclt\u00fcrle\u015fme\u201d terimleriyle adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, ki\u015finin kendi sosyok\u00fclt\u00fcrel ortam\u0131n\u0131 (k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ortam ve zaman, i\u015flevsel objeler, faaliyet, ili\u015fki, tutum e\u011fitimi) benimsemesi s\u00fcrecidir.<\/p>\n

        49 Grigoryan H., \u201cM\u015fakutayin modelner\u0131\u201d vorpes ambokhi varki kazmakerpman azdakner Hayots tse\u011faspanutyan hamatekstum, Merdsavor Arevelk, Patmutyun, ka\u011fakakanutyun, m\u0131\u015fakuyt, Hodvadsneri jo\u011fovadsu, VII., Yerevan, 2011, s.98-103.<\/p>\n

        50 Waller J., Becoming Evil, Oxford, 2007, pp. 174-189.<\/p>\n

        51 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, \u00f6zellikle de T\u00fcrk kad\u0131nlar\u0131n toplum i\u00e7inde sahip olduklar\u0131 sosyal stat\u00fc konusunda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak bk. \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044c\u043a\u043e<\/i>\u0418<\/i>.<\/i>\u0418<\/i>.<\/i> (\u042e\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u044a<\/i>\u0418<\/i>.), \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u041c., 1908, \u0441. 38-56.<\/p>\n

        52 Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak bk. Valentino B<\/i>., Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Hasmik Grigoryan Soyk\u0131r\u0131m biliminde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerden birine nazaran, toplu katliam veya soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in, toplumun do\u011frudan kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 veya en az\u0131ndan aktif deste\u011fi gerekmektedir. Bu durum, toplu katliamlar\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi ve te\u015fvik edilmesinin \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in toplumun farkl\u0131 sosyal gruplar\u0131n\u0131n kanaati, zihniyeti, \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na kat\u0131lma niyeti ve sebeplerinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r[1]. Genelde, toplu \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14,26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28397","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\nErmeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201ds\u0131radan\u201d ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiricileri, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar \u0130\u015flevsel \u00f6zellikler - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2014\/02\/12\/ermeni-soykiriminin-siradan-gerceklestiricileri-musluman-kadinlar-islevsel-ozellikler\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201ds\u0131radan\u201d ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiricileri, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar \u0130\u015flevsel \u00f6zellikler - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hasmik Grigoryan Soyk\u0131r\u0131m biliminde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerden birine nazaran, toplu katliam veya soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in, toplumun do\u011frudan kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 veya en az\u0131ndan aktif deste\u011fi gerekmektedir. Bu durum, toplu katliamlar\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi ve te\u015fvik edilmesinin \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in toplumun farkl\u0131 sosyal gruplar\u0131n\u0131n kanaati, zihniyeti, \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na kat\u0131lma niyeti ve sebeplerinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r[1]. 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