{"id":15927,"date":"2012-06-15T07:32:50","date_gmt":"2012-06-15T12:32:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=15927"},"modified":"2012-06-15T07:32:50","modified_gmt":"2012-06-15T12:32:50","slug":"holokost-ve-turkiye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2012\/06\/15\/holokost-ve-turkiye\/","title":{"rendered":"Holokost ve T\u00fcrkiye"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Tarihe hakikat\u2019in ne l\u00fczumu var? Osmanl\u0131 tarihi, bu sebeple, bir yalan \u00e2lemi olmu\u015ftur, Yalan \u015earkta ay\u0131p de\u011fildir.\u201d[1 Falih R\u0131fk\u0131 Atay\u00a0 yukar\u0131daki s\u00f6zleri s\u00f6ylerken bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi i\u015faret ediyordu. Bu ger\u00e7ek Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in ne kadar do\u011fruysa ard\u0131l\u0131 olan T.C. i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 derecede do\u011frudur.\u00a0 Resmi tarih ba\u015ftan sona bir yalan manzumesidir. Bu yalan manzumesi i\u00e7indeki karanl\u0131k noktalardan biri de Holokost s\u00fcrecinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tavr\u0131 ve TC\u2019nin diplomatlar\u0131yla birlikte T\u00fcrkiye k\u00f6kenli ve TC vatanda\u015f\u0131 uyruklar\u0131n\u0131 Holokost\u2019tan korudu\u011fu ve kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yalan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son y\u0131llarda ke\u015ffedilen bu yalan bir anlamda i\u015flevseldir de 1915 soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0inkar ve perdelenmesinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u201c[H]olokost ve Yahudilerin T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye g\u00fcndemi i\u00e7in bir ko\u00adnu olarak ans\u0131z\u0131n ke\u015ffediliverdi. Ancak bu ilgi, o d\u00f6nemde ger\u00ad\u00e7ekten neler ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya konulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7mad\u0131. Sa\u00adva\u015f esnas\u0131nda kurtar\u0131lmaktan imtina edilen Yahudiler, art\u0131k T\u00fcrkiye’ye y\u00f6neltilen uluslararas\u0131 ele\u015ftirilere cevap vermekte kullan\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, g\u00f6stermelik bir \u015fekilde holokost kur\u00adbanlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer alma tavr\u0131, s\u0131k s\u0131k Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ink\u00e2r etmekte kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.\u201d\u00a0 Oysa ger\u00e7eklik farkl\u0131d\u0131r, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin holokost s\u00fcrecindeki tutumu T\u00fcrkiye k\u00f6kenli ve T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015f\u0131 binlerce Yahudinin\u00a0 tehciri ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle noktalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cWannsee Konferans\u0131’n\u0131n tutanaklar\u0131ndan, Nazilerin “nihai \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm”e dair planlar\u0131n\u0131n, tarafs\u0131z ve m\u00fcttefik devletlerde ya\u015fa\u00adyanlar da dahil olmak \u00fczere, Avrupa’daki t\u00fcm Yahudilerin \u00f6l\u00add\u00fcr\u00fclmesi oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Tutanaklarda bulunan ve Avrupa devletlerinde ya\u015fayan Yahudilerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir listede, T\u00fcrkiye’nin Avrupa’daki topraklar\u0131nda 55.500 Yahudinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyordu\u2026 Avrupa’da ya\u015fayan 20.000 ila 25.000 kadar T\u00fcrkiye\u00adli Yahudi, Nazilerin orada uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yahudi takibat\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131, binlercesi tutukland\u0131, toplama kamplar\u0131na g\u00f6nderildi, b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. T\u00fcrkiye Yahudilerinin Avrupa \u00fclkelerindeki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok farkl\u0131yd\u0131, en b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Fransa’da ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede Nazi makamlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi yabanc\u0131 tabiiyetli Yahudilerin say\u0131m\u0131nda “T\u00fcrkler” \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc veya d\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00adc\u00fc s\u0131rada yer al\u0131yordu. T\u00fcrkiye Yahudileri hakk\u0131ndaki bilgile\u00adre genellikle di\u011fer Yahudilerin soyk\u0131r\u0131ma ili\u015fkin anlat\u0131mlar\u0131n\u00adda tesad\u00fcf ediyoruz.\u201d Corry Guttstadt T\u00fcrkiye, Yahudiler ve Holokost[2] adl\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 ve titiz incelemesi ile bu yalan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7arak hakikati g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer. T\u00fcrkiye k\u00f6kenli veya T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015f\u0131 binlerce\u00a0 Yahudi holokost esnas\u0131nda Auschwitz ve Sobibor \u00f6l\u00fcm kamplar\u0131na, Ravensbr\u00fcck, Buchenwald, Mauthausen, Theresienstadt, Dachau ve Bergen-Belsen kamplar\u0131na tehcir edildi\u00adler. \u201cBir\u00e7o\u011fu buralarda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise Drancy ve Westerbork kamplar\u0131ndaki mahk\u00fbmiyet ko\u015fullar\u0131na daya\u00adnamad\u0131lar ve ya vurularak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler ya da Gestapo’nun i\u015f\u00adkencesi alt\u0131nda can verdiler.\u201d<\/p>\n

Guttstadt\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda gerek Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde gerekse TC d\u00f6neminde \u00e7e\u015fitli Avrupa \u00fclkelerine giden Yahudilerin sosyo – ekonomik durumlar\u0131n\u0131, Sava\u015f \u00f6ncesindeki \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerdeki \u015fehirler baz\u0131ndaki n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131 okuyucularla payla\u015farak, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fehirlerine serpilen Yahudilerin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir portresini \u00e7izer. \u00d6l\u00fcm kamplar\u0131nda ve \u00f6l\u00fcm y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerinde can veren T\u00fcrkiye k\u00f6kenli ve TC vatanda\u015f\u0131 Yahudilerin rakamlar\u0131n\u0131, istatistiklerini ve isimlerini vererek tarihe bir not d\u00fc\u015ferken \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir noktan\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer:\u00a0 \u201cHolokostta \u00f6len Yahudi kurbanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan her giri\u015fim, asl\u0131nda bu insanlar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na gelen ak\u0131l almaz ac\u0131lar\u0131n, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerini \u00f6rtmek, hatt\u00e2 bunla\u00adr\u0131 hafife almakt\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 tutuklanma korkusuyla ge\u00e7i\u00adrenlerin, tavan aralar\u0131nda, duvar bo\u015fluklar\u0131nda, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck h\u00fcc relerde veya ormanlarda saklanmak zorunda kalanlar\u0131n ya da tehcir edilmemek i\u00e7in canlar\u0131na k\u0131yanlar\u0131n \u00e7ekti\u011fi ac\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmek anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Ve kendileri tehcirden kur\u00adtulan, ancak \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 veya e\u015fleri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin ac\u0131lar\u0131 neyle, nas\u0131l \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir?\u201d<\/p>\n

Nazilerin iktidar\u0131ndan sonra ba\u015flayan somut takipten Holokost\u2019a uzanan s\u00fcre\u00e7te Yahudilerin, Almanya ile i\u015fgal etti\u011fi \u00fclkelerde ve n\u00fcfuz alt\u0131ndaki \u00e7e\u015fitli Avrupa \u00fclkelerindeki Yahudilerin \u00f6l\u00fcm yolculuklar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0ve Holokost s\u00fcrecinde TC’nin politikas\u0131n\u0131 mercek alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131rken TC’nin sistematik ayr\u0131mc\u0131 politikas\u0131n\u0131\u00a0 ve gayrim\u00fcslimleri bu co\u011frafyadan yok edilme s\u00fcrecinin karanl\u0131k \/k\u00f6r noktalar\u0131ndan birine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutar. T\u00fcrkiye birka\u00e7 diplomat\u0131n ki\u015fisel tavr\u0131\u00a0 istisna edilirse ezici \u00e7o\u011funluk Ankara\u2019n\u0131n holokostu so\u011fukkanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde seyretme\u00a0 politikas\u0131n\u0131 istisnas\u0131z uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cAlmanya’n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015fta tarafs\u0131z kalan T\u00fcrkiye, Al\u00admanya i\u00e7in \u00f6nemliydi[3]. Hem bu hem de T\u00fcrkiye’de ya\u015fayan \u00e7ok say\u0131daki Reich Alman\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’nin Avrupa’da ya\u015fayan Yahudilerini korumas\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fckemmel ve muazzam imk\u00e2nlar sa\u011fl\u0131\u00adyordu. \u00c7ok say\u0131da T\u00fcrk diplomat\u0131 Yahudi yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 Yahu\u00addi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tedbirlerden muaf tutmak i\u00e7in bu durumu ba\u015far\u0131yla kulland\u0131 ve yine \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fcnferit vakada tutuklanan Yahu\u00addilerin serbest kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kararl\u0131 giri\u015fimlerde bulundu. T\u00fcrk Konsolosluklar\u0131, baz\u0131 istisnai durumlarda T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u00ad\u015f\u0131 olmayan Yahudileri veya eskiden T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sa\u00adhip olanlar\u0131 da himayesi akma ald\u0131. Bunlar her zaman h\u00fcmanist nedenlerden kaynaklanan eylemler olmasa bile, \u00fclkeler b\u00f6l\u00fc\u00adm\u00fcnde belirtilen ko\u015fullar T\u00fcrk diplomatlar\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu ser\u00adbest hareket alan\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyor. Rodos Konsolosu Selahattin \u00dclk\u00fcmen \u00f6rne\u011finde de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, T\u00fcrk diplomatlar\u0131n\u0131n bir Yahudinin T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu onaylamas\u0131 dahi o insan\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131n kurtulmas\u0131 demekti[r].\u201d<\/p>\n

Oysa T\u00fcrkiye Avrupa\u2019da m\u00fcltecilerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan vizesiz ge\u00e7emedi\u011fi tek tarafs\u0131z \u00fclkedir. Vize ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 o kadar a\u011f\u0131r h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7ermektedir ki bir anlamda \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7i\u015f imkans\u0131zd\u0131r: \u201cT\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131nca verilen transit vizelerin hepsi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131 bile, son m\u00fcltecinin de kurtulabilmesi i\u00e7in 200 y\u0131la ihtiya\u00e7 olacakt\u0131\u201d Oysa \u00f6l\u00fcme kar\u015f\u0131 bir yar\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen\u00a0 bir durumdan s\u00f6z ediyoruz. Ba\u015fbakan refik Saydam ya\u015fanan insanl\u0131k dram\u0131na seyirci kalmakta teredd\u00fct etmez:\u00a0 \u201cBuras\u0131 hi\u00e7 kimsenin istemedi\u011fi ki\u015filere yurt olmaz\u201d s\u00f6zlerini insaf s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klamak g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Nadir Nadi 15 Temmuz 1938 tarihli Cumhuriyet\u00a0 gazetesindeki yaz\u0131s\u0131nda ge\u00e7en \u201c\u2026 Musa\u2019n\u0131n serseri ahvad\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiz ve gayesiz yollar\u0131n\u0131 l\u00fctfen T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmemelerine dua edelim\u201d s\u00f6zleri de bu c\u00fcmledendir.<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00fcrkiye, Yahudilerin \u00fclkeye giri\u015finin ve g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn engellenmesine dair kararnameleri sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan ve Almanya\u2019yla yap\u0131lan ittifaktan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, yani bu kararnameler \u00f6zg\u00fcn T\u00fcrk siyasetiydi.\u201d S\u00f6zleriyle genel blokaja i\u015faret eden Guttstdat, \u201cCumhuriyetin kuruldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemden itibaren gayrim\u00fcslim\u00adler \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya tabiydi. Ermeniler ve Rumlar\u0131n pek \u00e7ok yere yerle\u015fmeleri, hatta buralarda ge\u00e7ici olarak bulunmala\u00adr\u0131 bile yasaklanm\u0131\u015f, bu d\u00fczenleme k\u0131smen Yahudilere de uygu\u00adlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Haziran 1923 itibar\u0131yla gayrim\u00fcslimlerin serbest do\u00adla\u015f\u0131m hakk\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7inde yapacaklar\u0131 seyahat\u00adler i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir izin almak zorundayd\u0131lar; baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere girme\u00adleri ise t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d S\u00f6zleriyle genel k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n yan\u0131nda,\u00a0 TC’nin vatanda\u015f\u0131 olan gayrim\u00fcslimlere kar\u015f\u0131 Kemalistlerin (2. J\u00f6nt\u00fcrk)\u00a0 kurulu\u015ftan itibaren \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019den (1. J\u00f6nt\u00fcrk) devrald\u0131klar\u0131 ayr\u0131mc\u0131,\u00a0 d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 ve bu co\u011frafyadana kaz\u0131nmalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik siyasetin \u00f6rneklerini vererek,\u00a0 k\u0131r\u0131lma noktalar\u0131na i\u015faret eder: Az\u0131nl\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 kampanyalar, Ekonomik T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme: \u0130\u015ften atmalar ve meslekten uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmalar, Lozan anla\u015fmas\u0131yla d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olan az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inin bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131, \u201cVatanda\u015f T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015f\u201d kampanyalar\u0131, Mecburi iskan, 1934 Trakya olaylar\u0131, 1941-42\u2019de\u00a0 Gayrim\u00fcslim erkeklerin zorunlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na\u00a0 y\u00f6nelik 20 Kur\u2019a askerlik, 1942-44 Ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel jenocid \u00f6rne\u011fi Varl\u0131k Vergisi uygulamas\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan gelen zorunlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131\u2026\u00a0 gibi Lozan az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n bu co\u011frafyada yer kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden uygulamalar\u0131 \u00f6zetler.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fbakan \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc bize ba\u015fkaca yorum yapmam\u0131za gerek b\u0131rakmayan s\u00f6zleri bu politikan\u0131n en tepedekinin pervas\u0131z itiraf\u0131d\u0131r: \u201cBa\u015fbakan \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, az\u0131nl\u0131klara y\u00f6nelik olarak ga\u00adyet net bir ifadeyle \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu: Vazifemiz T\u00fcrk vata\u00adn\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunanlar\u0131 behemehal T\u00fcrk yapmakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrklere ve T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011fe muhalefet edecek an\u00e2s\u0131r\u0131 kesip ataca\u011f\u0131z. Vatana hiz\u00admet edeceklerde arayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z evsaf her \u015feyden evvel o adam\u0131n T\u00fcrk ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc olmas\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d Bu s\u00f6zler gerek Ankara ve gerekse T\u00fcrk diplomatlar\u0131n,\u00a0 Avrupa\u2019da bulunan yurtta\u015f\u0131 Yahudiler ile T\u00fcrkiye k\u00f6kenli Yahudilere y\u00f6nelik ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne sererken,\u00a0 bu tutumun daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in Guttstdat\u2019\u0131n sundu\u011fu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin i\u00e7erideki gayrim\u00fcslim vatanda\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kurucu antla\u015fmas\u0131 Lozan\u2019dan ba\u015flayarak s\u00fcren\u00a0 d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 s\u00fcrecin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bu \u00f6zetinden,\u00a0 bu politikan\u0131n bir uzant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yurtta\u015flar\u0131na da uygulayarak binlercesini \u00f6l\u00fcme yollamas\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi kavr\u0131yoruz. Kemalist rejim, kendi eliyle yok edemediklerini Nazilere yok ettirmekte olduk\u00e7a c\u00f6mert davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anl\u0131yoruz: \u201c\u0130ki Gestapo memuru bir ki\u015fiyi belgelerinin kontrol edilmesi i\u00e7in konsoloslu\u011fa getirmi\u015flerdi, bu da ilgili ki\u015fi i\u00e7in bir \u00f6l\u00fcm kal\u0131m karar\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 Yahudile\u00adrin heyetiyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmekte olan konsolos muavini, Gestapo me\u00admurlar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f ve bir an bile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden onlara s\u00f6z konusu ki\u015fiyi T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015f\u0131 olarak kabul etmedi\u011fini s\u00f6y\u00adlemi\u015fti. Oysa onu kurtarmak i\u00e7in elindeki belgenin ger\u00e7ekli\u00ad\u011fi konusunda bir \u015fey diyemeyece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemesi yeterliydi.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye daha sava\u015f ba\u015flamadan \u201cbir ceza olarak vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131karma\u201d uygulamas\u0131yla b\u00fcnyesinde istemedi\u011fi yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 sudan sebeplerle kitlesel olarak vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kartarak yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcme g\u00f6ndermekten \u00e7ekinmemi\u015ftir. \u201cT\u00fcrkiye siyaseti vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda kendi i\u00e7indeki siyasi muhaliflerine kar\u015f\u0131 bir bask\u0131 arac\u0131 olarak da kullan\u0131yordu.\u201d 150\u2019likler\u00a0 listesiyle muhalif unsurlar\u0131 ve olas\u0131 muhalifleri vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kararak mal\u0131na ve m\u00fclk\u00fcne de el koymu\u015ftur. \u201cDaha cumhuriyet kurulma dan \u00f6nce, 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda, ge\u00e7ici Kemalist h\u00fck\u00fcmetin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u00adzenlemeye g\u00f6re, \u00fclkeden ayr\u0131lan gayrim\u00fcslimlere ne pasaport, ne de vatanda\u015fl\u0131k belgesi veriliyordu.\u201d\u00a0 Ayr\u0131ca \u201csava\u015f d\u00f6neminde yasal olarak T\u00fcrkiye’den \u00e7\u0131kan ve cumhuriyetin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra tekrar T\u00fcrkiye’ye d\u00f6nmek isteyen baz\u0131 Yahudilerin \u00fclkeyi giri\u015f izni almakta zorluk \u00e7ektiklerini, T\u00fcrkiye’de ya\u015fayan Yahu dilerin de cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda kimlik belgesi almakta s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131\u201d da s\u0131k dile getirilen \u015fikayetler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde kaybedilen topraklardan Gayrim\u00fcslim muhacirlerin \u00fclkeye giri\u015flerine izin verilmedi\u011fi de bir ger\u00e7ektir. Ankara da bu uygulamay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kemalistlerin ilk kabul ettikleri yasal d\u00fczenleme de sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde gayrim\u00fcslimlerin (\u00f6zellikle Ermeni, S\u00fcryani, Rum ve Pontos) el konulan mallar\u0131n iadesine y\u00f6nelik \u0130stanbul h\u00fck\u00fcmetini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeyi iptal etmek olmu\u015ftur: \u201cKurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131 zaferinden sonra kabul edilen ilk T\u00fcrk kanunlar\u0131ndan biri, \u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’nin 8.1.1920 tarihinde kabul etti\u011fi, sava\u015f ve tehcir es\u00adnas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131nan mallar\u0131n sahiplerine iade edilmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kanunu ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131yordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu yeni kanun, Ermenilerin m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmelerini onayl\u0131yordu\u201d Bir \u00e7ok vakada, -Erzurumda oturan Nisim,Nisan ve\u00a0 Simon adl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 Yahudi vatanda\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi-\u00a0 \u201cT\u00fcrkiye’de ya\u015fayan Yahudiler vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan bile \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131yordu.\u201d Kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131lma\u00admalyailgili \u201c1041 No’lu Kanun uyar\u0131nca vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131\u00adlan insanlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu, sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde hen\u00fcz askerlik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda bile de\u011fildi.\u201d Bu gerek\u00e7eyle vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na el konulan Osmanl\u0131 Hariciye veziri Noradukyan 75 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Kitleler halinde vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lanlar aras\u0131nda kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131lmayan kad\u0131nlar da bulunmaktad\u0131r!<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00fcrkiye’nin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 temsilcilikleri, 1920’li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonun\u00addan itibaren yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkiye veya eski Osman\u00adl\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n durumuna dair genel bir inceleme ba\u015flat\u00adt\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye Hamburg Ba\u015fkonsoloslu\u011fumun Kiel Emniyet M\u00fc\u00add\u00fcr l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’ne yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 9 Haziran 1928 tarihli bir yaz\u0131da \u015f\u00f6yle de\u00adniyordu: T\u00fcrkiye H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’nin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlara g\u00f6re, yaban\u00adc\u0131 bir \u00fclkede 6 aydan uzun bir s\u00fcre ikamet eden her T\u00fcrk pasa\u00adportunu ilgili T\u00fcrk konsoloslu\u011funa teslim etmek ve yerine bir kimlik belgesi almak zorundad\u0131r.\u2026 [B]u uygulaman\u0131n, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n durumlar\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesinin, az\u0131nl\u0131k mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funun vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neme denk geldi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.\u201d\u00a0 Pasaportlar\u0131n\u0131 telim edenler yenileriyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilmemekte vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar. O g\u00fcne kadar d\u00fczeli olarak pasaportlar\u0131 yenilenen Russo\u00a0 ailesi bu uygulaman\u0131n \u00f6rne\u011fidir: “[K]endisine s\u00f6ylendi\u011fine g\u00f6re Anka\u00adra’dan gelen bir talimat \u00fczerine pasaportlar\u0131n kendilerinden al\u0131n\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bir daha da geri verilmedi\u011fini, yeni pasaport talepleri\u00adnin de (…) geri \u00e7evrilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtiyordu. Russo Ailesi bu konudaki tek \u00f6rnek de\u011fildir. Ankara’daki Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Ar\u015fivi’nde inceledi\u011fim dosyalardan, 1928’e kadar verilen vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lma kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka bireyleri de kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kitlesel vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015f\u00adlemi, ilk defa 1929’da ba\u015flad\u0131\u201d Kas\u0131m 1929’da al\u0131nan be\u015f karar\u00adla yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan 497 ki\u015fi kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00adlar\u0131 ve d\u00f6rt y\u0131ldan beri T\u00fcrkiye’ye geri d\u00f6nmedikleri gerek\u00e7e\u00adsiyle 1041 No’lu Kanun’un h\u00fck\u00fcmleriyle vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131ka\u00adr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Uygulama her bir milliyet i\u00e7in farkl\u0131d\u0131r: \u201cO y\u0131llarda \u00e7\u0131kmakta plan Almanya i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk Ticaret Odas\u0131 Mecmuas\u0131’nda da a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 \u00fczere M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Ermeniler, Rumlar ve Yahudilerin her\u00a0 biri i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 kararlar vard\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemin\u00adden kalma eski yaz\u0131 bir pasaporta sahip olsalar bile kolayl\u0131kla yeni bir pasaport alabiliyor, Ermeniler ise, ancak yeni T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin verdi\u011fi pasaportla yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na gittikleri ve T\u00fcrki\u00adye vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmedikleri takdirde yeni bir pasaport alabiliyor ve T\u00fcrkiye’ye d\u00f6nebiliyorlard\u0131. Di\u011fer gayrim\u00fcslimlere k\u0131yasla 1930’da Yahudiler az da olsa daha iyi bir pozisyona sahiptiler: Yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmetin pasaportu olmadan yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 takdirde, durumlar\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesini isteyebiliyorlar\u00add\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u201c1929’da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan kitlesel vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flem\u00adleri 30’lu y\u0131llarda d\u00fczenli olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sadece 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda 13 ayr\u0131 Bakanlar Kurulu karar\u0131yla toplam 1.152 ki\u015fi, 1932-1937 zaman dilimindeyse neredeyse 3.000 ki\u015fi vatanda\u015f\u00adl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d\u00a0 Vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bu ki\u015filerin mal varl\u0131klar\u0131na da el konuldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemeye gerek yok. \u201c1945’te Bel\u00e7ika’da yay\u0131mlanan bir raporda, 1935-36’dan itibaren yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u00ad\u015fayan T\u00fcrkiye Yahudilerinin pasaportlar\u0131n\u0131n ellerinden al\u0131nd\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r. Ma\u011fdurlara genellikle vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u00add\u0131klar\u0131na dair bir belge bile verilmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, hukuki olarak iti\u00adraz etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 da bulunmuyordu.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00dcstelik bu uygulamalar h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanmayan gizli bir kararnameye dayanmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ar\u015fivi halen a\u00e7\u0131k olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu kararnameye ula\u015famamaktay\u0131z. \u201cA\u011fustos 1937’de Almanya Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi’ne T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan ve T\u00fcrkle\u00adrin anavatan\u0131yla ortak ba\u011flan olmayan (…) T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015fla\u00adr\u0131n\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun Yahudiler ol\u00addu\u011funu bildirir. Konsolosluklar bu arada bu ki\u015filerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu\u00adnun pasaportlar\u0131n\u0131 ellerinden alm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye Ber\u00adlin B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi’nin baz\u0131 istisnalar sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Ankara’da \u0130\u00e7i\u015f\u00adleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nezdinde ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 giri\u015fimler, s\u00f6z konusu ki\u015file\u00adrin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n bu g\u00fcne dek vergi ve benzeri y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri\u00adni eksiksiz yerine getirmi\u015f olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen bir sonuca ula\u015fa\u00admam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, Berlin’de T\u00fcrk Ticaret Odas\u0131 \u00fcyesi olan ve T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi’yle d\u00fczenli ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7inde bulunan T\u00fcrki\u00adye Yahudileri de vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.\u201d Bu kararlar di\u011fer milliyetlerden T.C. yurtta\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu gibi Yahudi vatanda\u015flar i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcld\u00fcr zira vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir ki\u015fi bir daha \u00fclkeye geri d\u00f6nememektedir. Bu nedenle\u00a0 vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lma, Holokost s\u00fcrecinde Yahudiler i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl sonu\u00e7lara neden olmu\u015ftur. \u201cBa\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011fa kabul ve\u00adya vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kartma siyasetinin, nasyonal sosyalistle\u00adrin Yahudi takibat\u0131yla en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ilgisi yoktu. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n kitlesel olarak vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lma\u00ads\u0131 1933 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak 30’lu y\u0131llar\u0131n sonun\u00adda ve 40’h y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131karmalar as\u0131l ola\u00adrak Avrupa’da ya\u015fayan Yahudilere uygulanm\u0131\u015f, bu \u015fekilde Na\u00adzi rejiminin takibat\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sahip olduklar\u0131 himayeden mah\u00adrum b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu uygulamadan ilk etkilenenler, Alman\u00adya’da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkiye Yahudileri olmu\u015ftu. Bunlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu 1939 yaz\u0131ndan itibaren T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u00adlard\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00dcstelik konsolosluk vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015fileri listeler halinde Nazilere bildirmektedir: \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Yahudi vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131rken, Alman Nazi makam\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131n idari yard\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015fvuruyordu. Berlin’de ve daha sonra i\u015fgal alt\u0131ndaki Prag’da T\u00fcrkiye Yahudileri mahkemeye \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131\u00adyor, sorgulan\u0131yor, sonra da kendilerine vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u00adma tezkeresi tebli\u011f ediliyordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar, en ge\u00e7 1937’den itibaren Gestapo’ya ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Yabanc\u0131lar Polisi taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00ad\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyordu.\u201d\u00a0 Bu duruma ili\u015fkin \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rne\u011fi Berlin konsoloslu\u011funun i\u015fleminde g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz:\u00a0 \u201c Berlin’de ikamet eden ba\u015fka bir T\u00fcrkiye\u00adli Yahudi i\u00e7in Berlin Emniyet M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’ne ba\u015fvuruda bulu\u00adnan Berlin T\u00fcrkiye Konsoloslu\u011fu’nun 22 Kas\u0131m 1936 tarihli yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan da belli oluyor: Konsolos, Berlin polisinden yuka\u00adr\u0131da ismi belirtilen ki\u015fiye ekteki onay\u0131 [vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u00adma tezkeresini] imzalatmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan kendilerine g\u00f6nde\u00adrilmesini rica ediyordu.\u201d G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi T\u00fcrk konsoloslar ile Gestapo aras\u0131nda idari pasla\u015fmalar ola\u011fan i\u015flerdendir. Vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Yahudileri i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n onaylanmas\u0131n\u0131n reddedilmesi\u00a0 bir \u00f6l\u00fcm-kal\u0131m meselesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc[r].\u201d T\u00fcrkiye Yahudilerinin Avrupa\u2019da en kalabal\u0131k kolonisini te\u015fkil etti\u011fi Fransa\u2019da cami imam\u0131n\u0131n B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilikten daha fazla verdi\u011fi sahte belgeler T\u00fcrkiyeli Yahudilerin korumas\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha fazla i\u015flevseldir.<\/p>\n

\u201cParis Konsoloslu\u011fu deste\u011fini bedelsiz olarak vermi\u00adyordu. Komite, 20 Eyl\u00fcl tarihli bir duyurusuyla hem maddi du\u00adrumu iyi olmayan T\u00fcrkiye Yahudilerinin konsolosluk \u00fccretle\u00adrinin kar\u015f\u0131lanabilmesi hem de T\u00fcrk K\u0131z\u0131lay\u0131’na ba\u011f\u0131\u015f yapabil\u00admek i\u00e7in Bel\u00e7ika’daki \u00fcyelerini b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar yapmaya da\u00advet ediyordu. Anla\u015f\u0131lan, T\u00fcrkiye’deki Yahudiler T\u00fcrk devletinin ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc nas\u0131l g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015flarla sat\u0131n almak zorunda ka\u00adl\u0131yorlarsa, \u00f6l\u00fcm tehlikesi alt\u0131nda bulunan Bel\u00e7ika’daki T\u00fcrkiye Yahudilerinin de vatanda\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 veya T\u00fcrkiye’ye geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f izni alabilmeleri i\u00e7in para \u00f6demeleri gerekiyordu. G\u00f6sterdikleri ciddi \u00e7abalara ra\u011fmen, Bel\u00e7ika’da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcr\u00adkiye Yahudilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye’ye geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131ndan onay almay\u0131 ba\u015faramad\u0131lar.\u201d<\/p>\n

Gusttstadt,\u00a0en fazla T\u00fcrkiye k\u00f6kenli Yahudi kolonisin bulundu\u011fu Fransa\u2019da T\u00fcrkiyeli Yahudilerin kitlesel olarak katledilmesinin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na i\u015faret eder: Sefarad k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc de holokost kurbanlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.\u00a0 \u201cFransa sadece \u00e7ok say\u0131da T\u00fcrkiye Yahudisi kurban olarak hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmekle kalmad\u0131. \u0130ki d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde Fransa’da, bilhassa Paris’te ye\u015feren ve geli\u015fmekte olan Sefarad k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yeni merkezi de b\u00f6ylece yok olup gitti\u2026 Sefaradlar’\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te biri \u0130s\u00adtanbul’da, \u0130zmir’de, \u0130zmit’te, Edirne’de, Bursa’da, Mersin’de, Adana’da, Ankara’da, Manisa’da, \u00c7orlu’da, Adapazar\u0131’nda, \u00c7a\u00adnakkale’de, \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131 \u00e7evresinde ve T\u00fcrkiye’nin Avru\u00adpa’da ve Asya’da kalan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda bulunan bir dizi ba\u015fka yer\u00adde do\u011fmu\u015ftu. Onlar sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu yerlerde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fcler, sonra Fransa’ya yerle\u015ftiler, ancak dillerini, \u00f6rf ve \u00e2detlerini, gelenek\u00adlerini, anavatan\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc te\u015fkil eden ne varsa, hepsini mu\u00adhafaza ettiler. Bu zavall\u0131lar, n\u00fcfus kay\u0131t dairelerinin baz\u0131 tali\u00admatlar\u0131na uymay\u0131 ihmal etmi\u015f olsalar bile, gururla \u015funu s\u00f6yle\u00admekten hi\u00e7bir zaman vazge\u00e7mediler: ‘Ben bir T\u00fcrk’\u00fcm!’Sava\u015f onlar\u0131 yakalay\u0131nca her biri anavatanlar\u0131n\u0131n himayesi alt\u0131na girmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. T\u00fcrkiye Konsolosluklar\u0131 ise, \u00fcst ma\u00adkamlar\u0131n kendilerine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi resmi talimatlara uyarak onla\u00adra yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmad\u0131lar, g\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 Konsolosluklar\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131\u00adna d\u00f6ken yard\u0131ma muhta\u00e7 ma\u011fdurlar\u0131 geri \u00e7evirdiler. Ankara ve \u0130stanbul’a dilek\u00e7eler, arzuhaller yaz\u0131ld\u0131, heyetler g\u00f6nderildi. Hi\u00e7biri fayda etmedi. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu yaz\u0131lar\u0131n hepsi bo\u015fayd\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye H\u00fck\u00fcmeti b\u00fct\u00fcn bu dilek\u00e7elere ve ricalara, en y\u00fcksek seviyeden ceza \u00f6deme tekliflerine kar\u015f\u0131 ac\u0131mas\u0131z tutu\u00admundan taviz vermedi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Avrupa\u2019da ya\u015fayan kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin\u00a0 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u201cpasif tutum nedeniyle yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 himaye y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne uymad\u0131.Elbette ki, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tavr\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftiriler, kesinlikle Almanlar\u0131n i\u015fledi\u011fi su\u00e7lar\u0131 hafif g\u00f6stermek ve azaltmak amac\u0131yla k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lamaz.\u201d Guttstadt\u2019\u0131n bu s\u00f6zleri sanki\u00a0 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131nda \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 nafile aklama \u00e7abas\u0131nda olanlar i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f gibidir.<\/p>\n

Guttstadt, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin elindeki imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmayarak Avrupada ya\u015fayan yurtta\u015f\u0131 Yahudileri \u00f6l\u00fcme yollarken, Yahudi kurbanlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda olan az say\u0131da\u00a0T\u00fcrkiyeli konsolosluk yetkililerine de\u00a0 yer verir . Bunlardan biri; \u201c1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yad Vashem Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in Uluslararas\u0131 D\u00fc\u00adr\u00fcst \u0130nsanlar Madalyas\u0131’yla taltif edilen Rodos Konsolosu Selahattin \u00dclk\u00fcmendir: \u201c46 ki\u015fiyi kurtard\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n 26’s\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten T\u00fcrk pasa\u00adportlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Kurtar\u0131lanlar aras\u0131nda, Rodoslu olmayan, babas\u0131 T\u00fcrk ordusunda olan bir han\u0131m vard\u0131. Konsolos onu da kurtard\u0131. Orada as\u00adl\u0131nda T\u00fcrk olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n vatanda\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f Yahudiler vard\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk konsolos onlar\u0131 da kurtaracak kadar insanc\u0131ld\u0131.\u201d Baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7abas\u0131 Ankara\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesi ile sonu\u00e7suz kal\u0131r. Milano Konsolosu \u201cNebil Ertok’un T\u00fcrkiye Yahudilerini T\u00fcrkiye’ye geri g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00e7abalar sonu\u00e7suz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu\u00adnun sebebi, muhtemelen sadece Almanlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye Yahudile\u00adrini tehcir etmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ankara’n\u0131n veya T\u00fcr\u00adkiye Berlin B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi’nin \u0130talya’daki T\u00fcrkiye Yahudileri i\u00e7in ad\u0131mlar atm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa dair herhangi bir i\u015faret bulunmamak\u00adtad\u0131r. Milanolu T\u00fcrkiye Yahudilerinin hi\u00e7 olmazsa bir k\u0131sm\u0131\u00adn\u0131n Bergen-Belsen’e g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclerek Auschwitz’e tehcir edilmek\u00adten kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle Milano konsolosu\u00adnun \u00e7abalar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d Geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerde Milano Konsoloslu\u011fundan verilen belgelerin dikkate al\u0131nmamas\u0131 bu \u00e7aban\u0131n gere\u011fi olsa gerek.<\/p>\n

Bir Bulgar kayna\u011f\u0131nda G\u00fcm\u00fclcine\u2019deki T\u00fcrkiye konsolosunun takibata u\u011frat\u0131lan Yahudileri kurtarmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gayrete de\u011finilmektedir. \u201cBu kaynaktan Bulgar i\u015fgal kuvvetlerinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir operasyon esnas\u0131nda, Yahudi bir ailenin T\u00fcrkiye konsoloslu\u011funa s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmas\u0131na izin verildi\u011fini, konsolosun aileyi Bulgarlara teslim etmeyi reddetti\u011fini \u00f6\u011freniriz.\u201d<\/p>\n

Yahudi kurbanlar\u0131n kurtarma faaliyetleri i\u00e7inde direni\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ve direni\u015f i\u00e7inde yer alan bir\u00e7ok Yahudi militan\u0131n da rollerine yer verilir: \u201cSpengler-Axiopoulos ve Bowman, Yunanistan’daki Yahudile\u00adrin Yunan Direni\u015f Hareketi’nden ve saflar\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da Yahu\u00addinin de \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 EAM-ELAS partizanlar\u0131ndan ald\u0131klar\u0131 deste\u00ad\u011fi de vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Yunan direni\u015finin T\u00fcrkiye’deki Yahudi aktivistlerle ve \u0130ngiliz Gizli Servisi’yle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmas\u0131 sayesin\u00adde, Yunanistan’dan 1.000 kadar Yahudi T\u00fcrkiye’ye ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131larak kurtar\u0131labilmi\u015fti.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye belgelerine sahip olman\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik, Bel\u00ad\u00e7ika’da bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrkiye Yahudisinin direni\u015f faaliyetlerine ka\u00adt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:\u00a0 \u201cJoseph Fachler, Frankfurt\/Main’den Antwerpen’e ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olan (sonraki y\u0131llar\u0131n Marksist teorisyeni ve IV. Enternasyonal’in lider \u00fcyesi) Ernest Mandel ve baba\u00ads\u0131 Henri Mandel’le’birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Fachler, Het Frije Woord gibi da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131na d\u00fczenli olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sol g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc yeralt\u0131 gazetelerine makaleler yaz\u0131yordu. Jacques Sephiha ise, Siyo\u00adnist La Gordonia Grubu’nun bir \u00fcyesi olarak \u00f6nceleri yeralt\u0131\u00adna ge\u00e7en ki\u015filerin bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanma\u00ads\u0131yla g\u00f6revliydi. Onun giri\u015fimiyle Yahudilerin \u00e7e\u015fitli gruplar\u0131 Hechaloutz ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir araya geldi. Sephiha’n\u0131n ayr\u0131ca Bel\u00e7i\u00adka direni\u015f hareketi Mouvement National Belgele de ili\u015fkisi var\u00add\u0131. Birka\u00e7 kez tutukland\u0131, ancak T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131 saye\u00adsinde her defas\u0131nda serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Ezra Natan, Bel\u00e7ika di\u00adreni\u015finin askeri \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi O.M.B.R. i\u00e7in yaral\u0131lar\u0131n ve Malines\u2019ten ka\u00e7an ki\u015filerin t\u0131bbi bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir merkezde g\u00f6rev yap\u0131yordu\u2026 \u00c7ok say\u0131da Yahudi bilhassa kom\u00fcnist \u00f6rg\u00fctlerde ve Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Cephesinde yer al\u0131yordu\u2026 \u00c7e\u015fitli direni\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin yard\u0131m\u0131yla Bel\u00e7ika\u2019da yakla\u015f\u0131k 25.000 Yahudi yeralt\u0131na ge\u00e7mek suretiyle hayatta kalabildi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Fransa\u2019da Yahudiler yer alt\u0131 faaliyetlerinde \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131lar ve Nazilere kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir direni\u015f \u00f6rne\u011fi verdiler. Bu sayede bir \u00e7ok T\u00fcrkiyeli Yahudi \u00f6l\u00fcmden kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu direni\u015fte yer alan T\u00fcrkiyeli Yahudiler de \u00f6nemli roller \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdir: \u201cNaziler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f olan Avrupa’n\u0131n her yerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, Fransa’da da Yahudiler Alman \u00f6l\u00fcm \u00e7etelerine kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fte \u00f6nemli bir rol oynuyorlard\u0131. Aktivistlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, \u00f6zellikle\u00a0 sol ve Siyonist A\u015fkenaz \u00e7evrelerden Yahudi g\u00f6\u00e7menlerdi. Ancak Armee Juive, Organisation juive de combat veya Yahudi izcileri olan Eclaireurs Israelites de France (EIF) gibi direni\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinde de \u00e7ok say\u0131da Sefarad Yahudisi bulunuyordu.: 1925 do\u011fumlu Suzanne Catarivas T\u00fcrkiye Yahudisi bir g\u00f6\u00e7men ailesinin k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131 ve Lyon’daki Eclaireurs Israelites de France Yahudi \u0130zcileri \u00fcyesiydi. Yahudileri saklanacak yerlere g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor, g\u0131da pa\u00adketlerinin tutsaklara veya hastalara g\u00f6nderilmesini \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcyor ve biz\u00adzat \u00fcstleniyor, \u00e7e\u015fitli kimlik kartlar\u0131n\u0131n sahtesini haz\u0131rl\u0131yor ve buna benzer ba\u015fka i\u015fler yap\u0131yordu. 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015flar\u0131 5 ile 12 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen ve Grenoble yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki bir \u015fatoda saklanan Marsilyal\u0131 50 \u00e7ocuktan sorumluydu. 1917 Bursa do\u011fumlu Corinne Diamant, 1940-1944 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131n\u00adda Lyon, Grenoble ve civar b\u00f6lgelerde Organisation juive de com\u00adbat isimli Yahudi direni\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcnde m\u00fccadele etti.<\/p>\n

Hollanda \u00f6rne\u011fi de \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r: \u201cHollanda’n\u0131n ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi, halk\u0131n\u0131n belli bir k\u0131sm\u0131\u00adn\u0131n Alman i\u015fgali esnas\u0131nda takip edilen Yahudilerle aktif daya\u00adn\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u015eubat 1941 greviyle,414 Ya\u00adhudileri saklamaya nispeten daha e\u011filimli olmalar\u0131 ya da Ya\u00adhudi Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 uygulamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan protesto g\u00f6sterileri ile kendini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Buna ra\u011fmen Bat\u0131 Avrupa devletleri ara\u00ads\u0131nda Yahudi soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na y\u00fczde olarak en b\u00fcy\u00fck kurban ve\u00adren \u00fclke Hollanda olmu\u015ftur\u2026 22 ve 23 \u015eubat 1941 tarihinde yap\u0131lan Yahudilere y\u00f6nelik bir operasyon ve 400 civar\u0131nda Yahudi erke\u011fin Mauthausen Toplama Kamp\u0131’na tehcir edilme\u00adsi sonucunda Hollandal\u0131 kom\u00fcnistler. Kuzey Hollanda’da genel olarak uyulan bir genel grev \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulundular. Grev, Alman i\u015fgalciler taraf\u0131ndan kanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, liderleri kur\u015funa dizildi.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den kovulan di\u011fer halklar\u0131n da dayan\u0131\u015fma \u00f6rnekleri verilir. Viktor Algazi\u2019nin uzun anlat\u0131m\u0131nda kurtar\u0131c\u0131 bir Ermenidir.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ermeni arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z, \u2018Biz takibat\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu biliriz\u2019 diyerek bizi yanlar\u0131na davet ettiler\u2026 Gavotte’ta alt\u0131 ki\u015fi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir odada kal\u0131yorduk. Bizi yan\u0131na alan\u00a0\u00a0 { dostumuzun ismi Caroline Kaldiremdjian’d\u0131. Tanr\u0131 ondan raz\u0131 olsun, 103 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc. Caroline Ankaral\u0131yd\u0131, Ankaral\u0131 Ermeniler Ermeni-\u00a0\u00a0 I ce konu\u015fam\u0131yorlard\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunu yapt\u0131klar\u0131 takdirde dillerini kesiyor\u00adlard\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden kendi dillerini unutmu\u015flard\u0131, iki-\u00fc\u00e7 ku\u015fak sonra yal-\u00a0\u00a0 j n\u0131zca T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fuyorlard\u0131. Caroline’nin alt\u0131n gibi bir kalbi vard\u0131.\u00a0\u00a0 I Kendisine nas\u0131l sigara sard\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 g\u00f6zlerimin \u00f6n\u00fcnde, onun i\u00e7in so-kaktan izmarit toplard\u0131m. Caroline uykusuzluk \u00e7ekiyor ve b\u00fct\u00fcn gece\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu, o s\u00f6yler, ben dinlerdim. \u015eark\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u00f6ylerdi. Caroline benim i\u00e7in bir b\u00fcy\u00fckanne gibiydi, benim i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 asla unutmayaca\u011f\u0131m. Bana T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ‘Ye, o\u011flum ye’ derdi. Yiyecek\u00a0 neyimiz mi vard\u0131? Kendi bo\u011faz\u0131ndan artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir lokma ekme\u011fi bana verirdi, ben yerdim. Benim g\u0131da karnem yoktu, Caroline gider biraz tah\u0131l dilenir, havanda d\u00f6verek un yapard\u0131.”\u00a0 Estella Dora da anlat\u0131m\u0131nda kurtar\u0131c\u0131 Helen\u2019den s\u00f6z eder: \u201cH\u0131ristiyan olan Yunan bir dostumuz gece sokakta bize e\u015flik ederek saklanaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yere g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Rodos\u2019ta M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir din adam\u0131 \u201cRodos\u2019ta M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir din adam\u0131 Tevrat rulolar\u0131n\u0131 ve cemaate ait dini e\u015fyalar\u0131 kendi camisine g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek bunlar\u0131 koruma alt\u0131na ald\u0131 ve sava\u015ftan sonra onlar\u0131 sa\u011f kalan Yahudilere teslim etti\u201d bu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman din adam\u0131 da kendi \u00e7ap\u0131nda Yahudi kurbanlara yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 esirgemez.<\/p>\n

Az say\u0131da T\u00fcrkiyeye gelebilerin durumuna gelince genel politika gere\u011fi \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Yahudilerinin yurda g\u00f6t\u00fc\u00adr\u00fclmeleri sadece bireysel bazda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeye devam etmeliy\u00addi. T\u00fcrkiye Yahudilerinden sadece askerlik y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getirecek olanlar\u0131n ve\u00a0 Geri d\u00f6nmeleri \u00fclke menfaatine olanlar\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne izin verilmeliydi.\u201d\u00a0 Bu bak\u0131mdan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye\u00a0 d\u00f6nebilmek\u00a0\u00a0 az say\u0131da T\u00fcrkiyeli\u2019ye\u00a0 nasip olmu\u015ftur. Ancak bunlar\u0131n da durumunun i\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez:\u00a0 \u201cWJC’nin 13 Temmuz 1944 tarihli bir raporunda, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k\u00adl\u0131 olarak Makedonya ve Trakya’dan T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 Yahudi\u2019ye T\u00fcrkiye’ye gitme izni verildi. \u015eu anda bulunduk\u00adlar\u0131 \u0130stanbul’da \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc durumdalar; temel ihtiya\u00e7 maddeleri\u00adnin dahi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekiyorlar ve yard\u0131m kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n deste\u00ad\u011fine muhta\u00e7lar denmektedir. Askerlik y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc dolay\u0131s\u0131yla d\u00f6nmelerine izin verilenlerin ta\u015f k\u0131rmaya g\u00f6nderildi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemeye gerek yok.<\/p>\n

1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Naziler ile\u00a0 Almanya\u2019da bulunan T\u00fcrkiyelilerin takas edilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda , takas edilenler aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiyeli Yahudiler de bulunmaktad\u0131r: \u201cTakas m\u00fc\u00adzakerelerine dair \u015fu ana dek bir belge bulunamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131n\u0131n takas edilecek ki\u015filerin say\u0131s\u0131 ve se\u00e7im kriterleri\u00adnin tespitine ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmemektedir. Takas edi\u00adlecek T\u00fcrk grubu 319 ki\u015fiden olu\u015fuyordu: Bunlar, diplomat ve ailelerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra baz\u0131 \u00f6zel ki\u015filerin de bulundu\u011fu 64 ki\u015fi\u00adlik bir resmi grup, 127 \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencisi ve di\u011fer T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015flar\u0131\u00a0 ile ayr\u0131ca 128 Yahudiden olu\u015fuyordu. T\u00fcrkiye Yahudilerinin takasa T\u00fcrk diplomatlar\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine mi, yoksa Yahudi \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin \u0130svi\u00e7re’deki faaliyetleri nedeniyle mi kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belli de\u011fildir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Birlikte yap\u0131lan geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yolculu\u011funda Almanyadaki t\u00fcrk kolonisi mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n yol arkada\u015flar\u0131 olan T\u00fcrkiyeli Yahudilere olan tav\u0131rlar\u0131 da ibret vericidir.\u00a0 \u201cAncak gemideki \u00e7e\u015fitli T\u00fcrk gruplardan yolcular aras\u0131nda ho\u015f olmayan sahneler de ya\u015fand\u0131. T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011frencilerin hi\u00e7 de az olma\u00adyan bir k\u0131sm\u0131, Almanya’da \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6r\u00fcrken antisemitizmden etkilenmi\u015flerdi. Bunlar Ravensbr\u00fcck Toplama Kamp\u0131’ndan kur\u00adtulan T\u00fcrkiye Yahudisi kad\u0131nlara pis Yahudiler diye hakaret ettiler ve Yahudilerin ortak yemek salonuna al\u0131nmamas\u0131n\u0131 iste\u00addiler, ancak kaptan bu talebi \u00f6fkeyle geri \u00e7evirdi.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye geli\u015flerinde de T\u00fcrkiye geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerine izin verdi\u011fi Yahudilere eziyet etmekten \u00e7ekinmedi\u011fini anl\u0131yoruz: \u201cDiplomat gruplar\u0131, \u00f6\u011frenciler ve di\u00ad\u011fer T\u00fcrk yolcular gemiden ayr\u0131l\u0131rken, T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131 Yahu\u00addi takas grubunun b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye’ye ayak basmas\u0131\u00adna izin vermedi. Zorlu kontrollerden sonra nihayet Yahudi yol\u00adculardan 19’u gemiden inebildi. 118’inin T\u00fcrkiye’ye girmesi\u00adne izin verilmedi. Bu ki\u015filer sonraki g\u00fcnleri \u0130stanbul a\u00e7\u0131kla\u00adr\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u015falupada bekleyerek ge\u00e7irmek zorunda kald\u0131\u00adlar. Aubert de la R\u00fce, raporunda, T\u00fcrk s\u0131n\u0131r polisinin bu ki\u015file\u00adrin vatanda\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 onaylay\u0131p onaylamamakta g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ale\u00adni keyfiyeti \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yor: “Pasaportu olmayan T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011frenci\u00adler, \u0130stanbul polisi taraf\u0131ndan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir sorun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmadan kabul ediliyordu. Ancak \u00f6rne\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye Milano Konsoloslu\u00ad\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan verilmi\u015f n\u00fcfus tezkerelerine sahip olan ki\u015filer ge\u00adri \u00e7evriliyordu. Resmi T\u00fcrk takas grubunun i\u00e7inde, Ankara h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcmetinin bilgisi dahilinde \u00fc\u00e7 haymatloz bulunuyordu: Bay ve Bayan L\u00f6wenstein ile Bayan Hahn’\u0131n vizeleri T\u00fcrkiye Bern B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi’nin g\u00f6revlendirilmesiyle koruyucu devlet isvi\u00e7re ta\u00adraf\u0131ndan verilmi\u015fti, ancak \u0130stanbul polisi onlar\u0131n \u00fclkeye girme\u00adsine izin vermedi.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0130bret verici tav\u0131r g\u00f6steren T\u00fcrk bas\u0131n\u0131 da bizi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtmakatad\u0131r: \u201cT\u00fcrk bas\u0131n\u0131 da Drottningholm’le gelenlerin aras\u0131nda toplama kamplar\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrkiye Yahudileri de bulundu\u011fun\u00addan bir s\u00fcre tek kelimeyle olsun s\u00f6z etmedi\u201d<\/p>\n

Gelenler tecrit\u00a0 ko\u015fullar\u0131nda yerle\u015ftirildiler: \u201cJewish Agency’nin ve Amerikan temsilcilerinin T\u00fcrk makam\u00adlar\u0131 nezdinde bulunduklar\u0131 giri\u015fimler neticesinde, be\u015f g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir bekleyi\u015fin ard\u0131ndan, masraflar\u0131 Yahudi \u00f6rg\u00fctleri\u00adne ait olmak \u00fczere polis g\u00f6zetiminde \u00fc\u00e7 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck pansiyonda tec\u00adrit edilmeleri ko\u015fuluyla gemiden ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131na izin verildi. Bu pansiyonlardan biri Beyo\u011flu’nda, di\u011fer ikisi ise Moda’da bulu\u00adnuyordu. \u0130stanbul’da akrabalar\u0131 olanlar\u0131n bile tecrit edildik\u00adleri pansiyonlardan ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131na izin verilmedi. \u0130lk ba\u015flarda kendilerini ziyarete gelen akrabalar\u0131yla dahi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015femiyorlard\u0131.T\u00fcrk siyaset\u00e7ilerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6s\u00adterilen \u00e7abalar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri i\u015fe yaramad\u0131. Joint, Jewish Agency ve \u0130stanbul Yard\u0131m Komitesi’yle birlikte “geri getirilenlerin” ihti\u00adya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 gidermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Uluslararas\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lha\u00e7 temsilcisi, Haziran’da \u015funlar\u0131 yaz\u0131yordu: T\u00fcrkiye D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 konuy\u00adla ilgilenmeyi ve tehcire tabi tutulan bu ki\u015fileri T\u00fcrkiye vatan\u00adda\u015f\u0131 olarak tan\u0131may\u0131 kesin olarak reddediyor. Oysa Joint’in kapsaml\u0131 dosyalar\u0131nda Drottningholm’la gelen T\u00fcrkiye Yahu\u00addilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n muntazam T\u00fcrkiye belgelerine sahip olduklar\u0131, \u00fcstelik bunlar\u0131 (sava\u015f ve i\u015fgal ko\u015fullar\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar\u0131yla) uzatm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 da belgelendirilmi\u015ftir. Bir\u00ad\u00e7ok T\u00fcrkiye Yahudisi, kimlik belgelerinin tutukland\u0131ktan sonra Almanlar taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131konuldu\u011funu veya (geri g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclme\u00adye haz\u0131rl\u0131k olarak) Avrupa’daki T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131na g\u00f6nderildi\u00ad\u011fini beyan ediyordu.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin\u00a0 bu dayatmalar\u0131 ve istenmediklerinin her an hissettirilmesi \u015fartlar\u0131nda bu insanlar\u0131n burada daha fazla kalmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez:\u00a0 \u201cHolokost esnas\u0131nda tekrar T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kabul edilen ya da de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f edilen yakla\u015f\u0131k 850 Yahudinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131s\u00adm\u0131 sava\u015ftan sonra tekrar Avrupa’ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc ya da Filistin\/\u0130srail’e g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. Bunlar bulunduklar\u0131 \u00fclkelerde h\u00e2l\u00e2 T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuri\u00adyeti vatanda\u015f\u0131 olarak kabul edildikleri i\u00e7in, Almanya’n\u0131n abs\u00fcrd d\u00fczenlemeleri nedeniyle Almanya’dan tazminat alamad\u0131lar ya da bunu ancak uzun u\u011fra\u015flardan sonra ba\u015fard\u0131lar.\u201d<\/p>\n

Guttstadt, kitab\u0131n\u0131n sonunda soyk\u0131r\u0131m b\u00fcrokrasisine dair geni\u015f bir bibliyografyaya yer verir. Bu soyk\u0131r\u0131m b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n\u0131n yeni d\u00f6nemde de g\u00f6revlerine devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6rmek bize yabanc\u0131 de\u011fildir. Biz 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n\u0131n da terfi ederek g\u00f6revlerine devam etti\u011fini biliyoruz.[4] Guttstadt bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m b\u00fcrokrat\u0131n\u0131n hukuk mekanizmas\u0131nda yer almas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylese de bu bize ve bu co\u011frafyaya yabanc\u0131 de\u011fildir. Aya\u015f Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 H\u00fcseyin Memduh \u00d6zoran,\u00a0 Ali Seyit Bey, Mustafa Re\u015fat\u00a0 Mimaro\u011flu\u2026ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131 gibi\u2026<\/p>\n

Holokost s\u00fcrecinde Almanlar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki\u00a0 borazanlar\u0131n\u0131n da ba\u015f tac\u0131 edildiklerini\u00a0 unutmayal\u0131m:\u00a0 \u201cAlman \u00f6rne\u011finden ilham alan antisemitler ve fa\u015fistler, \u0130kin\u00adci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan gelen d\u00f6nemde<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’nin poli\u00adtik sisteminde \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 oldular. Nihal Ats\u0131z ve onunla ay\u00adn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede olanlar, 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 70’li y\u0131llarda pek \u00e7ok sol\u00adcu \u00f6\u011frencinin, sendikac\u0131n\u0131n ve ayd\u0131n\u0131n katlinden sorumlu fa\u00ad\u015fist MHP’nin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc olan T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck Derne\u011fi’ni kurdular. Bu hareketin lideri, Ats\u0131z’\u0131n dava arkada\u015f\u0131 Alparslan T\u00fcrke\u015f oldu. Cevat R\u0131fat Atilhan 1945’ten 1967’deki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne dek T\u00fcrki\u00adye’deki antisemit yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olma rol\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc, kitaplar\u0131 bug\u00fcn bile \u00e7ok say\u0131da bask\u0131 yap\u0131yor, islamc\u0131 ve fa\u015fist gazetelerin ve internet sitelerinin \u00e7ok satanlar listelerinde yer al\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye’nin K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n internet sitesinde de Atilhan (2008’e kadar!) bir “yazar” olarak tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Corry Guttstdat\u2019\u0131, bu yalan imparatorlu\u011funda bir yalan\u0131 daha berhava etti\u011fi i\u00e7in kutluyoruz.<\/p>\n

[1]\u00a0 Atay,Falih R\u0131fk\u0131 , Zeytin Da\u011f\u0131 Remzi Y. 1938\u00a0 s 7<\/em><\/p>\n

[2] Corry Guttstdat, T\u00fcrkiye, Yahudiler ve Holokost, \u00c7ev. Atilla Dirim, \u0130leti\u015fim, 2012<\/em><\/p>\n

[3]\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti sava\u015fa kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ancak tarafs\u0131z de\u011fildir. Aksi halde \u201cSovyet donanmas\u0131na ve Karadenizden \u00e7ekilmekte olan Alman donanmas\u0131na ait gemiler aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u201d\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fir.\u00a0 Alman\u00a0 donanmas\u0131na ait bu gemiler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin izni yada en hafifiyle g\u00f6z yummas\u0131 ile Karadenize ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. \u201c Alman sava\u015f gemileri T\u00fcrklerin g\u00f6z yummas\u0131 sonucu 1944 yaz\u0131na kadar Bo\u011fazlar\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Karadenize \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu\u2026 Hem Montr\u00f6 Antla\u015fmas\u0131, hem de \u0130ngiltere ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019yle imzalanm\u0131\u015f olan Antla\u015fmalar uyar\u0131nca T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin buna izin vermemesi gerekirdi. Sovyet temsilcili\u011fi bu durumu birka\u00e7 kez bo\u015f yere protesto etti.\u201d Yani \u201cT\u00fcrkiye 1944 yaz\u0131na kadar Almanya lehine tek tarafl\u0131 bir tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k siyaseti izliyordu\u201d Ayr\u0131ca \u201cHem Almanlar\u0131n iste\u011fi \u00fczerine 1942 yaz\u0131nda Ts\u00fcrk birliklerinin Sovyet s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na kayd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, hem de Alman ve t\u00fcrk gizli servisleri aras\u0131ndaki yak\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fi, Almanlar\u0131n Sovyetlere kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015fa destek olma anlam\u0131na geliyordu\u201d Guttstadt tarafs\u0131z T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin\u00a0 politikac\u0131 ve b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131ndan \u00f6rnekler verir: \u201cAlmanlar\u0131n Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ne sald\u0131rmas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye’de -sade\u00adce Nazi sempatizanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda de\u011fil- genel bir sevin\u00e7le kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Milletvekili Faik Ahmet Barut\u00e7u, T\u00fcrkiye meclisinde olu\u015fan havay\u0131 Alman-Sovyet sava\u015f\u0131, \u00fclkemizde bir bayram ha\u00advas\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, b\u00fct\u00fcn kalpler, Almanlar\u0131n zaferi i\u00e7in \u00e7arpma\u00adya ba\u015flad\u0131 s\u00f6zleriyle tasvir ediyordu. D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Sara\u00e7o\u011f\u00adlu, Almanlara ba\u015far\u0131 dileklerini sunmak i\u00e7in von Papen’i biz\u00adzat arad\u0131 ve Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc de T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6nl\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcn bu sava\u015fta Almanya’dan yana oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Ekim 1941’de y\u00fcksek d\u00fczey bir T\u00fcrk askeri heyeti Almanlar\u0131n do\u011fu cephesini gezdi ve Temmuz 1942’de onlar\u0131 resmi bir bas\u0131n he\u00adyeti izledi. Her iki grup da Almanya’n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan hayran\u00adl\u0131kla s\u00f6z ediyorlard\u0131\u2026 Meclis koridorlar\u0131nda milletvekilleri ve bakanlar birbirlerine gazan\u0131z m\u00fcba\u00adrek olsun dileklerini sunuyorlard\u0131.\u201d T\u00fcrk politikac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Nazi yanl\u0131s\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda gerek diplomatlar\u0131 da nazi yanl\u0131s\u0131 ve sempatizanlar\u0131 olu\u015fu T\u00fcrkiyeli Yahudilerin holokost s\u00fcrecinde kurtar\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 engellemi\u015f ve\u00a0 kayb\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fbakan Sara\u00e7o\u011flu ve D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Menemencio\u011flu\u2019nun Nazi yanl\u0131s\u0131 tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 saklamaya gerek g\u00f6rmedikleri gibi Berlin B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi H\u00fcsrev Gerede de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a Nazilerden yana tav\u0131r al\u0131r. Berlin b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi ikinci katibi 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcrecinin Van ve Ba\u015fkale kasab\u0131 Enver\u2019in eni\u015ftesi Cevdet\u2019in karde\u015fi Fikret Belbez\u2019de ayn\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri payla\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

[4] Merakl\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in: Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu, 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131nda Exterminators- yok Ediciler ve Erdemli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Peri Y. 2011<\/em><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.birikimdergisi.com\/birikim\/makale.aspx?mid=853&makale=Holokost%20ve%20T%FCrkiye<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu \u00a0Tarihe hakikat\u2019in ne l\u00fczumu var? Osmanl\u0131 tarihi, bu sebeple, bir yalan \u00e2lemi olmu\u015ftur, Yalan \u015earkta ay\u0131p de\u011fildir.\u201d[1 Falih R\u0131fk\u0131 Atay\u00a0 yukar\u0131daki s\u00f6zleri s\u00f6ylerken bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi i\u015faret ediyordu. Bu ger\u00e7ek Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in ne kadar do\u011fruysa ard\u0131l\u0131 olan T.C. i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 derecede do\u011frudur.\u00a0 Resmi tarih ba\u015ftan sona bir yalan manzumesidir. Bu yalan manzumesi i\u00e7indeki […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":15928,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15927","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-kitaplar-elestiriler"],"yoast_head":"\nHolokost ve T\u00fcrkiye - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2012\/06\/15\/holokost-ve-turkiye\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Holokost ve T\u00fcrkiye - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu \u00a0Tarihe hakikat\u2019in ne l\u00fczumu var? Osmanl\u0131 tarihi, bu sebeple, bir yalan \u00e2lemi olmu\u015ftur, Yalan \u015earkta ay\u0131p de\u011fildir.\u201d[1 Falih R\u0131fk\u0131 Atay\u00a0 yukar\u0131daki s\u00f6zleri s\u00f6ylerken bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi i\u015faret ediyordu. Bu ger\u00e7ek Osmanl\u0131 i\u00e7in ne kadar do\u011fruysa ard\u0131l\u0131 olan T.C. i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 derecede do\u011frudur.\u00a0 Resmi tarih ba\u015ftan sona bir yalan manzumesidir. 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