{"id":2183,"date":"2010-10-02T04:33:25","date_gmt":"2010-10-02T09:33:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=2183"},"modified":"2010-10-02T04:33:25","modified_gmt":"2010-10-02T09:33:25","slug":"yillar-sonra-ahtamarda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/","title":{"rendered":"Y\u0131llar sonra Ahtamar\u2019da"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr<\/strong> (d. <\/em>1956<\/em><\/a>, <\/em>Artvin<\/em><\/a>, <\/em>T\u00fcrkiye<\/em><\/a>), ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 <\/em>yazar<\/em><\/a>, tarih\u00e7i ve <\/em>Taraf Gazetesi<\/em><\/a> k\u00f6\u015fe yazar\u0131. Anne ve babas\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmen olduklar\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok \u015fehirde bulundu. <\/em>Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi<\/em><\/a> Tarih B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler ve siyaset b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc’n\u00fc <\/em>1992<\/em><\/a> y\u0131l\u0131nda bitirdi. <\/em>Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi Atat\u00fcrk Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/em><\/a>‘ne Avrupa Birli\u011fi’nin Tarihle Bar\u0131\u015fma Noktalar\u0131 ve Ermeni Meselesi \u00fczerine lisans\u00fcst\u00fc tezini <\/em>2005<\/em><\/a>\u2019te verdi. <\/em>Radikal Gazetesi<\/em><\/a> ve <\/em>Agos Gazetesi<\/em><\/a>‘nde siyaset ve tarih ile ilgili k\u00f6\u015fe yaz\u0131lar\u0131 ele ald\u0131. <\/em>15 Kas\u0131m<\/em><\/a> <\/em>2007<\/em><\/a>‘den itibaren <\/em>Taraf Gazetesi<\/em><\/a>‘nde yazarl\u0131k yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ege\u2019deki Milet\u2019te ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u2018Tarihin Babas\u0131\u2019 Herodot, Historia adl\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc eserinin 5. kitab\u0131n\u0131n 52. bab\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cKilikya ile Ermenistan aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r, i\u00e7inde gemilerin y\u00fczebildi\u011fi bir \u0131rmakt\u0131r ki ad\u0131 F\u0131rat\u2019t\u0131r. (…) Bu b\u00f6lgeyi gemilerin y\u00fczebildi\u011fi d\u00f6rt \u0131rmak sular. Birincisi Dicle\u2019dir, ikincisi ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ayn\u0131 yerden \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131klar\u0131 ve bir tek \u0131rmak olmad\u0131klar\u0131 halde ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131rlar. Birincisi Ermenistan\u2019dan, ikincisi Matien\u2019lerin \u00fclkesinden gelir. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131 Gyndes\u2019dir.\u201d <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Beceriksizlik mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn e\u011fer yaz\u0131 bask\u0131ya girerken yeni bir aksilik \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131ysa, Herodot\u2019un tarif etti\u011fi bu co\u011frafyada h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Vaspuragan Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc kral\u0131 I. Gagik\u2019in, Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn g\u00fcneyindeki Ahtamar Adas\u0131\u2019nda, 915-921 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda mimar Manuel\u2019e yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kilisede uzun bir aradan sonra ayin sesleri y\u00fckseliyor olmas\u0131 laz\u0131m. \u2018Aksilik\u2019 dedi\u011fim, 2005-2007 y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk ve Ermeni uzmanlar\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fiyle restore edilen ve 29 Mart 2007\u2019de yine gerilimli \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan an\u0131t-kilisenin olmazsa olmaz\u0131 olan 100 kiloluk ha\u00e7\u0131n, Van Valisi M\u00fcnir Karalo\u011flu\u2019nun deyimiyle \u201cteknik ve zor bir i\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle\u201d kubbedeki yerine yerle\u015ftirilmemesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ayinin Ermeni cemaati taraf\u0131ndan protesto edilmesi ihtimaliydi. \u0130n\u015faat \u015firketlerinin 270 metrelik g\u00f6kdelenler dikebildi\u011fi bir \u00fclkede, topu topu 100 kiloluk bir demir ha\u00e7\u0131 topu topu 10-15 metrelik (?) y\u00fcksekli\u011fe dikmeyi ba\u015faramamak valiyi nas\u0131l olur da mahcup etmez diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordum ki, b\u00f6lgenin sa\u011fduyulu i\u015f adamlar\u0131 meseleye el koydular da, ha\u00e7 kubbeye de\u011filse bile, Ermeni cemaatinin onaylad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yere konuldu ve kriz a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mimari hazinenin talan\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayine ev sahipli\u011fi yapacak olan kilisenin duvarlar\u0131ndaki din d\u0131\u015f\u0131 avc\u0131l\u0131k, ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k ve hayvan tasvirlerine bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, Gagik buray\u0131 daha \u00e7ok d\u00fcnyevi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015f. Nitekim d\u00f6nemin bir vakan\u00fcvisti, hem Ahtamar hem de yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Vosdan adac\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Gagik\u2019in in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi \u015fehirleri \u00f6ve \u00f6ve bitiremiyor. Yazara g\u00f6re adalarda g\u00fczel konaklar, meyve ve \u00e7i\u00e7ek bah\u00e7eleri, \u015f\u0131r\u0131l \u015f\u0131r\u0131l akan dereler, binlerce kay\u0131\u011f\u0131 alacak dalgak\u0131ranlar varm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

Surp Ha\u00e7 Kilisesi bu g\u00fczelliklerden geriye kalan nadir \u00f6rnekten biri. Daha \u00f6nce de yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m, d\u00f6nemin \u0130stanbul Patri\u011fi Ma\u011fakya Ormanyan\u2019\u0131n haz\u0131rlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir rapora g\u00f6re 1913-1914 aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinde Ermeni cemaatine ait 2.538 kilise, 451 manast\u0131r ve 2000 okul vard\u0131. Bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131, Birzamanlar Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k 100 Y\u0131l \u00d6nce T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ermeniler (Yay. Haz. Osman K\u00f6ker, 2005) adl\u0131 alb\u00fcmde yay\u0131mlamasayd\u0131, bu yap\u0131lardan haberdar bile olamayacakt\u0131k \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin korkun\u00e7 plan\u0131 uyar\u0131nca 1915\u2019ten itibaren zorla bo\u015falt\u0131lan Ermeni k\u00f6y ve \u015fehirlerine yerle\u015ftirilen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ahalinin ilk i\u015fi, okullar\u0131 ah\u0131ra, kilise ve manast\u0131rlar\u0131 camiye \u00e7evirmek olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Gidenlerin g\u00f6md\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri alt\u0131n ve de\u011ferli e\u015fyay\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan ac\u0131mas\u0131z kaz\u0131lar\u0131n e\u015flik etti\u011fi imha harek\u00e2t\u0131, Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde t\u00fcm h\u0131z\u0131yla devam etti. Nitekim 1923 tarihli Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 42. maddesinde \u201cT\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kiliselerin, sinagoglar\u0131n, mezarl\u0131klar\u0131n ve di\u011fer dini yap\u0131lar\u0131n tam koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 garanti eder\u201d dendi\u011fi halde, 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan UNESCO Raporu\u2019na g\u00f6re, geriye sadece 913 kilise ve manast\u0131r kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gayri resmi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re, 1974\u2019ten sonra bunlar\u0131n 464\u2019\u00fc tamamen y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131, 252\u2019si y\u0131k\u0131lmaya terk edildi, 197\u2019si ise ciddi restorasyona ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyor. Halen UNESCO\u2019nun \u2018D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131\u2019 listesinde olan Ani bunlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi.<\/p>\n

Hassasiyetlere binaen \u2018An\u0131\u2019 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bundan iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Garanti Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Anadolu Sohbetleri program\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda, bir grup gazeteci ile Kars\u2019\u0131 ziyaret etti\u011fimde, i\u00e7inde pek \u00e7ok kilise, manast\u0131r, kale, saray ve k\u00f6pr\u00fc kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren dev bir a\u00e7\u0131k hava m\u00fczesi olan Ani\u2019den \u00e7ok etkilenmi\u015ftim. Bir zamanlar gazetemizin yazar\u0131 olan sevgili Sevan Ni\u015fanyan\u2019\u0131n rehberli\u011finde Ani\u2019yi gezerken, tan\u0131t\u0131m tabelalar\u0131nda 59. H\u00fck\u00fcmet\u2019in K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakan\u0131 Atilla Ko\u00e7\u2019un \u201cT\u00fcrklerin hassasiyetlerini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alarak\u201d koydu\u011fu hat\u0131ra anlam\u0131na gelen \u2018An\u0131\u2019 ad\u0131yla m\u00fc\u015ferref olmu\u015ftuk. Elbette, tabelalarda Ermeni kelimesine de rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Bo\u015f ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc retori\u011fi <\/strong><\/p>\n

Tabelalar de\u011fi\u015fti mi bilmiyorum ama devlet b\u00fcy\u00fcklerimizin tutumu pek de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ba\u015fbakan Erdo\u011fan, atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n 1915\u2019te soyk\u0131r\u0131ma u\u011fratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n evlatlar\u0131n\u0131n hassasiyetlerinin fark\u0131nda oldu\u011funa dair tek kelime sarf etmedi\u011fi gibi, alt taraf\u0131 y\u0131lda bir g\u00fcn kilisede ayine izin verdi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in \u201cT\u00fcrklerin derin ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcnden\u201d dem vuruyor. Daha \u00f6nce de D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131m\u0131z, Azerbaycanl\u0131 soyda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ve T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ilerinin hassasiyetlerine yenik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fclerle ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u2018Ermeni A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n rafa kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 teyit eden \u201cErmenistan s\u0131n\u0131r kap\u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmayacakt\u0131r!\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Evet, y\u0131lda bir kez de olsa ayine izin vermek \u00e7ok g\u00fczel bir davran\u0131\u015f ama moda deyimle s\u00f6yleyelim: \u201cYetmez!\u201d \u015eimdilik burada kesip, bir tarih yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131kal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

S\u0131mpat\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6rkemli \u015fehri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kalkolotik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019dan (M\u00d6 5500-3200) beri yerle\u015fim yeri oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan Ani, Pakraduni Hanedan\u0131\u2019ndan gelen Ermeni Kral\u0131 III. A\u015fod\u2019un, 961 y\u0131l\u0131nda 45 bin ki\u015filik ordusunun huzurunda ta\u00e7 giydi\u011fi \u015fehir. Ama as\u0131l \u00e7ehresini 977 y\u0131l\u0131nda yine Ani\u2019de tahta ge\u00e7en II. S\u0131mpat zaman\u0131nda kazanm\u0131\u015f. S\u0131mpat\u2019\u0131n Kars\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusunda, Arpa\u00e7ay (Arpassus) Irma\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 yakas\u0131nda, derin koyaklarla \u00e7evrili bir plato \u00fczerinde kurdu\u011fu yeni \u015fehrin o tarihlerde 100 bin ki\u015fiye ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet olunuyor.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6nemin Ermeni tarih\u00e7ilerinden Aso\u011fig, \u201c[S\u0131mpat] Ani\u2019nin hendeklerini doldurdu ve \u00fcst\u00fcne Akhutyan Irma\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan Dza\u011fgotsatzor (\u00c7i\u00e7ekler Vadisi) denen vadiye kadar uzanan daire \u015feklinde bir sur in\u015fa etti. Bu suru kire\u00e7le har\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015flardan bina etti ve yanlar\u0131na bur\u00e7lar ve y\u00fcksek kuleler dikti. Eskisini kat kat a\u015fan bu sur, \u015fehrin yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle kaps\u0131yordu. Sedir a\u011fac\u0131ndan kap\u0131lar\u0131, demirden bir par\u00e7ayla ve sa\u011flamca g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ivilerle te\u00e7hiz edilmi\u015fti. Yine Ani \u015fehrinde daha \u00f6nce Argina\u2019daki patrikhanenin kilisesini in\u015fa etmi\u015f olan mimar D\u0131rtad y\u00f6netiminde muhte\u015fem bir kilisenin temellerini att\u0131\u201d diyor. D\u0131rtad, bir depremde hasar g\u00f6ren Aya Sofya Kilisesi\u2019ni tamir etmesi i\u00e7in Konstantinopolis\u2019e \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir usta ayn\u0131 zamanda. Bu tarihten itibaren, Ani\u2019de Kral A\u015fod\u2019un in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi surlarla \u00e7evrili eski \u015fehir ile S\u0131mpat\u2019\u0131n in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi \u00e7ifte surlarla \u00e7evrili yeni \u015fehir iki ayr\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm halinde var olmaya devam etmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n \u015fans\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Buraya kadar her \u015fey iyi ama 12. y\u00fczy\u0131l tarih\u00e7isi Urfal\u0131 Mateos\u2019a bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, Bizans \u0130mparatoru IX. Konstantinos Monomakhos taraf\u0131ndan bir saray ve Kapadokya\u2019da bereketli topraklar verilerek kand\u0131r\u0131lan Ermeni Kral\u0131 II. Gagik\u2019in \u015fehrin anahtar\u0131n\u0131 1045\u2019te Patri\u011fi Bedros arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Konstantinopolis\u2019e teslim etmesinden sonra Ani\u2019nin kaderi t\u00fcm\u00fcyle tersine d\u00f6n\u00fcyor. \u201c\u0130mparator, Gagik\u2019in Ani\u2019yi g\u00f6rmesine bir daha asla izin vermedi. Gagik\u2019e gelince bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcn gibi hain Grek milletinin aras\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u201d diye ba\u011fl\u0131yor hik\u00e2yeyi Mateos.<\/p>\n

O y\u0131llarda Sel\u00e7uklu-T\u00fcrk ak\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131 ile Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p kalan Ani, Ermeni Takvimi\u2019nin 513.y\u0131l\u0131nda, Meryem Ana\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6\u011fe kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yortusunun, yani Surp Asdvadzadzin\u2019in ertesi g\u00fcn\u00fc, 16 A\u011fustos 1064\u2019te, \u015fehri savunan Bizans garnizonunun panik i\u00e7inde ka\u00e7mas\u0131 \u00fczerine Sel\u00e7uklu ordular\u0131n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7er. Bu umulmad\u0131k zafer kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fa\u015fk\u0131na d\u00f6nen Sel\u00e7uklu H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Alparslan\u2019\u0131n \u015f\u00f6yle hayk\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet olunur: \u201cBu ele ge\u00e7irilmez \u015fehri bizim ellerimize b\u0131rakan onlar\u0131n tanr\u0131s\u0131!\u201d<\/p>\n

1094\u2019te \u0130skit Tatarlar\u0131n\u0131n, 1236\u2019da Mo\u011follar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7en, 1319\u2019daki depremde b\u00fcy\u00fck hasar g\u00f6ren \u015fehir, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde t\u00fcm\u00fcyle y\u0131k\u0131lmaya terk edildi. Yine de 1965\u2019lere gelindi\u011finde, ortada pek \u00e7ok de\u011ferli kal\u0131nt\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyordu. 2005 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar \u2018askeri yasak b\u00f6lge olan\u2019 b\u00f6lgenin son durumunu ne yaz\u0131k ki bilmiyorum ama Ahtamar\u2019daki ayinin, b\u00f6lgenin di\u011fer zenginliklerini hat\u0131rlama vesilesi olmas\u0131n\u0131 diliyorum.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Ermeni pa\u015falar\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu topraklardaki Ermeni varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 mimariden, edebiyattan, tiyatrodan, gazetecilikten veya m\u00fczikten \u00f6rneklerle somutla\u015ft\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ama ben daha iyi bildi\u011fim bir alandan, iktisat d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6rnek verece\u011fim.<\/p>\n

Bilindi\u011fi gibi, Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131 II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019e gelene kadar \u015fahsi m\u00fclk edinmiyorlar ancak geliri saltanat makam\u0131n\u0131n harcamalar\u0131na tahsis edilen arazilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, hanedan mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n ikametlerine tahsis edilen binalar\u0131 hayatta olduklar\u0131 s\u00fcrece kullanabiliyorlard\u0131. Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n ilan\u0131yla sultanlara bu haklar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k 12 bin 500 lira maa\u015f ba\u011fland\u0131. Bu o g\u00fcn\u00fcn paras\u0131 ile 12 milyon franka denk geliyordu. (Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 y\u0131lda 34 milyon, Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatoru ve Alman \u0130mparatoru 19,5 milyon, \u0130talya Kral\u0131 16 milyon, \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 13,5 milyon frank \u00f6denek al\u0131yordu.) Daha \u015fehzadeli\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda borsada oynayarak gelirini katlamay\u0131 ba\u015faran Abd\u00fclhamid ba\u015fa ge\u00e7ti\u011finde ilk olarak g\u00fcvenebilece\u011fi bir Hazine-i Hassa Naz\u0131r\u0131 aram\u0131\u015f ve \u015fehzadeli\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131\u2019ndan tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 Agop (veya Hagop) Kazazyan\u2019\u0131 (1833\u20131891) se\u00e7mi\u015fti. O s\u0131rada Kazazyan, Galata Voyvoda Kaymakaml\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan geldi\u011fi Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131\u2019nda Muhaberat-\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye Kalemi M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yap\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

1879\u2019da \u2018Pa\u015fa\u2019 unvan\u0131 ile Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131\u2019nda bir daireye yerle\u015ftirilen Agop Kazazyan, kendisine g\u00fcvenenleri mahcup etmedi ve iki defa da Maliye Naz\u0131r\u0131 oldu. \u00dcstelik bu d\u00f6nemlerde Hazine-i Hassa Naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da b\u0131rakmad\u0131. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Ermenice, Frans\u0131zca, \u0130talyanca ve Slavca konu\u015fabilen Agop Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 y\u00fckseli\u015finin \u2018ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk kesimde ne gibi hisler uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015eair E\u015fref\u2019in \u015fu d\u00f6rtl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor: \u201cSadrazam yap\/ Den\u00eenin \u00fcst\u00fcne vars\u0131n gelen de bir den\u00ee olsun\/ Sadaret m\u00fchr\u00fc memnu\u2019 ise vermek m\u00fcs\u00fclmana\/ Yahudi\u2019den usand\u0131k, bir zaman da Ermeni olsun\u201d.<\/p>\n

Agop Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n su\u00e7u <\/strong><\/p>\n

Den\u00ee bilindi\u011fi gibi \u2018al\u00e7ak\u2019 demek. Peki, Agop Pa\u015fa M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ne gibi bir k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r da, \u015eair E\u015fref\u2019in hakaretine u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? Gelin siz karar verin: Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin son d\u00f6nemlerinde s\u0131k s\u0131k memur maa\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6denemezdi. 1888\u2019de de benzer bir kriz ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Memurlar\u0131n maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyebilmek i\u00e7in Avrupa \u00fclkelerine ba\u015fvurulmu\u015f, Galata sarraflar\u0131na bile bor\u00e7lan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama durum hala d\u00fczelmemi\u015fti. \u015eeker Bayram\u0131\u2019na birka\u00e7 hafta kala, gazetelerde, Maliye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Mahmud Celaleddin Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n merhum Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n yal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 30 bin liraya sat\u0131n alma pazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011funa dair haberler \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce Girit ihtilaf\u0131n\u0131 halletti diye Abd\u00fclhamid taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fck\u00e2fat olarak Maliye Naz\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131lan Pa\u015fa haberi tekzip etti, fakat birka\u00e7 hafta sonra Levant Herald gazetesinde, Celaleddin Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n bayramdan \u00f6nce Galata sarraflar\u0131ndan \u2018memur maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demek i\u00e7in\u2019 k\u0131sa vade ile otuz bin lira bor\u00e7 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, vade geldi\u011fi halde bor\u00e7 \u00f6denmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in sarraflar\u0131 temsilen Unciyan, \u015ei\u015fmano\u011flu, Eseyan, Yeni D\u00fcnya adl\u0131 ki\u015filerin Bab\u0131\u00e2li\u2019ye ba\u015fvurarak paralar\u0131n\u0131 istedikleri yolunda bir haber \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Celaleddin Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n sarraflardan \u2018memur maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demek i\u00e7in\u2019 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bor\u00e7 ile almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen yal\u0131n\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131n 30 bin lira olmas\u0131 \u00e7ok \u015f\u00fcphe \u00e7ekiciydi. Sonu\u00e7ta, padi\u015fah\u0131n konuyu ara\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kurdur\u011fu komisyon Celaleddin Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 azletti, yerine Agop Pa\u015fa tayin edildi. Birka\u00e7 ay sonra gazeteler Eyl\u00fcl maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n verilece\u011fini bildiriyor, i\u015fleri d\u00fczelten Agop Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6v\u00fcyorlard\u0131.\u00a0<\/p>\n

K\u0131r at\u0131n etti\u011fi <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Agop Pa\u015fa, devletin kredi ili\u015fkilerinde o zamana kadar tek kaynak olan Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131\u2019na alternatif olarak Kredi Liyone Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 (Banque Cr\u00e9dit Lyonnais) devreye sokan ki\u015fiydi. Ancak bu nedenle de Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n h\u0131\u015fm\u0131na u\u011fray\u0131p Maliye Naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Agop Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in 1891\u2019de kendisine hediye etti\u011fi k\u0131r at y\u00fcz\u00fcnden oldu. Yenik\u00f6y\u2019de ya\u015fl\u0131 annesiyle ya\u015fayan Agop Pa\u015fa at\u0131yla gezerken, \u00e7al\u0131lar\u0131n aras\u0131ndan f\u0131rlayan bir kediden \u00fcrken at gemi az\u0131ya alm\u0131\u015f, Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 Kalender Kasr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n duvar\u0131na \u00e7arparak yere yuvarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Abd\u00fclhamit \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck bir servet yapabildiysem bu Agop Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n dirayeti sayesinde olmu\u015ftur. M\u00fclk\u00fcm\u00fc gayet iyi idare etmi\u015f, y\u0131lda 500 bin alt\u0131n gelir getirecek hale koymu\u015ftur. \u00d6zel ki\u015filere ve vak\u0131flara ait olmayan araziyi Sultan mal\u0131 ilan etmek fevkalade bir fikirdi…\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0130lk Osmanl\u0131 Liberalleri <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu co\u011frafyada modern anlamda iktisat ile ilgilenmi\u015f ilk Osmanl\u0131lar, Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131 ayd\u0131nlard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Nigoghayos Zorayan\u2019\u0131n (1821-1859) 1849 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019da, M\u00fchendisyan Matbaas\u0131\u2019nda bas\u0131lan Kaghakagan Dindesutyan Vra Deghegutyunner [Ekonomi politik hakk\u0131nda malumatlar] kitab\u0131, bu alanda bir ilk olarak kabul edilir. Zorayan, devrin Sadrazam\u0131 Mustafa Re\u015fit Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u015fahsi sarraf\u0131 ve G\u00fcmr\u00fck Emini M\u0131g\u0131rd\u0131\u00e7 Cezayirliyan\u2019\u0131n muhasebecili\u011fini yap\u0131yordu. Bu ili\u015fkileri sayesinde Cezarl\u0131yan\u2019\u0131n Hask\u00f6y\u2019de kurdu\u011fu okulun ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f, kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 e\u011fitim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na tan\u0131tma f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Bu konudaki bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nc\u00fc eser, Bab-\u0131 \u00c2li Terc\u00fcme Odas\u0131 Reisi Sahak Abro[yan]\u2019\u0131n (Osmanl\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131nda Sehak Ebru olarak ge\u00e7er) 1852\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan, yar\u0131 terc\u00fcme yar\u0131 telif eseri \u0130lm-i Tedbir-i Menzil adl\u0131 kitab\u0131yd\u0131. (Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmdeki bilgileri veren Garo Aprahamyan\u2019a te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederim.)<\/p>\n

Mikael Portukal Pa\u015fa <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ama ilk Osmanl\u0131 liberalleri denince akla, Mikael Portukal Pa\u015fa (1842-1897) ile Sak\u0131zl\u0131 Ohannes Pa\u015fa (1836-1912) gelir. 1860\u2019lardan itibaren M\u00fclkiye Mektebi\u2019nde maliye dersleri veren Mikael Portukal Pa\u015fa, 1888\u2019de Celaleddin Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yiyen mali skandal s\u0131ras\u0131nda Naz\u0131rl\u0131kta Nezaret M\u00fcste\u015far\u0131 idi. Celadettin Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n yerini Agop Pa\u015fa al\u0131rken, Portukal Pa\u015fa da g\u00f6revinden olmu\u015ftu. Ancak pa\u015fa i\u015fsiz kalmad\u0131. II. Abd\u00fclhamid \u015fahsi servetinin idaresini Pa\u015fa\u2019ya teslim etti. Maden ve petrol i\u015fletme imtiyazlar\u0131n\u0131 Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in \u015fahsi mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haline getiren Mikail Portukal Pa\u015fa\u2019yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sak\u0131zl\u0131 Ohannes Pa\u015fa <\/strong><\/p>\n

Mikail Portakal Pa\u015fa1897\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in Hazine-i Hassa Naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revini Sak\u0131zl\u0131 Ohannes Pa\u015fa devrald\u0131. Ohannes Pa\u015fa, 1860\u2019lardan beri Maliye Mektebi\u2019nde k\u0131saca \u2018\u0130lm-i Servet\u2019 diye an\u0131lan iktisat derslerini veren \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir fikir adam\u0131yd\u0131. O y\u0131llarda Mekteb-i M\u00fclkiye\u2019de \u00f6\u011frenci olan Ahmet \u0130hsan bu iki pa\u015fan\u0131n \u00f6nemini \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: \u201cD\u00fcnyada hayat\u0131n ancak iktisat \u00fczerine kurul\u00admu\u015f oldu\u011funu, milletlerle memleketler kuvvetinin her \u015feyden ziyade m\u00e2l\u00ee te\u015fkilat ve sa\u2019yden (emek) \u00e7\u0131kaca\u00ad\u011f\u0131n\u0131 M\u00fclkiye mezunlar\u0131na hep bu hocalar telkin etmi\u015fti. Sar\u0131kl\u0131 hocalardan ve evlerimizdeki atala\u00adr\u0131m\u0131zdan dinledi\u011fimiz bat\u0131l itikatlar\u0131, yani fena surette tefsir edilmi\u015f olan \u2018k\u0131smet\u2019, \u2018kanaat\u2019 ve \u2018f\u00e2n\u00ee d\u00fcnya\u2019 akidelerinin bo\u015flu\u011funu, garpte i\u2019til\u00e2 etmi\u015f (Bat\u0131\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f) olan ilm\u00ee ve fenn\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler sayesinde tetkik ve hallolunmas\u0131 laz\u0131m gelen meseleleri; kur\u00fbn-\u0131 vust\u00e2 (Orta\u00e7a\u011f) kafas\u0131yla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteki tehlikeleri bu iki ho\u00adcadan \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftim. H\u00fclasa b\u00fct\u00fcn Mekteb-i M\u00fclkiye\u2019de okuyanlar ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc yeti\u015fiyordu. Babala\u00adr\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve kanaatlerinin z\u0131dd\u0131na mefk\u00fbreler al\u0131yorduk.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00c7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bilim adam\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Liberal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri ile J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk hareketini derinden etkilemi\u015f olan Sak\u0131zl\u0131 Ohannes Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n 1881 tarihli Mebad-i \u0130lmi Serveti Milel adl\u0131 ders kitab\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde yay\u0131mlanan ilk klasik iktisat kitab\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n ad\u0131, \u0130sko\u00e7 iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Adam Smith\u2019in Milletlerin Zenginli\u011fi adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n hemen hemen ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Ohannes Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n imparatorlu\u011fun kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in serbest rekabeti gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, himayecilik, devlet\u00e7ilik ve tekel usul\u00fcne, narha (devletin fiyatlar\u0131 belirlemesi) kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Devletin ula\u015f\u0131m hizmetlerini, \u00f6zellikle demiryolu ve demiryolu alan\u0131ndaki yap\u0131m ve i\u015fletme faaliyetlerini b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle \u00f6zel \u015firketlere b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirten Ohannes Pa\u015fa, serbest ticaretin temeli olan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 \u00fczerinde durmu\u015f, bireysel \u00e7\u0131karlarla, toplumun genel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki uyumun serbest ticaret ve rekabet sayesinde adeta kendili\u011finden sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n, o d\u00f6nemde Avrupa\u2019da tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmakta olan sosyalizmi ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve insan do\u011fas\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 buldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ohannes Pa\u015fa\u2019yla ba\u015flayan liberalizm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin izleyicileri M\u00fcnif Pa\u015fa, Cavit Bey, Prens Sabahattin, Ahmet A\u011fao\u011flu gibi isimler olacakt\u0131r. (Do\u011fan Avc\u0131o\u011flu\u2019ya g\u00f6re Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin ba\u015fbakanlar\u0131ndan ve 1930\u2019da kurulan Serbest F\u0131rka\u2019n\u0131n genel ba\u015fkan\u0131 Fethi Okyar da bu ekoldendir.)<\/p>\n

\u0130lk estetik kitab\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu arada, Sak\u0131zl\u0131 Ohannes Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Mekteb-i F\u00fcnun-\u0131 Nefise-i \u015eahane\u2019de estetik \u00fczerine verdi\u011fi ders notlar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirerek yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 F\u00fcnun-u Nefise Tarih-i Medhali (G\u00fczel Sanatlar Tarihine Giri\u015f) adl\u0131 eserin Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u2018estetik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce\u2019 tarihinin ilk kitab\u0131 say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, idare usul\u00fc derslerine ili\u015fkin ula\u015f\u0131labilen ilk kayna\u011f\u0131n da yine 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mektebi M\u00fclkiye d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f \u00f6\u011frencileri i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ders notlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtelim. Ekim 1908\u2019e kadar Hazine-i Hassa Naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten Ohannes Pa\u015fa, bu tarihte kendi r\u0131zas\u0131 ile emeklili\u011fe ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn zaman\u0131n\u0131 filoloji ve s\u00f6zl\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na hasretmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zet Kaynak\u00e7a: Herodot Tarihi (\u00c7ev. M\u00fcntekim \u00d6kmen), Remzi Kitabevi, 1973;Rene Grousset, Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan 1071\u2019e Ermenilerin Tarihi, Aras Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2005; Arzu Tozduman Terzi, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Maliyesinde S\u00f6z Sahibi \u00dc\u00e7 Ermeni Naz\u0131r: Agop, Mikail ve Ohannes Pa\u015falar\u201d, 23-24 Nisan 2002 Uluslararas\u0131 T\u00fcrk-Ermeni \u0130li\u015fkileri Sempozyumu\u2019na sunulan bildiri; Ahmet \u0130hsan, Matbuat Hat\u0131ralar\u0131m, C. 1, Ahmet \u0130hsan Matbaas\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1930; Tevfik \u00c7avdar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Liberalizm (1860-1990), \u0130mge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1992. Foto\u011fraflar G\u00fcnay G\u00f6ksu \u00d6zdo\u011fan, F\u00fcsun \u00dcstel, Karin Karaka\u015fl\u0131, Ferhat Kentel, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ermeniler.<\/p>\n

hurayse@hotmail.com<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

ID:714
\nTarih:19.9.2010<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.hyetert.com\/yazi3.asp?s=1&Id=714&DilId=1<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr (d. 1956, Artvin, T\u00fcrkiye), ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 yazar, tarih\u00e7i ve Taraf Gazetesi k\u00f6\u015fe yazar\u0131. Anne ve babas\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmen olduklar\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok \u015fehirde bulundu. Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi Tarih B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler ve siyaset b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc’n\u00fc 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda bitirdi. Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi Atat\u00fcrk Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc‘ne Avrupa Birli\u011fi’nin Tarihle Bar\u0131\u015fma Noktalar\u0131 ve Ermeni Meselesi \u00fczerine lisans\u00fcst\u00fc tezini 2005\u2019te verdi. Radikal Gazetesi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,13,14,15,37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2183","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-gunumuzde-bati-ermenistan","category-haberler","category-haklarimiz","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"\nY\u0131llar sonra Ahtamar\u2019da - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Y\u0131llar sonra Ahtamar\u2019da - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr (d. 1956, Artvin, T\u00fcrkiye), ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 yazar, tarih\u00e7i ve Taraf Gazetesi k\u00f6\u015fe yazar\u0131. Anne ve babas\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmen olduklar\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok \u015fehirde bulundu. Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi Tarih B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler ve siyaset b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc’n\u00fc 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda bitirdi. Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi Atat\u00fcrk Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc‘ne Avrupa Birli\u011fi’nin Tarihle Bar\u0131\u015fma Noktalar\u0131 ve Ermeni Meselesi \u00fczerine lisans\u00fcst\u00fc tezini 2005\u2019te verdi. Radikal Gazetesi […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2010-10-02T09:33:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2010\/10\/ayse_hur_1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"440\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"kalem\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"kalem\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"17 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/\",\"name\":\"Y\u0131llar sonra Ahtamar\u2019da - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/10\/ayse_hur_1-300x204.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2010-10-02T09:33:25+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#\/schema\/person\/135e7923d1aeb8887890799619969a6c\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/10\/ayse_hur_1-300x204.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/10\/ayse_hur_1-300x204.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Y\u0131llar sonra Ahtamar\u2019da\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/\",\"name\":\"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#\/schema\/person\/135e7923d1aeb8887890799619969a6c\",\"name\":\"kalem\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a06875e4b25feb5674296adf8e8a7ae1e587cebce2493fe63c456109967e27d3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a06875e4b25feb5674296adf8e8a7ae1e587cebce2493fe63c456109967e27d3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"kalem\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/author\/kalem\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Y\u0131llar sonra Ahtamar\u2019da - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Y\u0131llar sonra Ahtamar\u2019da - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","og_description":"Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr (d. 1956, Artvin, T\u00fcrkiye), ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 yazar, tarih\u00e7i ve Taraf Gazetesi k\u00f6\u015fe yazar\u0131. Anne ve babas\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmen olduklar\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok \u015fehirde bulundu. Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi Tarih B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler ve siyaset b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc’n\u00fc 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda bitirdi. Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi Atat\u00fcrk Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc‘ne Avrupa Birli\u011fi’nin Tarihle Bar\u0131\u015fma Noktalar\u0131 ve Ermeni Meselesi \u00fczerine lisans\u00fcst\u00fc tezini 2005\u2019te verdi. Radikal Gazetesi […]","og_url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/","og_site_name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","article_published_time":"2010-10-02T09:33:25+00:00","og_image":[{"width":440,"height":300,"url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2010\/10\/ayse_hur_1.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"kalem","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"kalem","Est. reading time":"17 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/","name":"Y\u0131llar sonra Ahtamar\u2019da - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/10\/ayse_hur_1-300x204.jpg","datePublished":"2010-10-02T09:33:25+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#\/schema\/person\/135e7923d1aeb8887890799619969a6c"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/#primaryimage","url":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/10\/ayse_hur_1-300x204.jpg","contentUrl":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/10\/ayse_hur_1-300x204.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/10\/02\/yillar-sonra-ahtamarda\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Y\u0131llar sonra Ahtamar\u2019da"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#website","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/","name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#\/schema\/person\/135e7923d1aeb8887890799619969a6c","name":"kalem","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a06875e4b25feb5674296adf8e8a7ae1e587cebce2493fe63c456109967e27d3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/a06875e4b25feb5674296adf8e8a7ae1e587cebce2493fe63c456109967e27d3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"kalem"},"url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/author\/kalem\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2183","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2183"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2183\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2183"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2183"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2183"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}