{"id":27359,"date":"2013-12-11T03:27:07","date_gmt":"2013-12-11T08:27:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=27359"},"modified":"2013-12-11T03:27:07","modified_gmt":"2013-12-11T08:27:07","slug":"turkiyenin-gayriresmi-iktisat-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2013\/12\/11\/turkiyenin-gayriresmi-iktisat-tarihi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin gayriresmi iktisat tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b><a href=\"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin-gayriresmi-iktisat-tarihi.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-27360\" alt=\"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin gayriresmi iktisat tarihi\" src=\"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin-gayriresmi-iktisat-tarihi-300x218.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"218\" \/><\/a>FERDA BALANCAR<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b><i>H\u0131ristiyan sermayesine y\u00f6nelik ya\u011fmac\u0131 zihniyet \u00fcretim bilgisinden yoksun bir iktisadi ya\u015fam ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b><i>Gazeteci ve iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Nevzat Onaran\u2019\u0131n \u2018Emv\u00e2l-i Metr\u00fbke\u2019nin Tasfiyesi-I, Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Ermeni ve Rum Mallar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi (1914-1919)\u2019 ve \u2018Emv\u00e2l-i Metr\u00fbke\u2019nin Tasfiyesi-II, Cumhuriyet\u2019te Ermeni ve Rum Mallar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi (1920-1930)\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 iki ciltlik kitab\u0131 Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131m\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kitapta, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri d\u00f6neminde, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda ba\u015flayan, tasfiye temelinde in\u015fa edilen ekonomi politikalar\u0131n\u0131n 1915\u2019ten g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fi ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde inceleniyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcnde, Cumhuriyet\u2019in ulus-devlet in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin temellendirdi\u011fi ekonomi politika \u00fczerine bina edildi\u011fine ve bu anlamda bir organik devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekiliyor.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b><i>Kitab\u0131 i\u00e7in Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 ve Cumhuriyet ar\u015fivleriyle, Cumhuriyet ile Agos gazeteleri ar\u015fivinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Onaran, ekonomi politi\u011fin birinci elden resmi kayna\u011f\u0131 kanun ve y\u00f6netmeliklerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bunlarla ilgili Meclis\u2019te yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri de incelemi\u015f. Okuyucuya do\u011frudan bilgi aktarmak amac\u0131yla, de\u011ferlendirilmesi yap\u0131lan kanun ve talimatnamelerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u2018Belgeler\u2019 ve bunlarla ilgili olarak Osmanl\u0131 Meclisi\u2019nde ve TBMM\u2019de yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar da \u2018Ekler\u2019 olarak kitapta yer al\u0131yor. <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b><i>\u0130ki ciltlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u201cT\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrklerindir\u2019in ekonomi politi\u011fini inceledim\u201d s\u00f6zleriyle tan\u0131mlayan Nevzat Onaran ile kitab\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u2018milli sermaye\u2019nin y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihini konu\u015ftuk. <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><b>Bu kitab\u0131n ser\u00fcveniyle ba\u015flayal\u0131m. Bu kitap nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131?<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Malatya, Hasan\u00e7elebi\u2019de do\u011fdum, b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fcm. Evliya \u00c7elebi\u2019nin Malatya civar\u0131nda konaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131, yerlerden biridir Hasan\u00e7elebi. T\u00fcrkmen-Alevi yerle\u015fim yeridir. \u00d6nce Hasan\u00e7elebi\u2019deki ya\u015fl\u0131larla s\u00f6zl\u00fc tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131m. O \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Hasan\u00e7elebi\u2019de eskiden \u2018Ohannesler\u2019 diye bilinen Ermeni bir aile ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendim. Kitab\u0131n birinci cildinde de onlardan s\u00f6z ettim. O ailenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendikten ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131m\u0131 derinle\u015ftirdim. Ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken Hrant Dink ile yaz\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131k. Agos\u2019ta konuyla ilgili baz\u0131 yaz\u0131lar yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131m. Marmara \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden bir tarih\u00e7iden 1920-28 aras\u0131ndaki TBMM zab\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Bunu kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken bir kanun dikkatimi \u00e7ekti. Kanun, Ermenilerden kalan mallar\u0131n, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen \u0130ttiha\u00e7\u0131lara, yurti\u00e7inde idam edilenlere ve di\u011fer b\u00fcrokratlara verilmesini d\u00fczenleyen bir kanundu. Bu yaz\u0131 Agos\u2019ta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra kamuoyunda da \u00e7ok etkili oldu. Konuyu ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya devam ettim. Sonunda \u2018Emvali Metruke Olay\u0131\u2019 adl\u0131 kitab\u0131m 2010\u2019da Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu son \u00e7\u0131kan kitab\u0131m ise d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc. Sonu\u00e7 olarak 2003\u2019ten beri bu konuyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><b>Kitab\u0131n temel tezi nedir?<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Kitapta, T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin ekonomi politi\u011fini analiz etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. T\u00fcrk burjuvazisinin sermaye birikiminin H\u0131ristiyan n\u00fcfusun sistematik \u015fekilde tasfiye edilmesiyle ili\u015fkilerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Tarih bilimi bize, burjuvazinin sermaye birikiminin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6nceki egemen \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin egemenleri olan feodal a\u011falar ve seny\u00f6rlerden yap\u0131lan sermaye transferi oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011fretir. \u00dcst\u00fcnde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z topraklarda ise T\u00fcrk burjuvazisi sermayedarlar\u0131n \u0131rki temelde \u00f6tekinin sermayesine el koymas\u0131 \u015feklinde oldu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Birinci kitab\u0131n 252-253 sayfas\u0131nda Akbank\u2019\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Washinton kaynakl\u0131 bir kaynakta, Osmanl\u0131\u2019da sermayenin ve eme\u011fin etnik da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u015fu bilgiler veriliyor: 1914&#8217;te sermaye yap\u0131s\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 15, Rum Ortodokslar\u0131n pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 50, Ermenilerin pay\u0131 ise y\u00fczde 20, Yahudilerin pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 5, yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 ise y\u00fczde 10\u2019dur. Emek da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda ise Rum Ortodokslar\u0131n pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 60, Ermenilerin pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 15, Yahudilerin pay\u0131 10, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 15, yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n ise s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">1915\u2019ten sonra ise Ermenilerin sermayedeki pay\u0131 neredeyse s\u0131f\u0131ra indi. Bu tasfiye s\u00fcreci Rumlar i\u00e7in m\u00fcbadeleyle de devam etti. \u0130stanbul m\u00fcbadelenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f da olsa 1920-23 aras\u0131nda pasaport al\u0131p yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kanlar\u0131n mal\u0131 m\u00fclk\u00fc de M\u00fcsl\u00fcman sermayedarlara devredildi. 1914\u2019te sermayedeki paylar\u0131 y\u00fczde 15 olan m\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrklerin 1930\u2019larda sermayeden ald\u0131klar\u0131 pay y\u00fczde 90\u2019lara \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu tablo bize T\u00fcrk burjuvasinin sermaye birikiminin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kendisinden \u00f6nceki hakim s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n sermayesi de\u011fil, kendi \u00f6tekisi olan H\u0131ristiyan sermayesi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. 1930\u2019larda sanayi sermayesinde y\u00fczde 90 paya ula\u015fan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk sermayesi, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc sanayile\u015fememe sorununun da nedenidir. Bu ya\u011fmac\u0131 zihniyet nedeniyle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00fcretim bilgisinden yoksun bir iktisadi ya\u015fam s\u00f6z konusudur bu \u00fclkede. E\u011fer sermaye birikimi daha \u00f6nceki \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin egemenlerinden gelseydi T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi ve sanayisi bug\u00fcn \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bir noktada olurdu. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sanayile\u015fmesiyle ilgili analizler yap\u0131l\u0131rken bu hep atlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><b>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki iktisat tarih\u00e7ileri bu konuya neden yeterince ilgi g\u00f6stermiyorlar? <\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Bug\u00fcne kadar bu konuda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bir k\u00fct\u00fcphane dolusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 laz\u0131md\u0131. Maalesef iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar ve iktisat tarih\u00e7ileri \u00e7o\u011funlukla m\u00fcesses nizam\u0131n terbiyeli \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. \u0130nsan korkabilir, \u00e7ekinebilir ama ben \u015funu anlam\u0131yorum: Yazars\u0131n\u0131z ve bir kenara koyars\u0131n\u0131z. Sizden sonrakiler yay\u0131mlarlar. Bunu bile yapmam\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><b>T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin ekonomi politi\u011finden s\u00f6z ediyorsunuz, peki K\u00fcrtler bunun neresinde? <\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">K\u00fcrtler, 1890\u2019lardaki Hamidiye Alaylar\u0131 d\u00f6neminden bu yana din fonkisyonuyla yedek g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak de\u011ferlendirildiler. K\u00fcrt hakim s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 Yavuz-\u015eah \u0130smail d\u00f6neminden bu yana Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki m\u00fcesses nizamdan yana oldular. Ermenilerin yo\u011fun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusun da yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, K\u00fcrtlerin bu m\u00fclkiyet transferinden geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde faydaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ancak bununla ilgili kay\u0131t sistemi bug\u00fcne kadar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lamad\u0131. M\u00fclkiyet el de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda bu ya\u011fmaya kat\u0131lanlar, g\u00fcc\u00fc oran\u0131nda bundan nemalan\u0131rlar. En g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcler en b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 al\u0131rken, daha az g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olanlar da g\u00fc\u00e7leri oran\u0131nda nemalan\u0131yor. K\u00fcrtlerde de olan budur. Yani sadece K\u00fcrt a\u011falar\u0131n bu ya\u011fmadan faydaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek do\u011fru de\u011fil.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><b>Sermayenin el de\u011fi\u015ftirmesinde T\u00fcrkiye ile Yunanistan aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan 1924 M\u00fcbadelesi\u2019nin i\u015flevi nedir?<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Rumlar\u0131n Ege k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc 1914\u2019te ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Karadeniz\u2019de de Rumlar\u0131n tasfiyesi M\u00fcbadele\u2019den \u00e7ok \u00f6nce ba\u015fl\u0131yor. 1920\u2019de merkez ordusu kurulunca Karadeniz\u2019e \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor ve Rumlar\u0131n tasfiyesi tamamlan\u0131yor. \u0130lk TBMM\u2019nin Canik yani Samsun Mebusu Emin Bey diyor ki, \u201c93 bin Rum vard\u0131. Yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fck yar\u0131s\u0131 da da\u011fa ka\u00e7t\u0131.\u201d M\u00fcbadele ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Karadeniz\u2019deki Rumlar neredeyse tasfiye olmu\u015flard\u0131. Yunanl\u0131lar \u0130zmir\u2019den \u00e7\u0131karken de Ege b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bo\u015fal\u0131yor. M\u00fcbadele o g\u00fcne kadar T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilen Rum mallar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye f\u0131rsat vermeyen bir imk\u00e2n olmu\u015ftur. Yunan devleti Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019y\u0131 Yunanla\u015ft\u0131rmak istiyordu ve elinde yeterince n\u00fcfus yoktu. Bu tarafta ise M\u00fcbadele 1923\u2019e kadar T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilen m\u00fclkiyetin \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6rtm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Karadeniz Rumlar\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesinin \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fc de yine M\u00fcbadele \u00f6rtm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><b>Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l\u0131na do\u011fru bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar ne y\u00f6ne evrilir? <\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin demokratikle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in bu meseleyle sahici bir y\u00fczle\u015fme gerekiyor. \u00d6nyarg\u0131s\u0131z bakmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak laz\u0131m. 1927\u2019de \u201cana dilim Rumca\u201d diyen insan say\u0131s\u0131 120 bin. Bug\u00fcn ise 2 bin Rum ya\u015f\u0131yor bu \u00fclkede. Bu bile tek ba\u015f\u0131na ya\u015fanan zulm\u00fcn, tasfiyenin en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6stergelerinden biridir. K\u00fcrt sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc y\u00f6n\u00fcnde at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlar kal\u0131c\u0131 olursa, belli bir mesafe al\u0131nabilirse, bu konuda da yol al\u0131nabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b>Meclis\u2019te \u2018ince ayar\u2019<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 ya\u011fmalaman\u0131n Tasfiye Kanunu, 8 Ocak 1920 tarihli kararnameyle y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ysa da, B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nin 15 Nisan 1923 tarih ve 333 no\u2019lu kanunuyla yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konmu\u015f ve 8 Kas\u0131m 1988\u2019e kadar uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 Cumhuriyet ilan\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde yap\u0131lan bu kanuni d\u00fczenlemeyle, ba\u015f\u0131nda sahibi bulunmayan her mal ve m\u00fclk \u2018metr\u00fbk\u2019 ilan edilmi\u015f ve Hazine taraf\u0131ndan el konmu\u015ftur. Emv\u00e2lin 1915\u2019deki k\u0131ymetine g\u00f6re sat\u0131lacak olmas\u0131 da ya\u011fmay\u0131 daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131r k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu anlamda, \u2018\u00f6teki\u2019nin m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fcn tasfiyesinde \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u2019dan Cumhuriyet\u2019e bir organik devaml\u0131l\u0131k vard\u0131r. (2. Cilt, sf. 155-162, 362-372.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b>Rum mallar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131beti<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Tasfiye Kanunu ile s\u00fcr\u00fclen her bir insan\u0131n mal\u0131 ve m\u00fclk\u00fc fiilen Hazine ad\u0131na gasp edildi. Ermeniler\u2019den sonra kitlesel s\u00fcrg\u00fcn kurban\u0131 Rumlar\u2019d\u0131r\u2026 Rumlar, 1914 bahar\u0131nda Ege ve Marmara k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda harice ka\u00e7mak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rken, harp d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zellikle Karadeniz\u2019den Anadolu i\u00e7ine s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Hatta 1914 yaz\u0131nda Mebusan\u2019da Rum s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda D\u00e2hiliye Vekili Tal\u00e2t, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman muhacirlerin \u00e7\u00f6le s\u00fcr\u00fclemeyece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemesinden bir y\u0131l sonra \u201cErmenileri Suriye \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcne s\u00fcr\u00fcn\u201d emrini vermi\u015ftir. (1. cilt, 191-195, 222-234.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Tasfiye Kanunu ile gasp edilen Rum mallar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fcr\u00fclmelerinden iki y\u0131l sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulan 21 \u015eubat 1916\u2019da talimatnameyle, ya\u011fmaya devam edildi. 20 Mart 1918 tarihli tarifnameyle de, Rum mallar\u0131ndan elden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve kalan\u0131n tespitine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. (1. cilt, sf. 310-329.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">1923\u2019deki T\u00fcrkiye-Yunanistan m\u00fcbadele antla\u015fmas\u0131, asl\u0131nda hem ya\u011fman\u0131n hem de 1914\u2019ten itibaren genelinde Rumlar\u2019\u0131n ve \u00f6zelinde 1920-1921\u2019de Pontoslular\u0131n neler ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemi\u015ftir. (2. cilt, sf. 60-90, 256-265.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b>42 komisyonla ya\u011fma<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet, milyonlarca Ermeni ile Rum\u2019u ve di\u011fer milliyetten insanlar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in, geride kalan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn m\u00fclklerinin yani emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbkenin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zel devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Bizzat emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbkeyi tasfiye etmekle g\u00f6revlendirilen Tasfiye Komisyonu, Anadolu\u2019nun her k\u00f6\u015fesinde i\u015fba\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131. Edirne\u2019den Adana\u2019ya, Erzurum\u2019dan \u0130zmid\u2019e, Haleb\u2019den Trabzon\u2019a Karesi\u2019ye 42 Tasfiye Komisyonu faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi. Bunlar kadar yetkilendirilmeyen 33 Emv\u00e2l-i Metr\u00fbke Komisyonu da g\u00f6revlendirildi. (1. cilt, sf. 329-353.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Cumhuriyet y\u0131llar\u0131nda da emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbkenin tasfiyesi i\u00e7in Tasfiye Komisyonu kuruldu, ama bunlardan bilinenin sadece \u0130zmir Tasfiye Komisyonu olmas\u0131, resmi perdelemenin bir faaliyetinden (2. cilt, sf. 164-180.), \u00f6te bir anlam\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b>Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klas\u0131n <\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbkenin tasfiyesi i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan Tasfiye Komisyonu t\u00fcm i\u015flemlerini kay\u0131t alt\u0131na almakla g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015ftir. Belirlenen hesap t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re esas ve cari defterler, s\u00fcr\u00fclen hakk\u0131nda do\u011frudan bilgilenme kayd\u0131d\u0131r. Bug\u00fcne kadar s\u00fcrg\u00fcn defterlerinin bir sayfas\u0131 dahi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmad\u0131. (1. cilt, sf. 344-347.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Uluslararas\u0131 ve D\u0131\u015f \u0130li\u015fkiler Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc H\u00e2kim Abd\u00fclkadir Kaya\u2019n\u0131n 25.6.2003\u2019te Hafik Sulh Hukuk Mahkemesi\u2019ne ve 18.8.2004\u2019te Hafik Cumhuriyet Ba\u015fsavc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi yaz\u0131 ortaya koydu ki, kay\u0131tlara ait defterin adresi Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Bakanl\u0131k, bilgisini verdi\u011fi S\u00fcrg\u00fcn Defterleri\u2019ni a\u00e7\u0131klamal\u0131d\u0131r. (1. cilt, sf. 347-353.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b>\u2018S\u00fcr\u00fclenin paras\u0131\u2019 b\u00fct\u00e7eye <\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbkenin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sat\u0131lmas\u0131 ard\u0131ndan yeni sahipler ad\u0131na tapuland\u0131rman\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ra, g\u00fcndemdeki bir di\u011fer konu da mal\u0131n sahibi ad\u0131na biriken paraya el konmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">1929 krizinin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde, Maliye\u2019de \u2018emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbkenin sahibi\u2019 ad\u0131na \u2018emanet\u2019te toplanan paran\u0131n, 24 May\u0131s 1928 tarih 1349 no\u2019lu kanunla b\u00fct\u00e7eye aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verildi. 1928 y\u0131l\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7esine emanetten aktar\u0131lan 300 bin lirad\u0131r. Benzer uygulama 1916\u2019da bir emirle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1928-2011 d\u00f6nemi sadece b\u00fct\u00e7e art\u0131\u015f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bile o g\u00fcn\u00fcn <b>300 bin liras\u0131, 2011\u2019in 405 milyon<\/b> liras\u0131d\u0131r. Emanet hesab\u0131ndaki para 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda Meclis\u2019te tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olacakt\u0131r. 1928 sonras\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda emanetten b\u00fct\u00e7eye milyonlarca lira aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. (2. cilt, sf. 417-425, 551-560 ve 1. cilt, 366-367.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b>Ermenilerin ve Rumlar\u0131n devletten alacaklar\u0131 <\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Mal ve m\u00fclk\u00fcn gasp\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, mazbatalar\u0131n \u00f6denmemesi nedeniyle de devlet vatanda\u015f\u0131na bor\u00e7ludur. T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda 5 A\u011fustos 1921\u2019de TBMM Reisi ve Ba\u015fkumandan Mustafa Kemal\u2019in emriyle al\u0131nan harp vergisine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verilen mazbatalar\u0131n \u00f6denmesi de, 3 Nisan 1924 tarihli 459 no\u2019lu Mahsubi Umumi Kanunla yap\u0131ld\u0131. Cumhuriyet vatanda\u015f\u0131 Rum ve Ermenilerin \u00f6demede istisna tutulmas\u0131n\u0131, Enc\u00fcmen Reisi Hasan Fehmi (eski Maliye Vekili, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fane mebusu) TBMM Gizli Celse\u2019de \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cMaddeden maksat tehcir ve tegayy\u00fcp (s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen ve kaybolan) Rumlar\u0131n ve Ermenilerin Tekalifi Milliye ve harbiye (milli ve harp vergisi) mazbatalar\u0131n\u0131 mahsup etmemektir (\u00f6dememektir)\u2026 Rumlar\u0131 ve Ermeniler\u2019i bu Tekalifi Milliye mazbatalar\u0131n\u0131n bedellerinden m\u00fcstefit etmemek (faydalanmamas\u0131) i\u00e7in bir \u00e7are d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc. Fakat bunu a\u00e7\u0131k olarak Rum ve Ermeni diyemezdik. Muhtelif \u015fekiller ve form\u00fcller yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u2026 Nihayet en az mahzurlu veyahut mahzursuz bu \u015fekli bulduk\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Soyk\u0131r\u0131mda Bitlis ve Haleb Valisi Mustafa Abd\u00fclhalik 1924\u2019\u00fcn Maliye Vekili olarak, \u201cBize mensup olmayanlara m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar m\u00fc\u015fkilat g\u00f6sterece\u011fiz\u201d ifadesiyle noktay\u0131 koydu. (2. cilt, sf. 182-196.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b><i>ferda@agos.com.tr<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><b><i><a href=\"http:\/\/www.agos.com.tr\/turkiyenin-gayriresmi-iktisat-tarihi-6261.html\">http:\/\/www.agos.com.tr\/turkiyenin-gayriresmi-iktisat-tarihi-6261.html<\/a><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>FERDA BALANCAR H\u0131ristiyan sermayesine y\u00f6nelik ya\u011fmac\u0131 zihniyet \u00fcretim bilgisinden yoksun bir iktisadi ya\u015fam ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Gazeteci ve iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Nevzat Onaran\u2019\u0131n \u2018Emv\u00e2l-i Metr\u00fbke\u2019nin Tasfiyesi-I, Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Ermeni ve Rum Mallar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi (1914-1919)\u2019 ve \u2018Emv\u00e2l-i Metr\u00fbke\u2019nin Tasfiyesi-II, Cumhuriyet\u2019te Ermeni ve Rum Mallar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi (1920-1930)\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 iki ciltlik kitab\u0131 Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131m\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kitapta, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri d\u00f6neminde, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14,22,29,37,42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27359","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-kitaplar-elestiriler","category-mulakatlar","category-tarih-sayfalari","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin gayriresmi iktisat tarihi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2013\/12\/11\/turkiyenin-gayriresmi-iktisat-tarihi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin gayriresmi iktisat tarihi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"FERDA BALANCAR H\u0131ristiyan sermayesine y\u00f6nelik ya\u011fmac\u0131 zihniyet \u00fcretim bilgisinden yoksun bir iktisadi ya\u015fam ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. 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Gazeteci ve iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Nevzat Onaran\u2019\u0131n \u2018Emv\u00e2l-i Metr\u00fbke\u2019nin Tasfiyesi-I, Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Ermeni ve Rum Mallar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi (1914-1919)\u2019 ve \u2018Emv\u00e2l-i Metr\u00fbke\u2019nin Tasfiyesi-II, Cumhuriyet\u2019te Ermeni ve Rum Mallar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi (1920-1930)\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 iki ciltlik kitab\u0131 Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131m\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 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