{"id":1568,"date":"2010-07-24T04:07:26","date_gmt":"2010-07-24T09:07:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=1568"},"modified":"2010-07-24T04:07:26","modified_gmt":"2010-07-24T09:07:26","slug":"hemsinli-ermenilerin-tarihinden","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/07\/24\/hemsinli-ermenilerin-tarihinden\/","title":{"rendered":"HEM\u015e\u0130NL\u0130 ERMEN\u0130LER\u0130N TAR\u0130H\u0130NDEN"},"content":{"rendered":"

Babgen Harutyunyan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Erivan Devlet \u00dcniversitesi,<\/p>\n

Tarih doktoru, profes\u00f6r\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce onbinlerce Hem\u015finli Ermeni g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f Abhazya Cumhuriyeti ve Rusya Federasyonu\u2019nun Krasnodar ili b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fc. \u0130\u015fbu tez, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ait olan Karadeniz\u2019in g\u00fcney-do\u011fu sahillerindeki topraklarda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ikamet eden Hem\u015fin Ermenilerinin olu\u015fumu, geli\u015fimi ve gelecekteki kaderlerinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

Ermenilerin, Araplara kar\u015f\u0131 774\u2013775 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki ayaklanmas\u0131ndan sonra Araplar, h\u00fcrriyet sever Ermeni halk\u0131 i\u00e7in dayan\u0131lmaz \u015fartlar yaratt\u0131klar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kom\u015fu Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmaya mecbur oldu. Vergiler y\u00fckseltildi ve vergi veremeyen halk\u0131n k\u00f6le olarak sat\u0131lmas\u0131na varan bask\u0131 ve zul\u00fcm ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Ermenistan valisi Ubeydullah ibn-al-Mahdi ve yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netim y\u0131llar\u0131nda durum art\u0131k dayan\u0131lmaz olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Ermeni tarih\u00e7i \u011eevond\u2019a g\u00f6re, erkekler, kad\u0131nlar ve \u00e7ocuklardan olu\u015fan 12 bin Ermeni, ba\u015fta Amatuni soyundan gelen prens \u015eapuh ile o\u011flu Hamam olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok Ermeni beyleri ve s\u00fcvari birlikleri e\u015fli\u011finde Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n merkez b\u00f6lgelerini terkedip Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fclkesine, Bizans\u2019a ge\u00e7er. \u00dclkeyi terk eden Ermeniler, arkalar\u0131ndan gelen Arap ordular\u0131n\u0131 Kokh il\u00e7esinde yenilgiye u\u011fratarak Akamsis veya \u00c7oruh \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ip Egerlerin \u00fclkesini kat ederek Pontus\u2019a girerler. Bizans \u0130mparatoru Konstantin, onlar\u0131 memnuniyetle kabul edip, beylik haklar\u0131n\u0131 tasdik ederek bereketli topraklar verir1<\/sup>. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7 ile ilgili \u015eapuh ve Hamam prensleri haricinde, Ermeni katolikosu (Ermeni kilisesinin \u00f6nderi-\u00e7evirmenin notu) Yesai Ye\u011fipatru\u015fetsi (775\u2013788), Arap vali Ubeydullah, yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 S\u00fcleyman (788\u2013790) ve Bizans \u0130mparatoru VI. Konstantin\u2019in (770\u2013797) isimleri ge\u00e7mektedir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn ve Ermeni Hem\u015fin beyli\u011finin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n tarihi, 788 y\u0131l\u0131nda vuku bulan Yesai Ye\u011fipatru\u015fetsi katolikosun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yani 789 veya 790 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eapuh Amatuni\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn ba\u015f tertip\u00e7isi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Ham\u015fen (Hem\u015fin) veya daha do\u011frusu Hamama\u015fen ismi, o\u011flu Hamam ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bu olaylardan bir veya iki y\u00fczy\u0131l sonra \u015fekillenmi\u015f olan kaotik tarihi rivayete g\u00f6re Hamam Amatuni, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Tambur \u015fehrine yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. Bu \u015fehir, daha sonralar\u0131 Persler (Araplar olmal\u0131d\u0131r) ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapan G\u00fcrc\u00fc beyi Va\u015fdean taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. Onu ihanetle su\u00e7layan prens Hamam tutuklanarak elleri ve ayaklar\u0131 kesilir2<\/sup>. Bu olaylardan sonra prens Hamam, G\u00fcrc\u00fc prensi taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Tambur \u015fehrinin yerinde yeni bir \u015fehir kurar ve \u015fehri kendi ismiyle Hamama\u015fen adland\u0131r\u0131r3<\/sup>. Hamam\u015fen ismi zaman i\u00e7inde Ham\u015fen veya Hem\u015fin\u2019e de\u011fi\u015fir. Farkl\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re, Karadeniz\u2019in ormanlarla kapl\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131 \u015feridinin g\u00fcneyinde \u00e7ok az say\u0131da insan ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. Bu husus, Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7menlere Hem\u015fin\u2019de nispeten kolay yerle\u015fme imk\u00e2n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Yine de yeni gelenler ile yerli Ermeniler aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar vuku bulmu\u015f olabilir. Kan\u0131m\u0131zca, Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin \u201cD\u00fcnya yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan beri Hem\u015fin insan y\u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6rmemi\u015fti\u201d4<\/sup> deyi\u015fi, Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u0131ss\u0131z veya az mesk\u00fcn topraklara yerle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu tezimizi desteklemektedir. Hem\u015fin, hayli g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir prensli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek, daha sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Y\u00fcksek Hayk ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinden gelen yeni g\u00f6\u00e7menler i\u00e7in s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma yerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015fin ve \u00e7evresi, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadan kesilmi\u015f, izole olmu\u015f, az g\u00fcne\u015fli ve rutubetli bir b\u00f6lgedir. Hem\u015fin\u2019i ziyaret etmi\u015f olan 13. yy. Ermeni tarih\u00e7isi Hetum bu \u00f6zellikleri kaydederek, pratikte b\u00f6lgede yollar\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir5<\/sup>. Hem\u015fin \u00fczerinden \u0130spanya\u2019ya d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f olan \u0130spanyol diplomat ve gezgin Rui Gonzales de Klavijo da b\u00f6lgeyi, sakinlerini ve geleneklerini anlatan eserinde ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tekrarlamaktad\u0131r6<\/sup>. B\u00f6lgenin konumu, co\u011frafi ve iklim \u015fartlar\u0131, yollar\u0131 ve ba\u015fka ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 K. Koch, S. Haykuni, P. Tumayants ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere yabanc\u0131 ve Ermeni yazarlar\u0131n eserlerinde bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

12 bin g\u00f6\u00e7menin ilkin hangi b\u00f6lgede yerle\u015ftikleri hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ne yaz\u0131k ki Orta\u00e7a\u011f kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda, Hamama\u015fen isminden ba\u015fka hi\u00e7 bir bilgi korunmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sadece 15. yy.da Hem\u015fin beyli\u011finin g\u00fcneyde Sper (\u0130spir), yani Do\u011fu-Pontus da\u011flar\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rda\u015f oldu\u011funu bilmekteyiz. 19. yy.dan itibaren az-\u00e7ok ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiye sahip olmaktay\u0131z. Alman bilim adam\u0131 K.Koch\u2019a g\u00f6re Hem\u015fin b\u00f6lgesi, bir bey y\u00f6netiminde yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z b\u00f6lge idi. Merkez konumda bulunan Hem\u015fin\u2019den ba\u015fka Hem\u015fin sanca\u011f\u0131, merkezleri Kalapotamos \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n yukar\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131nda bulunan Cemil k\u00f6y\u00fc, Mapavra \u00e7ay\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Ortak\u00f6y ve sahil \u015fehri Atina yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Marmand k\u00f6y\u00fc olan \u00fc\u00e7 derebeylikten ibaretti7<\/sup>. Etnograf S. Haykuni\u2019nin bilgileri daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Haykuni\u2019ye g\u00f6re Hem\u015fin b\u00f6lgesi, Sper (\u0130spir) ve Rize aras\u0131nda bulunan ve ormanlarla kapl\u0131 devasa da\u011flarla \u00e7evrili iki \u00e7ay\u0131n ve bu \u00e7aylar\u0131n yan kollar\u0131n\u0131n havzalar\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktayd\u0131. Cemil \u00e7ay\u0131 Kalapotamos \u00e7ay\u0131na d\u00f6k\u00fclmektedir. As\u0131l Hem\u015fin, Rize\u2019den 24 saat y\u00fcr\u00fcme mesafesinde bulunan Et-para k\u00f6y\u00fcnden ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. Manavra \u00e7ay\u0131 Karadeniz\u2019e, Yukar\u0131 Kale \u00e7ay\u0131 ise Atina yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Karadeniz\u2019e d\u00f6k\u00fclen Fortuna \u00e7ay\u0131na d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. K. Koch\u2019un verdi\u011fi bilgilere g\u00f6re Hem\u015fin n\u00fcfusu o tarihlerde 8\u00a0000 ki\u015fi civar\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015fin beyli\u011fi tarihini genel hatlar\u0131yla tan\u0131yal\u0131m. Verilerin tamamen eksik olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Amatuni prenslerinin Hem\u015fin\u2019de ne kadar s\u00fcre iktidarda bulunduklar\u0131n\u0131 saptamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Arap kaynaklara g\u00f6re Trabzon ve \u00e7evresi Ermeni Bagratuni devletine d\u00e2hil olmu\u015ftur, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, en az\u0131ndan 9. yy. sonlar\u0131 \u2013 10. yy. ba\u015flar\u0131nda Hem\u015fin prensli\u011fi, Ermeni krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131 idi. 19. yy. sonlar\u0131na kadar korunan bir rivayet, Grigor ve Martiros beylerin krallar\u0131n soyundan gelmi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 anlatmaktad\u0131r. Prens Martiros, o\u011flu Arta\u015fes i\u00e7in prens Grigor\u2019un k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n elini isteyince Grigor, k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 Arta\u015fes\u2019e vermeyi reddeder, fakat Martiros, Grigor\u2019u yenerek o\u011flu Arta\u015fes\u2019i onun k\u0131z\u0131 ile evlendirir. Martiros, Hem\u015fin\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck nehrinin yukar\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kale kurar. Bu kale, 19. yy. sonlar\u0131na kadar Arta\u015fen olarak an\u0131lmakta idi8<\/sup>. Martiros ve Grigor\u2019un krallar\u0131n soyundan geldikleri ve o d\u00f6nemde b\u00f6lgede Bagratuniler\u2019in y\u00f6netimde bulunduklar\u0131n\u0131 hesaba katarak, onlar\u0131n Bagratuni hanedan\u0131na mensup olduklar\u0131n\u0131 veya Bagratunilerle akrabal\u0131k ba\u011flar\u0131 bulundu\u011funu tahmin edebiliriz.<\/p>\n

13. yy. ba\u015flar\u0131ndan Hem\u015fin prensli\u011fi, 4. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferinden sonra meydana gelmi\u015f olan Trabzon \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu b\u00fcnyesinde yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir b\u00f6lge olarak yer al\u0131r. 1223 y\u0131l\u0131nda Konya Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Trabzon \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda, Hem\u015finli Ermeniler veya kaynaklara g\u00f6re Kha\u011fdik ve Matsuka b\u00f6lgesi sakinleri Konya ordusuna m\u00fcthi\u015f bir darbe vurup \u00e7ok say\u0131da asker ve at ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir. Kha\u011fdik ad\u0131n\u0131n belirtilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, rakibe \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl darbe vurma konusunda sadece Hem\u015finli de\u011fil, \u00c7oruh havzas\u0131 Ermenilerinin de i\u015ftirak ettiklerini anlamaktay\u0131z.<\/p>\n

1360\u2019lardan itibaren, \u00c7oruh Nehri\u2019nin orta b\u00f6lgesinde Baberd veya Bayburt emirli\u011fi kurulur. Bu emirlik, b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle Hem\u015fin beyli\u011fiyle birlikte, \u00f6nce Celairliler, daha sonra ise Timur y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

15. yy. ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren Hem\u015fin beyli\u011fi, Arakel (Arraquiel) ismi ile birlikte an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flar. \u0130spanyol diplomat\u0131 Klavijo, vatan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yolunda Sperin (\u0130spir) M\u00fcsl\u00fcman emirinin misafiri olduktan sonra, prens Arakel\u2019in ismiyle an\u0131lan \u201cArakel\u2019in memleketine\u201d hareket eder. Klavijo, Arakel \u00fclkesinin sakinlerinin Ermeni H\u0131ristiyanlar olduklar\u0131 halde vergi almadan topraklar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7irmek istemediklerinden \u015fik\u00e2yet etmektedir., \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Sper emirin taraf\u0131ndan sayg\u0131yla konuk edilmi\u015f olan Klavijo\u2019nun, Arakel\u2019in \u00fclkesinden ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in vergi \u00f6demeye mecbur olmas\u0131 Arakel\u2019in, Sper emirine t\u00e2bili\u011finin sembolik oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

1422 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Hem\u015fin beyli\u011fi tekrar Arakel isimli ba\u015fka bir prensin elinde bulunur9<\/sup>. 1425 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hem\u015fin baronu veya beyi (b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla Arakel\u2019in o\u011flu) David idi. Davit\u2019in iktidarl\u0131k y\u0131llar\u0131 Ermenistan katolikosu Po\u011fos (Paul) ve Kara-Koyunlu \u0130skender Bey d\u00f6nemlerine denk d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Bununla ilgili veriler Hem\u015fin\u2019deki Ko\u015ftents manast\u0131r\u0131ndaki bir kay\u0131tta bulunmu\u015ftur10<\/sup>. Hem\u015fin b\u00f6lgesi, bulundu\u011fu co\u011frafyan\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131m zorlu\u011funa ra\u011fmen, Kara-Koyunlu devletinin g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde, Trabzon \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve Kara-Koyunlu devleti aras\u0131ndaki ticarette \u00f6nemli bir konuma sahip olur. Bu ticaretle ilgilenen t\u00fcccar Hoca \u015eam\u015fadin, 1431 y\u0131l\u0131nda Trabzon\u2019daki \u00c7arkhapan kilisesini restore ettirir, bir y\u0131l sonraysa Ermenilerle mesk\u00fbn Kafa (Teodosya) yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan Anton manast\u0131r\u0131na N. \u015enorhali\u2019nin \u015fiirlerinin el yazmas\u0131n\u0131 sipari\u015f eder11<\/sup>. Hoca \u015eam\u015fadin\u2019in Hem\u015fin beyi David\u2019e yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan mektubunda David\u2019in, saptanm\u0131\u015f olan vergilerle yetinmesini ve fazlas\u0131na tamah etmemesini, mallar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131, ayr\u0131ca ayn\u0131 prensiplere uymas\u0131 konusunda Sper emirine de ba\u015fvurmas\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye etmektedir. B\u00f6ylelikle, \u0130skender\u2019in iktidar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde prens David\u2019in \u00f6nemli n\u00fcfuza sahip olup kom\u015fu Sper emirine de tavsiyelerde bulunabilecek konumda oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz. 1440 y\u0131l\u0131nda prens David o\u011flu Vard ile beraber h\u00e2la iktidarda bulunmaktayd\u0131. Bununla ilgili verileri Kh<\/span>ujik manast\u0131r\u0131ndaki bir kay\u0131tta rastlamaktay\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Yirmi y\u0131l sonra Hem\u015fin beyli\u011fini, \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda bulmaktay\u0131z. Vard\u2019\u0131n hen\u00fcz eri\u015fkin olmayan o\u011flu Veke (b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle Viken), \u015eahali adl\u0131 birine kar\u015f\u0131 yenilerek esir al\u0131n\u0131p \u015feyh Haydar Sefevi\u2019ye (1456\u20131488) teslim edilir. L. Kha\u00e7ikyan\u2019a g\u00f6re yukar\u0131da ifade edilen \u015eahali b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla Bayburtlu A\u015fireti\u2019nin \u00f6nderiydi12<\/sup>. Bununla birlikte Hem\u015fin Beyli\u011fi ortadan kalkmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Beyli\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimalle Veke\u2019nin karde\u015fi olan David y\u00f6netmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1489 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hem\u015fin veya Arakel beyli\u011fi art\u0131k varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmemekteydi. David\u2019in iktidar y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ham\u015fin-Sper il\u00e7esi h\u00e2la Ak-Koyunlu \u015fah\u0131 Yakup\u2019un egemenli\u011finde bulunmaktayd\u0131, fakat Osmanl\u0131lar gitgide s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletip 1489 y\u0131l\u0131nda veya bundan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Hem\u015fin prensli\u011fini zaptettiler.<\/p>\n

Meslekta\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011frencileri taraf\u0131ndan \u201cbarono\u011flu\u201d veya \u201ckral soyundan\u201d an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, \u00fcnl\u00fc bilim adam\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011fretmen Hovhannes Hem\u015fintsi\u2019nin (Hem\u015finli Hovhannes) b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla, Hem\u015fin prensleri soyundan gelmi\u015f oldu\u011funu kabul edebiliriz. Bu durum, en az\u0131ndan 9. yy.dan itibaren Hem\u015fin\u2019in, Bagratuniler veya onlarla akrabal\u0131k ba\u011flar\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Amatuni prensleri taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Hovhannes Hem\u015fintsi, Grigor Tatevatsi\u2019nin (Tatevli Grigor) \u00f6\u011frencisi olup Tatev \u00fcniversitesinde m\u00fckemmel bir tahsil g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Din adam\u0131 olarak kutsand\u0131ktan sonra Erzincan yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Avag-vank manast\u0131r\u0131na yerle\u015fir. Ha\u011fpat, Taron, Daranaga, Sivas, Tivrik, Trabzon, K\u0131r\u0131m gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerden \u00f6\u011frenciler bu \u00fcnl\u00fc din adam\u0131 etraf\u0131nda toplan\u0131rlar. Hovhannes Hem\u015fintsi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen \u00fcniversite 1489 y\u0131l\u0131nda Aziz Hakob veya Kapos manast\u0131r\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. \u00dcniversitenin rekt\u00f6r\u00fc, din adam\u0131 Hovhannes 1497 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat eder.<\/p>\n

Avag-vank ve Kapos manast\u0131rlar\u0131 Hem\u015fin prensli\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen 15\u201316. yy.larda Hem\u015fin\u2019de de manast\u0131rlar ve yaz\u0131m merkezleri vard\u0131. Voskyan\u2019a g\u00f6re Hem\u015fin y\u00f6resinde Kha\u00e7ekar, Aziz Kha\u00e7ik baba ve Var\u015fam veya Varsambek olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 manast\u0131r vard\u0131. Fakat L. Kha\u00e7ikyan, bilinen ve yeni bilgiler \u00fczerine onlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 olduklar\u0131 sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kha\u00e7ekar manast\u0131r\u0131 Ye\u011fnhovit k\u00f6y\u00fcnde bulunmaktayd\u0131 ve rahip Karapet bu manast\u0131rda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015fin y\u00f6resindeki tek manast\u0131r Kha\u00e7ekar manast\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildi. Voskyan\u2019\u0131n bu konuda veriler sunmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 15. yy. ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren Ko\u015ftents ve Khujka veya Khujik manast\u0131rlar\u0131 da an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Hem\u015fin\u2019de onlarca ve y\u00fczlerce el yazmalar\u0131 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u015f\u00fcphe g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez, fakat bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u015fgalcilerce yok edilmi\u015f veya g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131na me\u00e7hul kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hovhannes episkopos Hem\u015finli, Hakob Hem\u015finli, rahip Movses gibi Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temsilcileri olan \u00e7ok say\u0131da Hem\u015finli Ermeni, tarihi Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik manast\u0131rlar\u0131nda emek vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

N\u00fcfusun \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Hem\u015finli Ermeniler i\u00e7in trajik sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur. S. Haykuni, folklorik \u00f6\u011feleri temel alarak, 1708\u20131710 y\u0131llar\u0131nda vuku buldu\u011funu varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kara-dere Ermenilerinin \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lma s\u00fcrecini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, onlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan Hem\u015fin\u2019in zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, 17. yy.da vuku bulmu\u015f olabilirdi. Bug\u00fcn hak etmedi\u011fi bir \u015fekilde unutulmu\u015f olan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 P. Tumayants\u2019a g\u00f6re Kara-Dere Ermenileri zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 170\u2013180 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Sper, Babert ve k\u0131smen de Hem\u015fin\u2019den bu b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015flerdir. \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcreci sonunda dinlerinden d\u00f6nmemi\u015f olan Kara-dereliler \u00fczerinde bask\u0131lar yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 binlerce Ermeni t\u00fcm varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaybederek Trabzon, Ordu, \u00c7ar\u015famba, Sinop ve Adapazar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n k\u00f6ylerine ve \u015fehirlerine ka\u00e7mak zorunda kald\u0131lar13<\/sup>. L. Kha\u00e7ikyan\u2019\u0131n verilerine g\u00f6re, as\u0131l Hem\u015fin b\u00f6lgesindeki n\u00fcfusun \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 1690\u20131700 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Kara-dere Ermenilerinki ise 1780 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131k ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde de \u00c7oruh b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan (Hopa-Hem\u015filler) Hem\u015finlilerin \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lma, ancak Ermeni n\u00fcfusun onlarca y\u0131l s\u00fcren kahramanca direni\u015flerinin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmi\u015ftir. Daha 19. yy. ba\u015flar\u0131nda H. Bj\u015fkyan, Hem\u015finlilerin \u201ckes-kes\u201d (yar\u0131-yar\u0131ya) olduklar\u0131n\u0131, \u00a0yani M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen gizlice H\u0131ristiyan inan\u0131\u015flar\u0131na sad\u0131k kalm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmekteydi. Kara-dere Ermenileri de b\u00f6yle idi. Bu insanlar\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ifte isimler \u201cyar\u0131-yar\u0131ya\u201d olduklar\u0131n\u0131n en belirgin ifadesidir. Ali-Sargis Karapeto\u011flu, Mahmut Hovhanneso\u011flu vs. \u0130sl\u00e2ml\u0131k burada sadece 1890\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda galip gelmi\u015ftir. P. Tumayants\u2019a g\u00f6re 19. yy. ortalar\u0131nda sadece Ye\u011fnhovit k\u00f6y\u00fcnde 20 H\u0131ristiyan aile kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f olan H\u0131ristiyanlar, kendilerini genelde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman veya Osmanl\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131, fakat Hem\u015finli Ermeniler \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra dahi Ermeni dilinin hem\u015fin leh\u00e7esini, folklorunu, nehir, vadi ve da\u011flar\u0131n Ermenice isimlerini korumu\u015flar ve kendilerine Hem\u015finli olarak adland\u0131rmaktayd\u0131. Hem\u015finliler g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar aile i\u00e7inde kendi leh\u00e7elerini konu\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. G. D\u00fcmezil, 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hem\u015finli bir \u00f6\u011frenciden Hem\u015fin leh\u00e7esinde \u00fc\u00e7 hik\u00e2ye kaydetmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcne kadar da Hem\u015finliler cesaret, adalet, namusluluk ve samimiyetleriyle \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr ve yabanc\u0131larla evlenmezler. 19. yy. sonlar\u0131nda say\u0131lar\u0131 16 bin civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. H.A\u00e7aryan\u2019\u0131n verilerine g\u00f6re Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 20 bin H\u0131ristiyan Hem\u015finli ve yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak o kadar da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Hem\u015finli vard\u0131. Ku\u015fkusuz, bug\u00fcn M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Hem\u015finlilerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok daha fazlad\u0131r ve F\u0131rt\u0131na Nehri ile bu nehrin kollar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi vadilerde ve Kara-dere vadisinde ikamet etmektedirler. Hopa Hem\u015finlileri, Hopa b\u00f6lgesinde, Lazlar\u0131n yerle\u015fim yerlerinden daha g\u00fcneyde, ikamet ederler. L\u00e2kin Laz k\u00f6ylerinde de Hem\u015finliler bulunmakta ve i\u00e7ine kapan\u0131k bir hayat s\u00fcrmektedirler.<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi \u015fartlar ve i\u015flenecek topraklar\u0131n az olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Hem\u015finliler eski zamanlardan itibaren Karadeniz sahillerinde yay\u0131l\u0131p yeni yerle\u015fim yerleri kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Yeni yerlere yerle\u015fmeleri esnas\u0131nda s\u0131k-s\u0131k Yunanl\u0131lar ve Lazlarla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar folklora da yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte, halk destanlar\u0131 maalesef yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6k\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Hem\u015fin\u2019den Ermeni n\u00fcfusun g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc, zorunlu \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma y\u0131llar\u0131nda daha da yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yukar\u0131da ifade edildi\u011fi gibi bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde Hem\u015finliler b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcney Karadeniz sahilleri boyunca yay\u0131ld\u0131lar. H.A\u00e7aryan\u2019\u0131n verilerine g\u00f6re soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6ncesinde Trabzon\u2019da 800 aile, De\u011firmendere\u2019den Yamboli \u00e7ay\u0131na kadar 2340 ki\u015fi, S\u00fcrmene\u2019de 100 aile, Akh\u00e7eabad\u2019da 4000 ki\u015fi, Tripoli\u2019de 40 aile, Giresun\u2019da 400 ki\u015fi, Canik\u2019te 2000 ki\u015fi Ermeni ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. Hem\u015finli g\u00f6\u00e7menler \u0130zmit\u2019e (Nikomedia) dahi yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015finli H\u0131ristiyan Ermeniler, Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk barbarlar\u0131n kurban\u0131 oldu. Bu insanlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 kabul edip kendi leh\u00e7e ve geleneklerini koruyup bug\u00fcne kadar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinde ikamet etmekte olduklar\u0131 kuvvetle ihtimal d\u00e2hilindedir.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok Hem\u015finli, K\u0131r\u0131m ve Karadeniz\u2019in Kafkasya sahillerine g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 14. yy.dan itibaren Hem\u015finli g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin en \u00e7ok tercih ettikleri yerin K\u0131r\u0131m yar\u0131madas\u0131 oldu\u011funu kesinlikle s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Baz\u0131 parametreleriyle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde Hem\u015fin leh\u00e7esini hat\u0131rlatan Yeni-Nahi\u00e7evan\u2019l\u0131 Ermenilerin leh\u00e7elerindeki K\u0131r\u0131m Ermenileri leh\u00e7esinden izler bunu ispatlamaktad\u0131r. Hem\u015finli Ermeniler, K\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerinden -Estonya\u2019ya kadar- kuzey \u00fclkeleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

1860\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan ba\u015flayarak, fakat \u00f6zellikle 1877\u20131878 Rus-Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra Hem\u015finli Ermeniler Karadeniz\u2019in kuzey-do\u011fu sahillerindeki Sukhum, So\u00e7i, Matsesta, Mtzar, Tzebelda, Adler, \u015eap\u015fu\u011fa, Yeni Afon, Gagra gibi yerle\u015fim merkezlerine yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Daha sonra ise Kuban ve Yekaterinodar y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yay\u0131l\u0131p yeni yerle\u015fim yerleri kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Karadeniz\u2019in Rusya sahilinin geli\u015fmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Ermenilerin b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fmesiyle ile ilintilidir. Ermeniler, Karadeniz\u2019in Rusya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda t\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn geli\u015fmesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ermenilerin \u00e7abalar\u0131 sayesinde b\u00f6lgenin ekonomik hayat\u0131 canlan\u0131p as\u0131rl\u0131k batakl\u0131klar kurutulmu\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda ormanl\u0131k alan verimli tarlalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ermenilerin b\u00f6lgedeki say\u0131s\u0131 daha 15 bin dolaylar\u0131ndayken ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fulmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n deh\u015fet g\u00fcnlerinde ve Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fen Ermenilerin miktar\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin say\u0131s\u0131 60 bin olup \u2013son trajik olaylardan sonra hissedilir bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n Rusya Federasyonu\u2019nun i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesine ra\u011fmen,- en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tahminlere g\u00f6re bu say\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 140, hatta 150 bini ge\u00e7mektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Hem\u015finlilerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr ve b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla say\u0131lar\u0131 200 binin \u00fczerindedir. Kan\u0131m\u0131zca, televizyon, radyo ve di\u011fer medya ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak do\u011fru propaganda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, onlar\u0131 Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z benli\u011fine d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0N O T L A R<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Ermeni vardapeti \u011eevond\u2019un tarihi\u201d, S. Peterburg, 1877, 42. fas\u0131l, s. 168\u2013169 (Eski Ermenice);<\/li>\n
  2. Hovhan Mamikonyan, \u201cTaron tarihi\u201d, Yerevan, 1941, s. 284 (Eski Ermenice);<\/li>\n
  3. Ayn\u0131 yerde, s. 285;<\/li>\n
  4. S. Haykuni, \u201cHam\u015fen\u201d, Ararat dergisi, 1895, s. 297 (Ermenice);<\/li>\n
  5. \u201cTatar tarih\u00e7isi Hetum\u201d, Venedik, 1842, s. 15 (Ermenice);<\/li>\n
  6. Rui Gonzales de Klavijo, \u201c1403\u20131406 y\u0131llarda Semerkant\u2019taki Timur saray\u0131na seyahat defteri\u201d, \u0130. \u0130. Sreznyakovski\u2019nin terc\u00fcmesi, Sankt Peterburg, 1881, s. 382\u2013384 (Rus\u00e7a);<\/li>\n
  7. Dr. K. Koch \u201cWanderungen im Oriente W\u00e4hrend der Jahre 1843 und 1844, II, Reise in Pontischen Gebirge and T\u00fcrkisch-Armenien\u201d, Weimar, 1846, s. 22-25;<\/li>\n
  8. S. Haykuni, \u201cHem\u015fin\u201d, Ararat dergisi, 1895, s. 295\u2013297 (Ermenice);<\/li>\n
  9. \u201c15. yy. Ermeni el yazmalar\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131\u201d, cilt 1, Yerevan, 1955, s. 365 (Ermenice);<\/li>\n
  10. Ayn\u0131 yerde, s. 365;<\/li>\n
  11. L. Kha\u00e7ikyan, \u201cHem\u015finli Ermeniler tarihinden sayfalar\u201d, \u201cYerevan \u00dcniversitesinin Habercisi\u201d, 1969, No 2, s. 127 (Ermenice);<\/li>\n
  12. Ayn\u0131 yerde, s. 128;<\/li>\n
  13. P. Tumayants, \u201cPontus Ermenileri\u201d, \u201cLuma\u201d, Tiflis, 1899, II, s.175\u2013177 (Rus\u00e7a).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    HEM\u015e\u0130N VE HEM\u015e\u0130NL\u0130 ERMEN\u0130LER<\/strong><\/p>\n

    (k o n f e r a n s\u00a0\u00a0 m a k a l e l e r i)<\/strong><\/p>\n

    ERIVAN\u00a0 – 2 0 0 7<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Babgen Harutyunyan Erivan Devlet \u00dcniversitesi, Tarih doktoru, profes\u00f6r\u00a0 \u00a0 Yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce onbinlerce Hem\u015finli Ermeni g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f Abhazya Cumhuriyeti ve Rusya Federasyonu\u2019nun Krasnodar ili b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fc. \u0130\u015fbu tez, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ait olan Karadeniz\u2019in g\u00fcney-do\u011fu sahillerindeki topraklarda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ikamet eden Hem\u015fin Ermenilerinin olu\u015fumu, geli\u015fimi ve gelecekteki kaderlerinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgilidir. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1568","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hamsen-hemsin"],"yoast_head":"\nHEM\u015e\u0130NL\u0130 ERMEN\u0130LER\u0130N TAR\u0130H\u0130NDEN - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/07\/24\/hemsinli-ermenilerin-tarihinden\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"HEM\u015e\u0130NL\u0130 ERMEN\u0130LER\u0130N TAR\u0130H\u0130NDEN - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Babgen Harutyunyan Erivan Devlet \u00dcniversitesi, Tarih doktoru, profes\u00f6r\u00a0 \u00a0 Yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce onbinlerce Hem\u015finli Ermeni g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f Abhazya Cumhuriyeti ve Rusya Federasyonu\u2019nun Krasnodar ili b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fc. \u0130\u015fbu tez, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ait olan Karadeniz\u2019in g\u00fcney-do\u011fu sahillerindeki topraklarda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ikamet eden Hem\u015fin Ermenilerinin olu\u015fumu, geli\u015fimi ve gelecekteki kaderlerinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgilidir. 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