{"id":21269,"date":"2013-01-22T08:51:17","date_gmt":"2013-01-22T13:51:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=21269"},"modified":"2013-01-22T08:51:17","modified_gmt":"2013-01-22T13:51:17","slug":"izmir-muhacirlerinin-yunanistanda-toplu-iskani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2013\/01\/22\/izmir-muhacirlerinin-yunanistanda-toplu-iskani\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130zmir muhacirlerinin Yunanistan\u2019da toplu isk\u00e2n\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Tehmine<\/a>Tehmine Martoyan<\/b><\/p>\n

Tarih doktoru<\/b><\/p>\n

Bu makale, \u0130zmir muhacirlerinin 1922 g\u00fcz\u00fcnde Yunanistan\u2019da isk\u00e2n edilmesiyle ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

Makalenin amac\u0131, konuyla ilgili kaynaklar ve literat\u00fcr temelinde, Ermeni ve Yunanl\u0131lardan (Rum) olu\u015fan \u0130zmir muhacirlerinin, 1922\u2019den sonraki s\u00fcrede Yunanistan\u2019daki durumlar\u0131n\u0131n sunulup, irdelenmesidir.<\/p>\n

Muhacirlerin toplu olarak isk\u00e2n edilmeleri sebepleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek, taraf\u0131m\u0131zdan bir dizi soru ortaya konulmu\u015ftur. Planlanm\u0131\u015f c\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn sonucu olarak muhacir durumuna d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olan H\u0131ristiyan Ermeni ve Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n toplu isk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu, \u201ca\u011f\u0131rlayan \u00fclke\u201d olarak Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n tepkisinin nas\u0131l oldu\u011fu, toplumun, muhacirlerin isk\u00e2n\u0131yla ilgili kesin ve sistematik bir programa sahip olup olmamas\u0131 vs.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerden Eric Hobsbawm\u2019a g\u00f6re, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan itibaren, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m<\/i> ve Vatan kayb\u0131<\/i> (Apatrit) gibi yeni kelimeler icat etmeye gerek duyulacak kadar inan\u0131lmaz boyutlardaki tehcir ve katliamlar\u0131n, o g\u00fcne kadar bilinmeyen derecelerini \u201cd\u00fcnya kendi kendisine \u00f6\u011fretmi\u015ftir\u201d[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0130zmir H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cmilli temizli\u011finin\u201d, genellikle ifade edildi\u011fi gibi, salt bir \u201cfelaket\u201d oldu\u011funu zannetmek safl\u0131k olur.<\/p>\n

Bu olay, T\u00fcrklerin soyk\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 siyasetinin \u201cba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir nihayetiydi\u201d.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi etnik anlam\u0131yla oldu\u011fu kadar, \u201ctarihi\u201d a\u00e7\u0131dan T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmenin, Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn, H\u0131ristiyan milli az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den s\u00fcrg\u00fcn etme siyasetini aklayan bir y\u00f6ntem oldu\u011funu belirten uluslar aras\u0131 siyaset uzman\u0131 H. Hakobyan, bu a\u00e7\u0131dan tamamen hakl\u0131d\u0131r[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0130zmir\u2019de vuku bulan c\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn g\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahidi olan, ABD\u2019nin Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu el\u00e7isi George Horton, T\u00fcrklerin t\u00fcm kanl\u0131 tarihi boyunca icra etmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir olay\u0131n, \u0130zmir\u2019in 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda tahrip edilmesi kadar zalimce olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, savunmas\u0131z ve silahs\u0131z insanlara kar\u015f\u0131 uygulanan eziyetler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en al\u00e7ak\u00e7a y\u00f6ntemlerin se\u00e7ilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0130zmir\u2019in tahrip edilmesi, C. Horton taraf\u0131ndan, hayatta kalan H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n \u0130zmir\u2019i terk etmeye mecbur kal\u0131p, Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n h\u00fcmanizmine ve l\u00fctf\u00fcne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131,\u00a0 korkun\u00e7 felaketin \u201c\u015feytani nihayeti\u201d olarak betimlenmektedir[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Vuku bulanlarla ilgili inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 veriler sunan el\u00e7ilerin, konsoloslar\u0131n ve misyonerlerin \u015fahadetleri \u00f6zellikle ilgin\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, ABD\u2019nin eski el\u00e7isi Henry Morgenthau \u201c\u2026 T\u00fcrk ordusu, Kemal\u2019in g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde, \u0130zmir\u2019in Yunan mahallesindeki Yunanl\u0131 erkek, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n sistematik katli, evlerin ve kiliselerin planl\u0131 soygunu, ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n kad\u0131n ve gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar\u0131n i\u011ffal edilmesi, 16-50 ya\u015f aras\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan erkeklerin se\u00e7ilip, \u00fclkenin i\u00e7lerine s\u00fcr\u00fclerek hemen t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6lene kadar zorunlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u2026 T\u00fcm bu \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131, T\u00fcrklerin, Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019dan tamamen s\u00fcr\u00fclmesine y\u00f6nelik ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k ifadesidir. T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ilerinin, Kemal\u2019in kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu plan gere\u011fince K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya tamamen \u201cT\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir\u201d.<\/p>\n

Yunanl\u0131 ahalinin s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi veya tehcir edilmesi plan\u0131 \u00e7ok basitti. \u0130zmir deh\u015feti sonucunda binlerce Yunan ailesi hemen b\u00f6lgeyi terk etmi\u015ftir\u2026\u201d[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Danimarkal\u0131 misyoner Jensine Oerts, konuyla ilgili olarak \u201cTarihte g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f H\u0131ristiyan takibatlar\u0131, \u0130zmir\u2019in me\u015fum felaketiyle son buldu. Vuku bulanlarla ilgili yakla\u015f\u0131k bir fikir elde edebilmek i\u00e7in, \u015fehrin ate\u015fe verilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmek yeterlidir\u2026 \u0130nsan cesetleriyle \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc ve kana boyanm\u0131\u015f olan liman, halk\u0131n tek s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131yd\u0131\u201d[6]<\/a>,- demektedir.<\/p>\n

Benzer \u015fahadetler, tahayy\u00fcl edilemez insani nefret hakk\u0131nda bir fikir elde etmek i\u00e7in yeterlidir.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6rg\u00fc \u015fahitlerinden bir\u00e7o\u011fu, bu tiksindirici olaylar\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye muktedir olmay\u0131p, facia s\u00fcrecine m\u00fcdahale etme hakk\u0131na sahip olmayarak, ister istemez \u201cseyirciye\u201d d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Lakin bu aczin, onlar\u0131n bilincinde derin bir iz b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu kesindir.<\/p>\n

Orts\u2019un, \u201c\u2026 Balkonumuzdan, g\u00fcnlerce a\u00e7\u0131k hava alt\u0131nda kalarak gemileri bekleyen binlerce insan g\u00f6r\u00fcyorduk, yakla\u015f\u0131k 80.000 ki\u015fiydi. Yard\u0131m\u0131m\u0131za ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131, fakat biz hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapamad\u0131k\u2026<\/p>\n

Mutlu bir tesad\u00fcf sonucunda kurtulmu\u015f olan Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131 ve Ermenileri nakletmek i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan t\u00fcm kay\u0131klar\u0131 kulland\u0131lar\u2026 Bu heng\u00e2me i\u00e7inde bir\u00e7o\u011funun, eziyetlerine son vermek veya ba\u015far\u0131lmas\u0131 hemen-hemen imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olan, y\u00fczerek k\u0131y\u0131ya varmak i\u00e7in kendilerini iskeleden denize atmalar\u0131 gibi, unutamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sahnelerin \u015fahidi olduk\u201d[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda \u0130zmir halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, hayat\u0131n\u0131 bir g\u00fcnah ve \u00f6lenlere y\u00f6nelik bir ihanet olarak g\u00f6rerek, hayatta kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bir milyonun \u00fczerinde Yunanl\u0131 1922 sonbahar\u0131nda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya ve Do\u011fu Trakya\u2019dan Yunanistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. Yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f milyon[8]<\/a> n\u00fcfusa sahip \u00fclkede, muhacirlerin say\u0131s\u0131, genel olarak, bir bu\u00e7uk milyona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Farkl\u0131 kaynaklara istinaden Atina, Libazma, Kokina, Aleksandropol, Selanik ve di\u011fer \u015fehirlere[9]<\/a> yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan muhacir Ermenilerin t\u00fcm Yunanistan\u2019daki say\u0131s\u0131 90.000\u2019den[10]<\/a> 200.000\u2019e[11]<\/a> kadar g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/p>\n

H. Morgenthau \u201c750.000 ki\u015fi iki hafta i\u00e7inde hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc gibi Selanik ve Atina limanlar\u0131 ile Ege Denizi\u2019nin Girit, Midilini, Kios ve Evbea adalar\u0131na d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu insanlar\u0131n Yunanistan\u2019a vard\u0131klar\u0131ndaki durum tarif edilemez derecede ac\u0131n\u0131lacakt\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n

Yolculuklar\u0131, birbirini takip eden yak\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f ve dondurucu sonbahar ya\u011fmurlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ge\u00e7mekteydi. \u0130ki bin ki\u015filik olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, yedi bin ki\u015fiyle doldurulmu\u015f olan bir gemiyi kendi g\u00f6zlerimle g\u00f6rd\u00fcm.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer durumlarda oldu\u011fu gibi, bu durumda da su veya g\u0131da yoktu\u2026 Tifo ve \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yay\u0131l\u0131yor, her yer bit kayn\u0131yordu. G\u00fcvertede \u00e7ocuklar do\u011fuyordu. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu, felaketlerine bir son vermek i\u00e7in kendisini denize at\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Hayatta kalanlar da pis, ate\u015fler i\u00e7inde, evsiz, yorgans\u0131z veya s\u0131cak elbise, g\u0131da ve maddi imk\u00e2ndan yoksun olarak karaya vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Muhacirler, bu korkun\u00e7 eziyetlerin haricinde \u00f6l\u00fcm, kay\u0131p ve \u00e7e\u015fitli hastal\u0131klar sebebiyle koca, e\u015f ve \u00e7ocuk kayb\u0131 felaketlerine de maruz kalmaktayd\u0131\u201d[12]<\/a>,- diye yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Morgenthau, bu ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n daha birka\u00e7 hafta \u00f6nce mutlu yuvalar\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

29 Eyl\u00fcl 1923 tarihinde olu\u015fturulan Muhacir Sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 D\u00fczenleme Komitesi\u2019nin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 H. Morgenthau yapmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Morgenthau, muhacirlere y\u00f6nelik b\u00fcy\u00fck sorumluluk duymakta ve herhangi bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k kabul etmemekteydi. \u201c\u2026 Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131m, bu insanlar\u0131n daha derin eziyet \u00e7ekmelerine sebebiyet vermek demektir\u2026 Hi\u00e7bir \u015fey, onlara yard\u0131m etme yolunda engel olamaz\u2026 \u00dcmitlerini kaybetmi\u015f olanlar\u0131, kurtulabilmeleri i\u00e7in benim \u00fcmidimle yakar\u0131m\u2026<\/p>\n

Yunanistan\u2019da para tedarik edemezsek, Avrupa\u2019da ederiz, Avrupa\u2019da olmazsa, Amerika\u2019da kesin olur\u2026\u201d[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Muhacirlerin Yunanistan\u2019a yerle\u015fmesi, zor olmakla birlikte, yine de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Yerli Yunanl\u0131lar, onlar\u0131, ulusal ailenin tam anlam\u0131ndaki \u00fcyeleri olarak memnuniyetle kabul etti. Herhangi bir ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k olmadan t\u00fcm vatanda\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131 elde ettiler[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Vahram Papazyan\u2019\u0131n[16]<\/a> a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtece\u011fimiz an\u0131lar\u0131 Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle Ermeni muhacirlere g\u00f6sterdikleri \u015fefkatli yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla ilgilidir \u201cYunan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve halk\u0131n\u0131n biz Ermenilere g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu\u011fu asil ruh ve sevgi, kalemle tarif edilemez. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019dan, Ermenilerle birlikte y\u00fcz binlerce Yunanl\u0131 geldi ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine yerle\u015ftirildi. Lakin yerel halk, g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f olan kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131ndan ziyade biz Ermenilere daha s\u0131cak bir ilgi g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

Devlet, ay\u0131r\u0131ms\u0131z t\u00fcm muhacirlere d\u00fczenli maddi yard\u0131mda bulundu. Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m esnas\u0131nda \u00f6nce biz Ermenilere, daha sonra Yunanl\u0131 muhacirlere \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n

Yunanl\u0131 doktorlar, neredeyse kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z olarak hastalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 tedavi etmekte, d\u00fckk\u00e2n sahipleri, hi\u00e7 tan\u0131mad\u0131klar\u0131 Ermeni muhacirlere veresiye g\u0131da ve mal vermekteydi.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgede, i\u015f\u00e7iye ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funda, \u00f6nce Ermeni\u2019ye i\u015f vermekteydiler\u201d[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Okullar\u0131n, kiliselerin, tiyatrolar\u0131n, k\u0131\u015flalar\u0131n ve depolar\u0131n, Selanik\u2019te a\u00e7\u0131k hava alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan insanlar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7ici yurt olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7men sorunlar\u0131 ve sava\u015f esirlerinin vatana d\u00f6nmesi konusundaki y\u00fcksek komiseri Fridtjof Nansen\u2019in izlenimleri bu a\u00e7\u0131dan hayli ilgi \u00e7ekicidir \u201cO zamana kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn bir halk\u0131n ayakta olmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmenin ne anlama geldi\u011fini bilmiyordum. Bu, ger\u00e7ek bir \u201cVolkswanderung\u201ddu (halk g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc). Eski zamanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n

Bir tepenin zirvesine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131k. Kar\u015f\u0131mda, binlerce \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcn bir \u015fehir g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc zannettim. Bu, onlar\u0131n t\u00fcm vadiye yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan kamplar\u0131yd\u0131\u2026 Ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde herhangi bir \u00f6rt\u00fc olmadan, yerde yat\u0131yorlard\u0131\u2026 Nereye gittiklerini ve ne bulacaklar\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyorlard\u0131, yurt mu, yoksa d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k m\u0131?\u201d[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n, muhacirlere g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00f6zverili ve insafl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 az\u0131msanamaz. H. Morgenthau \u201c\u2026 Yirmi alt\u0131 milyon erkek, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocu\u011fun aniden ve beklenmedik bir \u015fekilde gemilerle Boston, New York, Philadelphia ve Baltimore limanlar\u0131na geldi\u011fini tasavvur edin. Dahas\u0131, bu devasa kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n pis, tifo ve \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lme noktas\u0131nda ve paras\u0131z veya herhangi bir mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yoksun olduklar\u0131n\u0131 tasavvur edin. Bu yirmi alt\u0131 milyon insani yarat\u0131klar\u0131n (\u00e7o\u011funlukla kad\u0131n, \u00e7ocuk ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar) acilen g\u0131da, kalacak yer ve t\u0131bbi yard\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tamamen Amerika\u2019n\u0131n merhametine kalm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu tasavvur edin.<\/p>\n

Tamamen Amerika\u2019ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131narak, hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar ev ve ge\u00e7imleri i\u00e7in imk\u00e2n elde etme imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131lar. \u015eimdi de, Amerika\u2019n\u0131n, h\u00fcmanizmi ve akl\u0131selimine at\u0131lan bu eldiveni kabul ederek, a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmek \u00fczere olan insanlar\u0131 yedirdi\u011fini, evsizlere konut sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hastalar\u0131 tedavi etti\u011fini, i\u00e7lerinden az yetenekli olanlara i\u015f imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahayy\u00fcl edin\u2026 B\u00f6ylelikle yirmi alt\u0131 milyon mahvolmu\u015f insan\u0131n hayat\u0131 kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup, t\u00fcm bunlar, \u00fclkeye yerle\u015ftikten sonraki alt\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olur. D\u00fcnya, Amerikan h\u00fcmanizmi, Amerikan c\u00f6mertli\u011fi, Amerikan \u00e7abas\u0131 ve yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6vg\u00fcleriyle \u00e7alkalanmaz m\u0131yd\u0131?<\/p>\n

Son alt\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde Yunanistan, tabii tam anlam\u0131yla olmasa da, benzer bir ba\u015far\u0131 elde etti ve d\u00fcnya t\u00fcm bunlar hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bilmemektedir\u201d[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya tabii ki soyk\u0131r\u0131m eylemleri dizisi ve bunun sonucunda olu\u015fan ve d\u00fcnya sath\u0131na yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f muhacirlerin ya\u015fam \u015fartlar\u0131 konusunda bilgi sahibiydi. Bunun sonucunda da, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma veren \u00fclkeler ve bu arada Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n \u201cinan\u0131lmaz boyutlardaki muhacir \u00fclkesi\u201d olarak, sorumlulu\u011funu lay\u0131k\u0131yla yerine getirip, kalacak yer ve g\u0131da temin etti\u011fini bilmekteydi. Lakin o \u201cadaletli\u201d d\u00fcnya, takdirini belirtmek konusunda neden bu denli cimri davran\u0131yordu?<\/p>\n

H\u00e2lbuki Yunanistan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, muhacirleri t\u00fcm \u00fclke sath\u0131nda yerle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba sarf etmi\u015fti[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda uluslar aras\u0131 toplumun ilgisizli\u011fi, \u0130zmir muhacirlerinin Atina ve \u00e7evre \u015fehirlere, Girit ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu adalar\u0131na yerle\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemedi[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, 100.000 muhacir Selanik\u2019e, yakla\u015f\u0131k 120.000\u2019i Trakya ve adalara, 130.000\u2019i Mitilini\u2019ye, 60.000\u2019. Kios adas\u0131na, 15.000\u2019i Samos\u2019a, 50.000\u2019i Pireye\u2019ye ve 27.500\u2019\u00fc Girit Adas\u0131\u2019na yerle\u015fmi\u015fti[23]<\/a>. Lozan Konferans\u0131, 1 Kas\u0131m 1922\u2019de bu veriler alt\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131, h\u00e2lbuki \u0130stanbul ve banliy\u00f6leri ile \u0130mroz ve Bozcaada\u2019da yakla\u015f\u0131k 300.000, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019da ise 400.000 Yunanl\u0131 bulunmaktayd\u0131. T\u00fcrk-Yunan m\u00fcbadele antla\u015fmas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca bu insanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu yerlerinden edildi[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re, Ermeni muhacirlerin say\u0131s\u0131 120 bine ula\u015fmaktayd\u0131, Ermeni milli kurulu\u015flar ise y\u00fcz bin rakam\u0131n\u0131 vermektedir. Farkl\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re ise bu say\u0131 iki y\u00fcz bin kadard\u0131r[25]<\/a>. Yunanistan, daha \u00f6nce gelmi\u015f olan 90.000 ki\u015fi de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, 1923\u2019e kadar toplam 1.060.000 m\u00fclteci kabul etmi\u015ftir[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Muhacirlerin ne \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 konusunda bir fikir sahibi olmak i\u00e7in, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki verileri okumak yeterlidir. \u201cAtina okullar\u0131ndan birinde, \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck odada, 22 aile, yani 91 ki\u015fi kalmaktayd\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n 17\u2019si erkekti, fakat i\u00e7lerinden 7\u2019si, ailelerine herhangi bir yard\u0131m\u0131 dokunmayan ya\u015fl\u0131lard\u0131. Kalanlar, \u00fc\u00e7 hatta be\u015f \u00e7ocu\u011fa bakan 60-70 ya\u015f\u0131nda kad\u0131nlard\u0131\u2026\u201d[27]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Uluslar aras\u0131 hay\u0131r kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle misyonerler taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fcltecilere sunulan hizmetler \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve \u00e7e\u015fitliydi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin \u201cYa\u015fam \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131\u201d kabul ettirmek ve hayat\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131 yeniden bulma konusundaki s\u00fcrekli telkinleri, onlar\u0131n misyonunun esas b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc te\u015fkil etmekteydi. \u201cHayat\u0131n, omuzlar\u0131na ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine y\u00fck oldu\u011fu\u201d hayatta kalanlar aras\u0131nda, inan\u00e7 tohumlar\u0131 atma denemesi dahi mukavemetle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130sve\u00e7li bayan misyoner A. Yohanson\u2019un bu durumla ilgili a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 \u201c\u0130nsanlar\u0131n, hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 koyacak g\u00fc\u00e7leri yoktu\u201d[28]<\/a>, \u015feklindedir. Bu insanlar her bir hastan\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in radikal yollara ba\u015fvurmaktayd\u0131. Yohanson, konuyla ilgili \u015f\u00f6yle yazmaktad\u0131r. \u201cBazen ba\u015far\u0131yordum, bazen de ba\u015faram\u0131yor. \u0130nat\u00e7\u0131 olmam gerekiyordu. Tek kurtulu\u015flar\u0131 ameliyat olan hastalar bazen bana ba\u015fvuruyor, fakat onlar\u0131 hastaneye yerle\u015ftirmem m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmuyordu.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 hastalar\u0131n bak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 evde de yapabiliyordum, fakat bu durumda, hastalar i\u00e7in daha fazla g\u0131da elde etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba sarf etmeliydim\u201d[29]<\/a>. Selanik\u2019e s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Ermeni m\u00fcltecilerle ilgili misyonerlerin h\u00fcmaniter programlar\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k problemlerinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ve olumlu \u015fartlarda ya\u015faman\u0131n haricinde, ruhani ve \u015fahsi geli\u015fimin sa\u011flanmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelikti.<\/p>\n

Selanik yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan Kharilaos ve Khermankyo k\u00f6ylerinde kurduklar\u0131 okullar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bunun kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Khermankyo okulunda mesela, 103 \u00e7ocuk e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmekteydi. 1 May\u0131s 1923 tarihinde ise Kharialos\u2019ta 95 k\u0131z\u0131n okudu\u011fu ve ilerde say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n daha da artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir okul kurulur[30]<\/a>. Ayn\u0131 kurulu\u015f, 15 Ekim 1928 tarihinde Ermeni Ulusal Y\u00f6netimi ad\u0131na Kharilaos\u2019ta, 40-45 \u00e7ocu\u011fun bedelsiz e\u011fitim g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir karma Ermeni \u00e7ocuk yuvas\u0131 a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuklar\u0131n giyim, okul gere\u00e7leri ve \u00f6\u011flen yeme\u011fi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 okul taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktayd\u0131[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylelikle, \u201cinsan\u0131n insan taraf\u0131ndan yok edilmesinin kar\u015f\u0131 konulamaz, gecikmenin ise affedilemez\u201d oldu\u011fu bir zamanda, \u201c\u0130zmir muhacirleri ordusu\u201d, zaten daha ba\u015fka muhacirlerin bulundu\u011fu bir \u00fclkede s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma bulur. Ekonomik ve maddi a\u00e7\u0131dan zay\u0131f olan bu devlet, yine de bu insanlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k kollarla kabul etti. \u00d6ncelikle s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma verdi, ard\u0131ndan da onlarla ilgilendi.<\/p>\n

Bu insanlar, dramatik \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin \u00fcrpertici sahnelerini g\u00f6rerek ruhsal dengeleri bozulmu\u015f olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ruhsal sars\u0131nt\u0131 ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olan muhacirlerin \u201cya\u015fam \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131\u201d kabul etmeleri gerekmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Yunanistan\u2019a yerle\u015fmeleri, tehcir sonucunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Muhacir olmak, t\u00fcm zamanlarda da zor olmu\u015ftur. muhacirin i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek kaos h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

Eski Yunanl\u0131lar bu durumu \u00e7ok iyi anlayarak, su\u00e7lular i\u00e7in, \u201cbasit \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131ndan\u201d ziyade daha korkun\u00e7 olan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn cezas\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

A\u011f\u0131rlayan \u00fclke olarak Yunanistan\u2019\u0131, farkl\u0131 uluslar aras\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131, \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131 ve basit halk\u0131 birle\u015ftiren \u015fey h\u00fcmanizmdi.<\/p>\n

Onlar\u0131n \u00e7abalar\u0131 sayesinde muhacirler hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden anlamland\u0131rarak, gelece\u011fe y\u00f6nelik kaybetmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden elde etmi\u015flerdir. Bu tecr\u00fcbeyi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olarak kabul etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, muhacirlerin nesillerinin bar\u0131\u015f ve yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7indeki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bunun kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hobsbaum, bu olgular\u0131n ilk modern denemesi olarak, bir bu\u00e7uk Ermeni\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda toplu imhas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/i><\/b>\u201cAzdak\u201d \u00f6zel say\u0131 24 Nisan 2012<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Akunq.net <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

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[1]<\/b><\/b><\/a> Hobsbawm<\/b> E<\/b>., Age of Extremes, The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991, London, 1995, p. 50.<\/p>\n

Hobsbaum, bu olgular\u0131n ilk modern denemesi olarak, bir bu\u00e7uk Ermeni\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda toplu imhas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmektedir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[2]<\/a> Hakobyan H., \u201cVatana d\u00f6nme fikri ve modern uluslar aras\u0131 hukuk\u201d, Yerevan, 2000, s.114.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[3]<\/a> Horton G., \u201cThe Blight of Asia\u201d, N.Y., 1926, p.112.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[4]<\/a> A.g.e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[5]<\/a> Morgenthau H., \u201cI was sent to Athens\u201d, USA, 1929, p.47.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[6]<\/a> Jensine Oerts Peters, \u201cTests and Triumph of Armenians in Turkey and Macedonia\u201d, USA, 1926, p.48.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[7]<\/a> A.g.e., s.48-51.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[8]<\/a> Refugee Greece, Athens, 1992, p.33.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[9]<\/a> Azatyan L., \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n Ermeni yetimleri\u201d, Los Angeles, 1995, s.103.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[10]<\/a> Abrahamyan A., \u201cErmeni kolonileri tarihinin k\u0131sa \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d, II., V. c., 1967, s.105.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[11]<\/a> A.g.e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[12]<\/a> Morgenthau H., \u201cI was sent to Athens\u201d, USA, 1929, p.47-49.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[13]<\/a> A.g.e., s.101-102.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[14]<\/a> A.g.e., s.102.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[15]<\/a> Morgenthau H., \u201cI was sent to Athens\u201d, USA, 1929, p.104.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[16]<\/a> Be\u015finci Uluslar Aras\u0131 Stockholm Olimpiyat Oyunlar\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Vahram Papazyan, 1922 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n A\u011fustos sonlar\u0131nda, patrik Zaven\u2019in talimat\u0131yla \u0130stanbul\u2019dan Pireye\u2019ye, oradan da Girit\u2019e gider.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[17]<\/a> Papazyan V., \u201cSevgi, sevgi, sevgi\u201d, Beyrut, 1962, s.135-136.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[18]<\/a> Refugee Greece, p. 33.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[19]<\/a> Hakobyan H., a.g.e., s.261.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[20]<\/a> Morgenthau H., \u201cI was sent to Athens\u201d, USA, 1929, p.2-3.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[21]<\/a> Ladas S:, \u201cThe Exchange of Minorities, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey\u201d, New York, 1932, p.621.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[22]<\/a> Abrahamyan A., a.g.e., s.104.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[23]<\/a> \u039c\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0398.<\/b>, \u0397\u00a0 \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd. \u0398\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7, \u039c\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac \u0391\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03a0\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u039b\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03c9\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, 2010, \u03c3. 172.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[24]<\/a> 30 Ocak 1923 tarihinde \u201cT\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan halklar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcbadelesi antla\u015fmas\u0131\u201d imzalan\u0131r. Yunanistan ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Elefterios Venizelos se\u00e7im konu\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u015fu fikri belirtmekteydi \u201cKonu kesinlikle halk\u0131n m\u00fcbadelesi de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrkiye, bu antla\u015fmay\u0131 imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda, zaten yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon g\u00f6\u00e7meni topraklar\u0131ndan kovmu\u015ftu\u2026 Sonu\u00e7, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya da\u011flar\u0131nda 200.000 vatanda\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n imhas\u0131 olur ve Yunanistan\u2019a gelen insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok daha fazla olurdu. Yunanistan\u2019daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 g\u00f6ndermeseydik, bu insanlar nereye gidecekti? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu antla\u015fma asl\u0131nda \u015fu ismi ta\u015f\u0131yacakt\u0131 \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin, Yunanistan b\u00f6lgesindeki Yunanistan vatanda\u015f\u0131 olan [T\u00fcrk] soyda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 teslim alaca\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Yunan unsurlar\u0131n kovulmas\u0131 antla\u015fmas\u0131\u201d. M\u00fcbadele Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n anlam\u0131 asl\u0131nda budur. Antla\u015fma ger\u00e7ek ismiyle adland\u0131r\u0131lamazd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye bunu kabul etmezdi, bu y\u00fczden de M\u00fcbadele Antla\u015fmas\u0131 olarak adland\u0131rmaya karar verdik\u201d, Aktso\u011flu Y., \u201cLanetli aslan\u0131n imhas\u0131\u201d, Yerevan, 2007, s.110-111.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[25]<\/a> Abrahamyan A., a.g.e., s.105.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[26]<\/a> Edward Hale Bierstadt, \u201cThe Great Betrayal, A Survey of the Near East Problem\u201d, N.Y., 1924, p.52-54.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[27]<\/a> Morgenthau H., \u201cI was sent to Athens\u201d, p.64.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[28]<\/a> Yohanson A., \u201cTehcir edilen halk, Ermeni tarihinden bir y\u0131l\u201d, Yerevan, 2008, s.38.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[29]<\/a> Yohanson A., a.g.e., s.38.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[30]<\/a> Azatyan L., a.g.e., s.105.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[31]<\/a> A.g.e., s.202.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tehmine Martoyan Tarih doktoru Bu makale, \u0130zmir muhacirlerinin 1922 g\u00fcz\u00fcnde Yunanistan\u2019da isk\u00e2n edilmesiyle ilgilidir. Makalenin amac\u0131, konuyla ilgili kaynaklar ve literat\u00fcr temelinde, Ermeni ve Yunanl\u0131lardan (Rum) olu\u015fan \u0130zmir muhacirlerinin, 1922\u2019den sonraki s\u00fcrede Yunanistan\u2019daki durumlar\u0131n\u0131n sunulup, irdelenmesidir. Muhacirlerin toplu olarak isk\u00e2n edilmeleri sebepleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek, taraf\u0131m\u0131zdan bir dizi soru ortaya konulmu\u015ftur. Planlanm\u0131\u015f c\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn sonucu olarak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14,66,26,37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21269","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-izmir","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130zmir muhacirlerinin Yunanistan\u2019da toplu isk\u00e2n\u0131 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2013\/01\/22\/izmir-muhacirlerinin-yunanistanda-toplu-iskani\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130zmir muhacirlerinin Yunanistan\u2019da toplu isk\u00e2n\u0131 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tehmine Martoyan Tarih doktoru Bu makale, \u0130zmir muhacirlerinin 1922 g\u00fcz\u00fcnde Yunanistan\u2019da isk\u00e2n edilmesiyle ilgilidir. Makalenin amac\u0131, konuyla ilgili kaynaklar ve literat\u00fcr temelinde, Ermeni ve Yunanl\u0131lardan (Rum) olu\u015fan \u0130zmir muhacirlerinin, 1922\u2019den sonraki s\u00fcrede Yunanistan\u2019daki durumlar\u0131n\u0131n sunulup, irdelenmesidir. Muhacirlerin toplu olarak isk\u00e2n edilmeleri sebepleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek, taraf\u0131m\u0131zdan bir dizi soru ortaya konulmu\u015ftur. 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