{"id":1503,"date":"2010-07-18T05:59:27","date_gmt":"2010-07-18T10:59:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=1503"},"modified":"2010-07-18T05:59:27","modified_gmt":"2010-07-18T10:59:27","slug":"xx-yuzyilin-80-90li-yillarinda-hemsinli-ermenilerin-etno-kulturel-adetleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/07\/18\/xx-yuzyilin-80-90li-yillarinda-hemsinli-ermenilerin-etno-kulturel-adetleri\/","title":{"rendered":"XX. Y\u00dcZYILIN 80-90\u2019LI YILLARINDA HEM\u015e\u0130NL\u0130 ERMEN\u0130LER\u0130N ETNO-K\u00dcLT\u00dcREL ADETLER\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alla Ter-Sargsyants<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rusya Bilimler Akademisi Etnoloji ve Antropoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kafkasya Halklar\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Tarih doktoru<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Bu raporun temelini, 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abhazya\u2019n\u0131n 10 ve 1990 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Krasnodar b\u00f6lgesinin 7 k\u00f6y\u00fcnde Hem\u015finli Ermeniler aras\u0131nda toplam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fum etnografik alan maddeleri\u00a0 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r1<\/sup>. IX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak Trabzon Vilayeti\u2019nden g\u00f6\u00e7 eden muhacirlerin nesilleri ve onlar\u0131n ailelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Abhazya\u2019daki Ermeni Atara (295 aile), Alakhadzi (337 aile), Bagaja\u015fta (372 aile) ve Labra (417 aile) k\u00f6ylerinde; Krasnodar ilinde ise Da\u011fl\u0131k Loo (281 aile) ve Haykadzor (381 aile) k\u00f6ylerinde, Abhazya\u2019n\u0131n Ze\u011fani (22) ile Mekhadir (31), Krasnodar\u2019\u0131n Terziyan (49), Sukko (21) ve Oazis (9) k\u00f6ylerinde ise daha az say\u0131da aileler bulunmaktayd\u01312<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6ylerde, Ermenilerle yan-yana G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Abhaz, Rus, Ukarynal\u0131 ve Yunanl\u0131lar da ya\u015famaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Ermenicesinin Hem\u015fin a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmekle birlikte, erkekler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere yerli Ermenilerin \u00e7o\u011fu, iyi derecede Rus\u00e7a, Abhazya\u2019daysa buna ek olarak G\u00fcrc\u00fcce konu\u015fmaktayd\u01313<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Nitekim Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ndeki 1979 y\u0131l\u0131 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re Abhazya\u2019daki 73350 Ermenilerin %95,2\u2019si anadilleri olarak Ermeniceyi belirtmi\u015fken, %73,2\u2019si iyi derecede Rus\u00e7a konu\u015ftu\u011funu eklemi\u015ftir. Abhazya\u2019daki 23173 \u015fehirli ve 50177 ta\u015fral\u0131 Ermenilerden anadilleri olarak Ermeniceyi kabul edenlerin miktar\u0131 % 89,0 (\u015fehirli) ve % 98,1 (k\u00f6yl\u00fc); ikinci dil olarak iyi Rus\u00e7a konu\u015fanlar ise %77,0 (\u015fehirli) ve % 71,5 (k\u00f6yl\u00fc) idi2<\/sup>. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin 1989 y\u0131l\u0131 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re Krasnodar ilindeki 182,2 bin Ermeninin % 75,2\u2019si anadili olarak Ermenice, % 24,7 Rus\u00e7a, ikinci dil olarak ise Ermenilerin % 67,5\u2019i Rus\u00e7a, % 8\u2019i de Ermeniceyi kabul etmi\u015flerdir. \u015eehirli Ermenilerin % 68,2\u2019si anadilleri olarak Ermenice, ikinci dil olaraksa % 62,2\u2019si Rus\u00e7a ve % 9,8\u2019i Ermeniceyi belirtmi\u015f, k\u00f6yl\u00fc Ermenilerde ise rakamlar s\u0131rayla % 84,0, % 73,8 ve % 5,7 olmu\u015ftur4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ta\u015fral\u0131 Hem\u015fin Ermenileri, genelde tar\u0131m (m\u0131s\u0131r, bu\u011fday) ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131. Ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k, \u00fcz\u00fcmc\u00fcl\u00fck, \u015farap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve anavatanlar\u0131ndan getirdikleri ustal\u0131kla t\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl\u00fck geli\u015fmi\u015fti. T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl\u00fck \u00f6zellikle Abhazya Ermenileri aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015fti. Burada, 15 g\u00fcnde kurutulan t\u00fct\u00fcn mahsul\u00fc May\u0131s ay\u0131ndan Ekim\u2019e kadar 6 kez toplanmaktayd\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck kurutma tesisleri haricinde k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin evlerinin yan\u0131nda da t\u00fct\u00fcn kurutma yerleri vard\u0131. Bu husus bilhassa t\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl\u00fckte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00e7ok say\u0131da kad\u0131n i\u00e7in \u00e7ok uygun olup ev i\u015fi, \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131 aras\u0131nda zaman-zaman \u00e7evrilmesi gereken t\u00fct\u00fcnlerle de ilgilenebilmekteydiler. Bundan ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok aile evlerinin yanlar\u0131nda sat\u0131\u015f ama\u00e7l\u0131 turfanda sebze ve \u00e7i\u00e7ek yeti\u015ftirme sera alan\u0131 kurmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kendi topraklar\u0131nda yeti\u015ftirdikleri y\u0131lda ortalama 3\u20134 ton mandalinay\u0131 devlete teslim eden Abhazya Ermenilerinin yeterli ek kazan\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131. Kolhozlardaki i\u015flerinden ba\u015fka, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yak\u0131n \u015fehirler veya tatil merkezlerindeki tedavi ve dinlenme evlerinde, hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Gitti\u011fim k\u00f6yler okul, hastane, kul\u00fcp, \u00e7ocuk yuvas\u0131, ma\u011faza, lokanta, kamu servisi m\u00fcesseslerine sahipti.<\/p>\n

\u00c7o\u011fu k\u00f6yde evler b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sokak boyunca s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Abhazya\u2019daki ve Krasnodar ilinin Adler b\u00f6lgesindeki evler b\u00fcy\u00fck, iki katl\u0131, balkonlu, kiremitli veya sacl\u0131 d\u00f6rt tarafa e\u011fimli damlarla, b\u00fcy\u00fck salonu, yemek odas\u0131 ve birka\u00e7 yatak odas\u0131 olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt ya da daha \u00e7ok odal\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 katta genelde mutfak, banyo ve m\u00fc\u015ftemilat vard\u0131. Krasnodar ilindeki Anapa b\u00f6lgesindeyse evler genelde tek katl\u0131, kiremitli iki veya d\u00f6rt tarafa e\u011fimli daml\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u00fct\u00fcn evlerde gaz, su, telefon ve kalorifer, mevcuttu.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0Evlerde \u015fehir mobilyas\u0131, fabrika hal\u0131lar\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli beyaz e\u015fyalar vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin geleneksel giyimleri4<\/sup> art\u0131k \u00e7oktan herkesin giydi\u011fi elbiseyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0Sadece ya\u015fl\u0131 kad\u0131nlar yaz\u0131n \u00e7orap ve \u015fatafats\u0131z elbiseler giymekteydi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Geleneksel mutfak b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda korunmu\u015ftu: ha\u015flama (ha\u015flanm\u0131\u015f et), horovats (\u0131zgara), kha\u015f (pa\u00e7a), dolma (sarma), ku\u00e7maz (i\u015fkembe yahnisi), kuru \u00fcz\u00fcml\u00fc ve tavuk etli pil\u00e2v, kavurma, lobi (fasulye), havits (bu\u011fday unundan bulama\u00e7), gata (kete benzeri \u015fekerli bir \u00e7\u00f6rek), helva.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda sebze, meyve, taze ve kuru ye\u015fillik yeme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bakiydi.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin \u00f6zg\u00fcn yemeklerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda tereya\u011fl\u0131 ve peynirli koyu \u201cmamaliga\u201d (Abhazya\u2019da ad\u0131na, Abhazca \u201cabista\u201ddan gelen \u201cpasta\u201d diyorlard\u0131, Anapa b\u00f6lgesinde ise \u201clantag\u201d) ve \u201ctur\u015fi\u201d (sar\u0131msakl\u0131, ye\u015fillikli ve biberli ye\u015fil fasulye, tur\u015fu) gelir. Y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131nda pi\u015firilen ve yedi farkl\u0131 malzemeyle i\u00e7i doldurulan (kaymak, fasulye, kabak, bezelye, kuru meyve, so\u011fan, yumurta) b\u00f6rekler de Hem\u015fin Ermenilerinin \u00f6zg\u00fcn yemeklerindendir. Ya\u015fl\u0131 Trabzonlular, hamsiyle haz\u0131rlanan b\u00f6rekleri de y\u00e2d etmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Art\u0131k \u00e7ok az say\u0131da aile geleneksel s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini (yo\u011furt, ev peyniri, kaymak ve tahta yay\u0131klarda haz\u0131rlanan tereya\u011f\u0131) h\u00e2la evde haz\u0131rlamakta, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu genellikle d\u00fckk\u00e2nlardan almaktayd\u0131. Eskiden evlerde oca\u011fa konan bak\u0131r veya demirden \u00f6zel sac \u00fczerinde m\u0131s\u0131r unundan pi\u015firilen ekmek de art\u0131k ma\u011fazalardan al\u0131nmaktayd\u0131. B\u00f6yle ekme\u011fe lazdi hats denirdi. Ender olarak, -genellikle bayramlarda,- Abhazya\u2019da sac \u00fczerinde ince bu\u011fday ekme\u011fi, Krasnodar ilindeyse y\u00fcksek sobada, f\u0131r\u0131nda veya Rus sobas\u0131nda ev ekme\u011fi pi\u015firilirdi. Ruslar ve Ukraynal\u0131lardan Hem\u015finliler \u015f\u00e7i, bor\u015f\u00e7, k\u00f6fte, G\u00fcrc\u00fclerdense satsivi (ceviz soslu tavuk eti), s\u00fct domuzundan haz\u0131rlanan yemekleri devralm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. En sevilen i\u00e7ecek koyu \u00e7ayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusu olan Hem\u015finli Ermeni ailelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu iki nesilli, yani evlenmemi\u015f \u00e7ocuklarla ana babadan ibaret 4\u20135 ki\u015filik ailelerdi. Az miktarda ailelerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6ylerde tek ki\u015filik ve 2\u20133 ki\u015filik k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aileler kaydedilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Abhazya\u2019daki Va\u015fvilani k\u00f6y\u00fcnde s\u0131ras\u0131yla % 18 ve % 26,3, Mekhadir\u2019de – % 26,3 ve % 52,6; Krasnodar b\u00f6lgesi Suko k\u00f6y\u00fcnde 2\u20133 ki\u015filik ailelerin miktar\u0131 % 61,9, Terzia\u2019da – % 65,3, Oazis khutor\u2019da \u2013 % 88,9 idi. Ebeveynlerden biri veya ikisi ile genelde bir evli ve \u00e7ocuklu o\u011fuldan ibaret bile\u015fik \u00fc\u00e7 nesilli aileler Abhazya\u2019da Zecani k\u00f6y\u00fcnde % 9,1 Labra k\u00f6y\u00fcnde % 27,1 ve Krasnodar ilinde Suko k\u00f6y\u00fcnde % 4,7 Da\u011fl\u0131k Loo k\u00f6y\u00fcnde % 43,3 kadard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Aile yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ocuk say\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Abhazya\u2019daki 10 k\u00f6yden 6\u2019s\u0131nda ailelerin \u00e7o\u011funun 16 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar bir \u00e7ocu\u011fu vard\u0131 (% 23,2 Kldiani k\u00f6y\u00fcnde % 31,1 Le\u00e7kop k\u00f6y\u00fcnde), Labra ve Va\u015flivani k\u00f6ylerinde iki\u015fer \u00e7ocuk, P\u015fapi ve Mekhadir k\u00f6ylerinde tek ve iki \u00e7ocuklu aileler % 19,3 ve % 9,7 idi. Krasnodar ilindeki k\u00f6ylerde ailelerin % 26,8\u2019inin birer \u00e7ocu\u011fu vard\u0131 (Defanovka k\u00f6y\u00fc % 11,8, Da\u011fl\u0131k Loo k\u00f6y\u00fc % 32,7), % 28,9\u2019unun iki \u00e7ocu\u011fu vard\u0131 (Terziyan k\u00f6y\u00fc % 18,45, Da\u011fl\u0131k Loo k\u00f6y\u00fc % 33,8), % 11,0\u2019\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 ve daha \u00e7ok \u00e7ocu\u011fu vard\u0131 (Yukar\u0131 Loo k\u00f6y\u00fc % 6,5, Defanovka k\u00f6y\u00fc % 15,3). Bu ya\u015fta \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 olmayan \u00e7ok aile vard\u0131: Abhazya\u2019da Le\u00e7kop k\u00f6y\u00fcnde % 31,8, Mekhadir k\u00f6y\u00fcnde % 67,7, Krasnodar ilindeki Haykadzor k\u00f6y\u00fc % 32,0, Oazis khutor k\u00f6y\u00fc % 77,8.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn Ermenilerde oldu\u011fu gibi Hem\u015finli Ermenilerde de ailenin ba\u015f\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131, yani ailelerin \u00e7o\u011funun reisi evdeki en ya\u015fl\u0131 erkekti. Krasnodar ilinde onun ad\u0131 Ermenice-Rus\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k bir terim olarak donehozyain idi (don \u2013 yerli Ermenilerde \u201cev\u201d anlamda). Abhazya\u2019da benzer ailelerin pay\u0131 % 65,3, Krasnodar ilindeyse – % 60,4\u2019tir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, adetlere ayk\u0131r\u0131 olup, baba hayattayken evli o\u011flu veya damad\u0131, kay\u0131nvalidesi hayattayken gelini, annesi hayattayken k\u0131z\u0131 ve kocas\u0131 hayattayken kar\u0131s\u0131 aile reisi olan aileler de vard\u0131. B\u00f6yle aileler daha \u00e7ok (% 15,4) Krasnodar ilindeki k\u00f6ylerde vard\u0131 (Haykadzor k\u00f6y\u00fcnde % 13,7, Terziyan k\u00f6y\u00fcnde % 24,4).<\/p>\n

Ta\u015fral\u0131 Hem\u015fin Ermenilerinin ya\u015fl\u0131 ve gen\u00e7 nesil aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin temelinde eskisi gibi (\u00f6zellikle Krasnodar ilinde eski \u00e7apta olmayarak) ya\u015fl\u0131lara ve onlar\u0131n hayat deneyimlerine sayg\u0131 vard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda ev vazifeleriyle ilgili kaynana ve gelin aras\u0131ndaki somut geleneksel ayr\u0131m art\u0131k ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Eskiden aile ili\u015fkilerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynayan haysnutyun (haysnutin) \u2013 ka\u00e7\u0131nmak, gelinlik etmek \u2013 gelene\u011fi \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ya\u015fl\u0131 neslin haf\u0131zas\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f, yerli gen\u00e7li\u011fin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bunu duymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 dahi.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin aile-nik\u00e2h ili\u015fkileri s\u0131k\u0131 egzogami yani d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan evlenme \u00e2deti ile nitelenip akrabalar aras\u0131nda be\u015finci veya yedinci g\u00f6be\u011fe kadar olan nik\u00e2h yasa\u011f\u0131 korunuyordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda nik\u00e2h \u00e7emberi, eskiden te\u015fvik edilmeyen, sosyal olarak e\u015fit olmayan \u015fehir ve k\u00f6y gen\u00e7leri ve \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerdeki Ermeniler aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geni\u015flemi\u015fti. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Lazarevskiy ve Adler b\u00f6lgelerinden gen\u00e7 erkeklerin s\u00f6ylediklerine g\u00f6re, \u201cdaha a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131\u201d olduklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, evlilik i\u00e7in daha \u00e7ok Abhazyal\u0131 Ermeni k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 tercih ediyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015finli Ermeni ailelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu etnik olarak homojen olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen k\u00f6ylerin etnik i\u00e7eri\u011fine g\u00f6re etnik kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k ailelerin pay\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Haykadzor k\u00f6y\u00fcnde 1991 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re toplam 2672 n\u00fcfusun 1813\u2019\u00fc Ermeni (sadece Hem\u015finli de\u011fil) (% 67,9), 741\u2019i Rus (% 27,7), 39\u2019u Ukraynal\u0131 (% 1,5), 26\u2019s\u0131 Yunanl\u0131 (% 0,9), geri kalan\u0131 11 milletten 53 ki\u015fi (% 2,0) idi. Ayn\u0131 k\u00f6yde 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda var olan 608 \u00e7iftlerden 473\u2019\u00fc (% 81,8) bir milletten olup bunlardan 424 Ermeni, 177 Rus aileleriydi. 135 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00e7iftlerden 106\u2019s\u0131nda e\u015flerden biri Ermeni\u2019ydi. 69\u2019unda erkek Ermeni ve kar\u0131s\u0131 Rus (57) veya ba\u015fka milletten (12); 37\u2019nin kar\u0131s\u0131 Ermeni ve kocas\u0131 Rus (32) veya ba\u015fka millettendi (5).<\/p>\n

1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu k\u00f6yde yap\u0131lan 31 nik\u00e2h\u0131n 17\u2019sinde \u00e7iftin ikisi de Ermeniydi, 5\u2019inde ikisi de Rus; 5\u2019inde kocas\u0131 Ermeni, kar\u0131s\u0131 ise 4\u2019\u00fcnde Rus ve 1\u2019inde S\u00fcryani\u2019ydi. O y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen nik\u00e2hlarda iki Rus kad\u0131n ve bir Rus erkek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu k\u00f6y do\u011fumlu hi\u00e7 kimse yoktu: 22 Ermeni erkekten 11\u2019i G\u00fcrcistan, 6\u2019s\u0131 Rusya, 3\u2019\u00fc Azerbaycan, 17 Ermeni kad\u0131ndan 9\u2019u G\u00fcrcistan, 4\u2019\u00fc Rusya, 2\u2019si Ermenistan, birer ki\u015fiyse Abhazya ve Azerbaycan do\u011fumluydu. 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda ayn\u0131 k\u00f6ydeki 25 nik\u00e2h\u0131n 12\u2019sinde iki e\u015f de Ermeniyken, 6\u2019s\u0131nda Rus, 4\u2019\u00fcnde kocas\u0131 Ermeni ile kar\u0131s\u0131 Rus, birinde ise kar\u0131s\u0131 Ermeni ile kocas\u0131 Rus olmu\u015ftur. Haykadzor k\u00f6y\u00fcnde iki Ermeni erkek ve 4 Ermeni kad\u0131n olup, geri kalan 16 Ermeni erkeklerden 5\u2019i G\u00fcrcistan, 4\u2019\u00fc Abhazya, 4\u2019\u00fc Rusya, 1\u2019i Azerbaycan\u2019dan gelmi\u015fken, 13 Ermeni kad\u0131ndan ise 4\u2019er ki\u015fi G\u00fcrcistan, Abhazya, Rusya, birisi de Azerbaycan\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Suko k\u00f6y\u00fc daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Rus n\u00fcfusa sahip olup 1992 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki istatistiklere g\u00f6re 1671 sakinden 1444\u2019\u00fc (% 86,4) Rus, 147\u2019si (% 8,8) Ermeniydi. Tek uluslu ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00e7iftlerin nispeti ise Haykadzor k\u00f6y\u00fc gibiydi. 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda 541 \u00e7iftten 443\u2019\u00fc (% 81,9) tek uluslu idi: 378 \u2013 Rus, 35 \u2013 Ermeni.\u00a0 98 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00e7iftten 27\u2019sinde e\u015flerden biri Ermeni olup 19\u2019unda kocas\u0131 Ermeni ile kar\u0131s\u0131 Rus (17), Ud (1), Komi-Permyak (1); 8\u2019inde kar\u0131s\u0131 Ermeni ile kocas\u0131 Rus (7) veya G\u00fcrc\u00fc idi (1).<\/p>\n

1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k etnik yap\u0131l\u0131 Lazarevskiy b\u00f6lgesinde 1990, 1993 ve 1996 y\u0131llar\u0131nda kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7mi\u015f 1946 nik\u00e2h hakk\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015f belgeler, \u00fclkenin politik ve sosyo-ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimlerle dolu bu devrin dinamizminin a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurulmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131. Nik\u00e2h say\u0131s\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7te bir nispetinde azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1990\u2019da 870, 1993\u2019te 533, 1996\u2019da 543). Tek uluslu nik\u00e2hlar\u0131n pay\u0131 art\u0131\u015f e\u011filimi g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir: 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda kay\u0131tlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 587 (% 67,5), 1993\u2019te 369 (% 69,2), 1996\u2019da 391 (% 72,0). Bunun sebebi i\u015fbu y\u0131llarda Ermeni n\u00fcfusu aras\u0131nda daha s\u0131kla\u015fan nik\u00e2hlar (1990\u2019da 135 veya % 23,0; 1993\u2019te 89 veya % 24,1; 1996\u2019da 130 veya % 33,2) ve Ruslar aras\u0131nda bu pay\u0131n azalmas\u0131d\u0131r (1990\u2019da 416 veya % 70,9; 1993\u2019te 250 veya % 67,8; 1996\u2019da 244 veya % 62,4). Ayn\u0131 e\u011filim \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Ermeni olan k\u00f6y n\u00fcfusu aras\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Burada 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda 130 kay\u0131tl\u0131 nik\u00e2htan tek uluslular 88 veya % 67,7\u2019si, 1993\u2019te 108\u2019den 78 veya % 72,2\u2019si, 1996\u2019da 90\u2019dan 72 veya % 80,0\u2019i idi. Oysa tek uluslu nik\u00e2hlarda Ermenilerin pay\u0131 % 72,7\u2019den % 79,2\u2019ye art\u0131p, Ruslarda bu rakam % 25,0\u2019ten % 20,8\u2019e inmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 zaman b\u00f6lgede milli a\u00e7\u0131dan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k nik\u00e2hlar\u0131n pay\u0131 azalm\u0131\u015f (1990 y.- % 32,5;\u00a0 1993 y. – % 30,8; 1996 y. – % 28,0). Bu y\u0131llarda kaydedilmi\u015f kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k nik\u00e2hlarda e\u015flerden birinin Ermeni oldu\u011fu \u00e7iftlerin pay\u0131 y\u00fcksekti (1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda 283\u2019ten 116\u2019s\u0131 veya % 41,0; 1993\u2019te 164\u2019ten 73\u2019\u00fc veya % 44,5\u2019i; 1996\u2019da 152\u2019den 56\u2019s\u0131 veya % 36,8\u2019i). Bundan ba\u015fka bu \u00e7iftlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda kocas\u0131 Ermeni olup kar\u0131s\u0131 Rus (1990 y. \u2013 % 46,5, 1993 y. \u2013 % 54,8, 1996 y. \u2013 % 55,4) veya ba\u015fka ulustan (1990 y. \u2013 % 12,1, 1993 y. \u2013% 9,6, 1996 y. \u2013 % 16,1) olmu\u015ftur. Daha nadir olarak kar\u0131s\u0131 Ermeni oldu\u011fu halde kocas\u0131 Rus (1990 y. \u2013 % 31,9, 1993 y. \u2013 % 24,7, 1996 y. \u2013 % 21,4) veya ba\u015fka ulustan (1990 y. \u2013 % 9,5, 1993 y. \u2013% 10,9, 1996 y. \u2013 % 7,1) olmu\u015ftur. Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k nik\u00e2hlarda, e\u015flerden birinin Ermeni oldu\u011fu \u00e7iftlerin pay\u0131 k\u00f6ylerde daha y\u00fcksekti (1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda 42\u2019den 34\u2019\u00fc veya % 81,0\u2019i; 1993\u2019te 30\u2019dan 23\u2019\u00fc veya % 76,7\u2019si; 1996\u2019da 18\u2019den 12\u2019si veya % 66,7\u2019si). Bu \u00e7iftlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131nda da kocas\u0131 Ermeni olup kar\u0131s\u0131 Rus (1990 y. \u2013 % 50,0, 1993 y. \u2013 % 65,2, 1996 y. \u2013 % 41,7) veya ba\u015fka ulustan (1990 y. \u2013 % 11,8, 1993 y. \u2013% 4,3, 1996 y. \u2013 % 8,3) olmu\u015ftur. Daha nadir olarak kar\u0131s\u0131 Ermeni oldu\u011fu halde kocas\u0131 Rus (1990 y. \u2013 % 26,4, 1993 y. \u2013 % 21,7, 1996 y. \u2013 % 33,3) veya ba\u015fka ulustan (1990 y. \u2013 % 11,8, 1993 y. \u2013% 8,7, 1996 y. \u2013 % 16,7) olmu\u015ftur 5<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Abhazya\u2019daki Alakhadzi k\u00f6y\u00fcnde 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k evliliklerin en y\u00fcksek oran\u0131 kaydedilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7iftlerden birinin Ermeni oldu\u011fu Ermeni-Rus 22, Rus-Ermeni 11, Ermeni-G\u00fcrc\u00fc 3, G\u00fcrc\u00fc-Ermeni 7, Ermeni-Ukraynal\u0131 2 ve Ermeni-Yunan 2 aile vard\u01316<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015finli Ermeniler aile ayini geleneklerini b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda korumu\u015flard\u0131r. Nitekim d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnlerin temel safhalar\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u0130lkin gelin se\u00e7ilir, g\u00f6r\u00fcc\u00fcye gidilir (a\u011f\u00e7ik uzu\u015f, khosk dvu\u015f, hnamutyun, khnamutin), ni\u015fan i\u00e7in anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r (n\u0131\u015fandrek, n\u0131\u015fandevu\u015f, n\u0131\u015fandal), d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u015fenli\u011fi (harsanik, haysnik) ve d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn sonras\u0131 t\u00f6renleri. L\u00e2kin her bir safhada geleneksel hatlara yenileri eklenmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, gelinin, erke\u011fin akrabalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilme \u00e2deti h\u00e2la var olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u00e7iftler daha \u00e7ok kendileri tan\u0131\u015f\u0131p, -ebeveynlerin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc e\u015f se\u00e7mede h\u00e2la \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131- anne ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere ebeveynlerine bildirmeyi ihmal etmeden kendileri evlenme karar\u0131 vermektedir. G\u00f6r\u00fcc\u00fclerin (genellikle gencin babas\u0131 ve 2\u20133 akraba, karde\u015fleri, son zamanlardaysa annesi ve kendisi de) k\u0131z evine gittiklerinde, \u00e2dete g\u00f6re k\u0131z\u0131n ana babas\u0131 haberleri olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu geli\u015ften habersiz olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterip k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 evlendirmeye niyetleri olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n

\u00a0K\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcc\u00fclere g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemelidir. \u00c2dete g\u00f6re ilk defadan raz\u0131 olmamalar\u0131 gerekir. Ancak g\u00f6r\u00fcc\u00fclerin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc geli\u015flerinde gelin evinde sofra kurulup gelin, -raz\u0131 oldu\u011funun simgesi olarak,- damad\u0131n babas\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tepsi (sini) \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u00e7i\u00e7ek ve horoz i\u015flemeli bir havlu (ya\u011flu\u011f) verir ve yerine damad\u0131n babas\u0131 da gelinine para verir.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015fin Ermenilerinin bu \u00e2deti y\u00fcz\u00fcnden evlilik anla\u015fmas\u0131 ya\u011flu\u011f devu\u015f (kelimenin tam manas\u0131yla mendil verme) olarak an\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z kesme esnas\u0131nda damat taraf\u0131 \u00e2dete g\u00f6re geline bir kuyum verirdi. O esnada da ni\u015fan ve d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tarihleri hakk\u0131nda karar al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ni\u015fan, genellikle s\u00f6z kesildikten 15 g\u00fcn sonra yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Damat, ana babas\u0131, akrabalar, sa\u011fd\u0131\u00e7 (gngya, gngahayr) ve onun e\u015fi (gngyagin, gngamayr) ile gelin evine gider, belli bir s\u00fcre sonra hep beraber masaya otururlard\u0131. Konuklar sofraya oturduklar\u0131 zaman gngyagin ba\u015fka odada bulunan gelini getirip damat ve \u201cgelin k\u0131z karde\u015fi\u201d (haysnakuyr) aras\u0131nda oturturdu. Damat geline ni\u015fan hediyesi olarak bir kuyum, genellikle y\u00fcz\u00fck arma\u011fan eder, gelin ise buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ona g\u00f6mlek veya kendisi taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenmi\u015f ya\u011flu\u011f verirdi. Ziyafet, m\u00fczik, \u015fark\u0131lar ve dans e\u015fli\u011finde olurdu.<\/p>\n

Ni\u015fandan bir-iki ay sonra d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Genellikle ilkin Cuma gecesi damat evinden gnaci veya tilki adland\u0131r\u0131lan ve damad\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131t\u0131 veya kendisinden ya\u015fl\u0131 3\u20134 arkada\u015f\u0131 gelin evine gider ve \u015fakadan k\u00fcmese girip tavuk \u00e7alarlard\u0131. Bundan sonra onlar\u0131 yakalay\u0131p cezaland\u0131rma oyunu g\u00f6sterilir, fakat d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ve damad\u0131n gelini almaya haz\u0131r oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenince serbest b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Abhazya k\u00f6ylerinde anlatt\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re, eskiden evlerde ocak oldu\u011fu zaman gelin taraf\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7ler \u201ctilkiye\u201d kurum s\u00fcr\u00fcp uyuduklar\u0131 durumda ocak \u00fczerindeki zincirden asmakla tehdit ederlerdi. \u201cTilkiler\u201d (gnaciler) damat evine ancak Cumartesi sabah\u0131 d\u00f6nerlerdi. Gelin taraf\u0131 onlarla birlikte damad\u0131n ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde giyecekleri g\u00f6mlek, mendil, havlu g\u00f6nderirdi. Onlar \u00e7al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f tavu\u011fu damad\u0131n annesine verir o ise bunun i\u00e7in onlara i\u015flemeli ya\u011flu\u011flar arma\u011fan ederdi.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u201ctilkisi\u201d fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn (tilki; Ermenice a\u011fves) di\u011fer Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan da kullan\u0131lmakta, fakat Hem\u015finlilerde daha eski \u015fekilde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmeliyiz.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn t\u00f6renleri unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, evlenenlerin, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn sabah\u0131 evlerinde banyo yapmalar\u0131 ve bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra damad\u0131n banyo ve t\u0131ra\u015f\u0131 ile ilgili \u015fark\u0131l\u0131 ve \u015fakal\u0131 hareketler gelir. Banyo sonras\u0131nda damada d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn k\u0131yafeti giydirmesi fasl\u0131na \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fakal\u0131 hareketler ile e\u015flik edilir. Mesela, birisi damad\u0131n g\u00f6mlek kolunu ba\u011flay\u0131p ancak gngyadan para fidyesi ald\u0131ktan sonra \u00e7\u00f6zerdi; damada \u015fapka giydirirken babas\u0131 bunu \u00fc\u00e7 defa tekrarlamal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Gelin i\u00e7in beyaz d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn elbisesini damat taraf\u0131, tac\u0131 ve duva\u011f\u0131 ise gngahayr al\u0131rd\u0131. Damat giydirildikten sonra kendisi, babas\u0131, sa\u011fd\u0131\u00e7 ve kar\u0131s\u0131, yak\u0131n akrabalar ve damad\u0131n arkada\u015flar\u0131 gelinin beyaz d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn elbisesini tepsi \u00fcst\u00fcne yerle\u015ftirip m\u00fczisyenler refakatinde gelin evine giderlerdi. Gelin evinde akrabalar\u0131 \u00e7abuk\u00e7a bu tepsiyi almak ister damat taraf\u0131 ise fidye olarak ya\u011flu\u011f almadan vermezdi.<\/p>\n

Gelin giydirme t\u00f6reni de m\u00fczik e\u015fli\u011finde ve onun k\u0131z arkada\u015flar\u0131 \u00e7evresinde olup gene \u015fakal\u0131 ge\u00e7erdi. Bazen d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn elbisesi, duvak ve sa\u011f ayakkab\u0131 geline \u00fc\u00e7 defa giydirilirdi. Geline duva\u011f\u0131 takmadan \u00f6nce k\u0131z arkada\u015flar\u0131 da \u00e7abuk evlenebilmek i\u00e7in s\u0131rayla tak\u0131p denerlerdi. Gelinin kemerini erkek karde\u015fi (haysnahpar) ba\u011flar ve bunu \u00fc\u00e7 defa tekrarlard\u0131. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gelin ona mendil hediye ederdi.<\/p>\n

Gelinin karde\u015finden gelini almak i\u00e7in sa\u011fd\u0131\u00e7 veya damad\u0131n babas\u0131 para vermeliydi. Bundan sonra babas\u0131 gelini elinden tutup onunla \u00fc\u00e7 ad\u0131m ileriye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p k\u0131za para verirdi. Gelin paray\u0131 sol ayakkab\u0131s\u0131na saklar babas\u0131 ise iyi dilekler e\u015fli\u011finde gelini damad\u0131n babas\u0131na verirdi. O da k\u0131za para verir, gelin paray\u0131 bu sefer sa\u011f ayakkab\u0131s\u0131na saklar ve babas\u0131 gelini o\u011fluna devrederdi.<\/p>\n

Ziyafetin sonunda gelinin baba evine veda t\u00f6reni ba\u015flard\u0131. Davetliler ve gelin halay \u00e7ekerken gelinin annesi damad\u0131n babas\u0131, bazen da damad\u0131n karde\u015fleri ve sa\u011fd\u0131c\u0131n g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslerine iki (\u00e7apraz olarak) mendil ba\u011flard\u0131. Daha sonra misafirler gelin evini terk ederken \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131nda damad\u0131n babas\u0131 gelinin \u00fczerine madeni paralar ya\u011fd\u0131rmal\u0131 haysnakuyr ise bunlar\u0131 duvakla tutmal\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c2dete g\u00f6re gelinin annesi k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u201cbaht\u0131 i\u00e7in\u201d su d\u00f6kerdi.<\/p>\n

Damad\u0131n evinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde damad\u0131n ebeveynleri yeni \u00e7ifti t\u00f6renlerle kar\u015f\u0131lard\u0131. Damad\u0131n annesi dans edip gelininin omuzlar\u0131na elbiselik kuma\u015f (Abhazya\u2019da bunun yerine alt\u0131n kuyum arma\u011fan edilmektedir), damad\u0131n omzuna ise ya\u011flu\u011f asard\u0131. Damad\u0131n babas\u0131 gen\u00e7lerin ba\u015flar\u0131na \u015feker, bu\u011fday, pirin\u00e7, madeni paralar ya\u011fd\u0131r\u0131r, gelinin karde\u015fi ise bir horoz isterdi. Horoz ile \u00f6nce \u00fc\u00e7 defa gen\u00e7lerin etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcp, sonra evin e\u015fi\u011finde ayaklar\u0131 alt\u0131nda kurban kesip kan\u0131n\u0131 kap\u0131ya, gen\u00e7lerin al\u0131nlar\u0131na ve \u00e7enelerine s\u00fcrer ve gelinin sa\u011f ayakkab\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne ha\u00e7 \u00e7izerdi. B\u00fct\u00fcn Ermenilerde oldu\u011fu gibi gen\u00e7lerin ayaklar\u0131 alt\u0131na k\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in iki tabak konulur, bunlar\u0131n ilkini evde \u201creis\u201d olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in damat bir vuru\u015fta k\u0131rmal\u0131yd\u0131. Eve giri\u015finde gelinin kuca\u011f\u0131na ilk \u00e7ocu\u011fu o\u011flan olsun diye k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir o\u011flan oturturlard\u0131. Gelin ayr\u0131 bir odaya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp orada haysnakuyr ile biraz istirahat eder ve t\u00f6ren yeme\u011fi olan sahanda yumurta yedirilirdi. Daha sonra gelini ziyafet sofras\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcp \u015ferefe kadehler kald\u0131rarak ziyafet ba\u015flard\u0131. Gelin damad\u0131n sol taraf\u0131na oturtulup yan\u0131na ise haysnakuyr ve haysne\u011fpayr otururlard\u0131. Damad\u0131n sa\u011f\u0131na gngahayr otururdu. Genel sofrada gelin art\u0131k yeme\u011fe el de\u011fdirmemeliydi. Ziyafet, zaman-zaman kesilir ve halk \u00e7alg\u0131lar\u0131 dinlenip halay \u00e7ekilirdi. Hediye olarak gelin damad\u0131n yak\u0131n akrabalar\u0131ndan alt\u0131n kuyumlar, di\u011fer misafirlerdense kuma\u015f, kap kacak ve \u00e7oklukla para al\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Damad\u0131n evindeki ilk geceyi gelin haysnakuyr ile ge\u00e7irir, ikinci geceyse gerdek gecesi olurdu. \u00c2dete g\u00f6re ertesi sabah kaynana yeni evlilerin yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 toplay\u0131p gelininin \u201cnamuslu\u201d oldu\u011fundan emin olup ona y\u00fcz\u00fck hediye ederdi. Ancak bu gelenek art\u0131k eskisi gibi a\u00e7\u0131klanmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ertesi g\u00fcn\u00fc gelin, kocas\u0131n\u0131n akrabalar\u0131na baba evinden getirilmi\u015f hediyeler verip ak\u015famleyin \u00e2dete g\u00f6re kaynana, kaynata ve b\u00fct\u00fcn erkeklerin ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kamal\u0131yd\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k kendisine hediye verirlerdi.<\/p>\n

Ermenilerde yayg\u0131n olan ve d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden bir hafta sonra gen\u00e7lerin evine gelinin annesinin davet edilip, k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck elbiselerini getirmesi \u00e2deti Hem\u015finlilerde de korunmu\u015ftur. Bu ziyarete \u201cmerahyur\u201d (anne misafirli\u011fi) denir. Bu ziyaret esnas\u0131nda bazen gelinin \u00e7eyizi (cehez) de getirilirdi. Bu ziyaretten sonra gen\u00e7ler, sa\u011fd\u0131\u00e7 ve yak\u0131n akrabalar birlikte gelinin akrabalar\u0131 i\u00e7in hediyeler al\u0131p onun baba evine giderlerdi. Ak\u015fama kadar s\u00fcren ziyafetten sonra geri d\u00f6nerlerdi. Bundan bir hafta sonra gelinin karde\u015fi damad\u0131n evine gelir, orada ba\u015fka misafirler de toplan\u0131rd\u0131. Orada geceleyip yeni evli gen\u00e7lerle beraber (eskiden sadece k\u0131z karde\u015fi ile) baba evine d\u00f6nerdi. Gen\u00e7 kad\u0131n burada bir-iki hafta kal\u0131r, kocas\u0131 ise ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn eve d\u00f6nerdi.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcrenin bitiminde damat gelip kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 eve g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu ziyaretlere Hem\u015finliler herunts veya T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimenin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f \u015fekliyle g\u00fcru\u015fma ya da geri\u015fma (g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme) derler.<\/p>\n

1980\u20131990 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n her yan\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi Hem\u015finlilerde de d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn t\u00f6renlerinin daha g\u00f6steri\u015fli ve kalabal\u0131k, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn hediyelerinin ve \u00e7eyizin daha de\u011ferli olma e\u011filimi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. \u00c7eyizin i\u00e7eri\u011fi genelde \u015fuydu: iki yatak (iki d\u00f6\u015fek, d\u00f6rt yast\u0131k, iki yorgan ve on iki\u015fer \u00e7ar\u015faf, yorgan k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131 ve yast\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fc, elbise, yatak odas\u0131 tak\u0131m\u0131, ev e\u015fyas\u0131). Abhazya\u2019daki Ermeni Atara k\u00f6y\u00fcnde bunlarla birlikte bazen inek gibi evcil hayvanlar da verilmesi enteresand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin cenaze t\u00f6renleri genelde geleneklerini korumu\u015fsa da belirli de\u011fi\u015fimler orada da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Cenazenin bulundu\u011fu evde eski inan\u0131\u015flara g\u00f6re bedenden ruhun \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na engel olmamak i\u00e7in kap\u0131 ve pencereleri a\u00e7arlar. Cenaze so\u011fuk su ile y\u0131kan\u0131p en iyi elbiseleri giydirilir. Yeni elbise oldu\u011fu zaman y\u0131kay\u0131p \u00fct\u00fclenmelidir. Sonra cenaze beyaz ipek kefene sar\u0131l\u0131r. Hem\u015finliler, cenazelerini 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 30-40\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren ba\u015fta kendi yapt\u0131klar\u0131, 60-lardan sonra ise \u00f6zel sipari\u015fli tabutlarda g\u00f6mmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, tabut i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir terimleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u201ckutu\u201d adland\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015finlilerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesinden sonra cenaze t\u00f6reni s\u00fcresi bir-iki g\u00fcnden \u00e7o\u011fu Ermenilerde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcne uzat\u0131ld\u0131. Abhazya ve s\u0131n\u0131rda\u015f\u0131 Adler b\u00f6lgesinde oturan veya oradan k\u0131sa zaman evvel g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f Hem\u015finliler ise Abhaz ve Megreller gibi cenazeyi 7\u20138, bazen da 10 g\u00fcn gibi uzun zaman evde koruyup, \u00f6zel \u201csayg\u0131\u201d g\u00f6stermektedirler. Evden tabut \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e2dete g\u00f6re onu \u00fc\u00e7 defa kald\u0131r\u0131p indirir, daha sonra tabutla kapal\u0131 kap\u0131ya vurup ayaklar\u0131 \u00f6nde d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cenaze evine birer havlu, 1960-lardan beri ise \u00e7o\u011funlukla para, erzak getirme \u00e2deti korunmakta, b\u00f6ylece aileye yard\u0131m edilmektedir. Bu ve evden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ba\u015fka havlular\u0131 tabutu g\u00f6t\u00fcren, mezar\u0131 kazan, akraba ve arkada\u015flar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere cenaze t\u00f6renine kat\u0131lanlar kollar\u0131na ba\u011flarlar. Havlular cenazeye ait oldu\u011fundan, evde b\u0131rak\u0131lmazd\u0131. Cenaze t\u00f6reninden sonra \u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na ta\u015f, geceleyinse bir bardak su ve ka\u015f\u0131k konurdu.<\/p>\n

\u00d6lenin ruhu i\u00e7in ilk sofra Hem\u015finli Ermenilerde cenaze g\u00fcn\u00fc, fakat di\u011fer Ermenilerden farkl\u0131 olarak cenaze t\u00f6reninden \u00f6nce d\u00fczenlenirdi.<\/p>\n

1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara kadar cenaze sofras\u0131na Abhazya\u2019daki Ermeniler etli sos, kuru \u00fcz\u00fcml\u00fc pil\u00e2v koyup i\u00e7ki koymazken, 1980\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan sonra Abhaz ve G\u00fcrc\u00fclerden etkilenerek etli yemekler vermeyip fasulye, peynir, zeytin, sebze, meyve, \u015feker ve \u015farap ikram etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Anapa b\u00f6lgesinde cenaze sofralar\u0131nda domuz eti kullan\u0131lmaz, tavuk suyuyla ev eri\u015ftesi, bor\u015f\u00e7 \u00e7orbas\u0131, Adana-kebab\u0131, dolma, bal\u0131k, ha\u015flanm\u0131\u015f tavuk, b\u00f6rekler konur. Bu sofralar \u00f6zellikle Abhazya\u2019da \u00e7ok kalabal\u0131k olur (bin ve fazla ki\u015filik) ve gelenler fas\u0131lalarla (6 veya daha fazla) masaya otururlar.<\/p>\n

Cenaze t\u00f6reninden sonra evde sadece akrabalar toplan\u0131r. Cenaze t\u00f6reninin ertesi g\u00fcn\u00fc akrabalar yiyecek ve i\u00e7ecek al\u0131p mezarl\u0131\u011fa gidip \u201cruhun rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d i\u00e7in biraz yiyip i\u00e7er kalan\u0131 ise mezar\u0131n yan\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. Bu adet Abhaz Ermenileri i\u00e7in yenidir ve kendi deyimleriyle Ermenistan\u2019dan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Anapa b\u00f6lgesindeki k\u00f6ylerde akrabalar \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn boyunca mezara gider, evlerdeyse bu g\u00fcnler zarf\u0131nda mumlar devaml\u0131 yanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn Ermenilerde oldu\u011fu gibi Hem\u015finliler de 7. ve 40. g\u00fcnleri ve seneyi anarlar. 40. g\u00fcn \u00f6zeldir. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n matemden \u00e7\u0131karak siyah elbiselerini de\u011fi\u015ftirip, erkeklerin de t\u0131ra\u015f olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn t\u00f6renle an\u0131l\u0131r. Haz\u0131r bulunanlara cenaze evinde kalm\u0131\u015f olan ya\u011flu\u011f ve mendiller da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Abhazya\u2019da 7. ve 40. g\u00fcnlerde cenaze evine erzak getirme \u00e2deti korunmaktad\u0131r, fakat eskiden genelde un ve \u015feker getirilirken, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde votka, tavuk, pasta, \u015fekerler getirilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir y\u0131l sonra mezar yap\u0131l\u0131r ve foto\u011fraf tak\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6lm\u00fc\u015f akrabalar\u0131n (\u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck ya\u015ftakilerin) mezarlar\u0131 genelde Paskalyan\u0131n ertesi g\u00fcn\u00fc ziyaret edilir ve yiyecek-i\u00e7ecek getirilir. Mezar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne yumurta, \u015fekerleme, meyve, \u00e7i\u00e7ek ve bir bardak \u015farap konup mezar\u0131n yan\u0131nda sofra kurulur veya Abhazya\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran mezarl\u0131klarda kurulmu\u015f \u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc masalar kurulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Abhazyal\u0131 Ermeniler, yerlilerden, bir y\u0131l boyunca evin cephesine \u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn ismi, soy ismi, do\u011fum ve \u00f6l\u00fcm tarihi yaz\u0131l\u0131 portresini asma \u00e2detini benimsemi\u015flerdir. Ayn\u0131 \u00e2deti, Adler b\u00f6lgesindeki k\u00f6ylere 1970\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda g\u00f6\u00e7 ederken beraberlerinde getirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015fin Ermenileri, Noel (Dznund), Paskalya (Zadik), Vardavar (Vardevor) ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere baz\u0131 bayramlar\u0131 kutlamaya devam etmektedirler. Bu bayramlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi Yeni y\u0131l\u2019d\u0131r (Nor Dari) ve herkes Yeni y\u0131l gecesi evinde olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yeni y\u0131l sabah\u0131, \u201caya\u011f\u0131 hafif\u201d olmas\u0131 ve temizlik ile iyilik ni\u015fanesi olarak ilk kutlamaya gelen bir \u00e7ocuk veya k\u0131z olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu konuda \u00f6nceden kararla\u015ft\u0131rma olurdu.<\/p>\n

Yeni y\u0131l gecesi s\u00fcslenmi\u015f, y\u00fczleri kurumlu veya maskeli gen\u00e7ler \u00e7uvallarla avludan avluya ge\u00e7ip bunlar\u0131 evin aral\u0131k duran kap\u0131s\u0131ndan iti\u015ftirir, ev sahipleri de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u015fakalardan sonra \u00e7uvallar\u0131 meyve ve \u015fekerlerle doldururlard\u0131. Yeni y\u0131l\u0131 bazen t\u00fcfek at\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla da kar\u015f\u0131larlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00a01 Ocak sabah\u0131 sofrada en az 7 \u00e7e\u015fit yemek olmal\u0131yd\u0131, bunlardan en \u00f6nemlisi de ha\u015flanm\u0131\u015f kabakt\u0131. Kabak aile fertleri say\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re kesilir ve \u201c\u015fans\u201d getirmesi i\u00e7in bir par\u00e7an\u0131n i\u00e7ine madeni para saklan\u0131rd\u0131. T\u00fcm y\u0131l sakin ge\u00e7sin diye Yeni y\u0131l\u0131n ilk g\u00fcn\u00fc birbirini incitmeme\u011fe, y\u00fcksek sesle konu\u015fmama\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Ocak ortalar\u0131na kadar Yeni y\u0131l kutlamalar\u0131ndan birbirlerine misafirli\u011fe giderler. Hediyeler g\u00f6t\u00fcrmezler, ancak mesela Abhazya\u2019da, gelen ki\u015fiye tebrikle birlikte, bereket ve ba\u015far\u0131 simgesi olarak birka\u00e7 ha\u015flanm\u0131\u015f bu\u011fday, m\u0131s\u0131r tanesi veya madeni para sunulmas\u0131 gelenektir.<\/p>\n

Ermenilerde yayg\u0131n olan eski kurban (mata\u011f) t\u00f6reni Hem\u015finlilerde de korunmu\u015ftur. \u201cKutsal\u201d bir yerde horoz veya ko\u00e7 kesip, evde tuzsuz ha\u015flay\u0131p kom\u015fulara, (\u00e2dete g\u00f6re yedi eve) da\u011f\u0131t\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Ya\u011fmur \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmayla ilgili di\u011fer bir eski t\u00f6ren sadece ya\u015fl\u0131 neslin haf\u0131zas\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Genellikte 15 ya\u015flar\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar bir sopay\u0131 renkli bez par\u00e7alar\u0131 ile s\u00fcsleyerek kuklaya (Ku\u015fkukurak) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Bu kuklayla k\u00f6yde dola\u015f\u0131p \u201cKu\u015fkukurak, ne istersin?\u201d sorusuna \u201cYa\u011fmur ya\u011fs\u0131n. Bize ya\u011f, ekmek ve yumurta verin\u201d yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 verirlerdi. Sonra topra\u011fa su d\u00f6kerek ya\u011fmur ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sembolize ederlerdi.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin toplu \u015fekilde yerle\u015fik olmas\u0131 (ger\u00e7i kendi i\u00e7lerinde geldikleri yerlere g\u00f6re Trabzonlu, Ordulu ve Canikli diye ayr\u0131lsalar da) ve Ermenistan Ermenilerinden, yani temel etnik \u00e7ekirdekten devam eden izolasyonu Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n bir subetnik grubu olarak onlar\u0131n etno-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zelliklerinin korunmas\u0131na yard\u0131m etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma b\u00f6lgesinde, maddi ve manevi k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin t\u00fcm Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde uyu\u015fmas\u0131 ile birlikte, Hem\u015fin k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7inde kom\u015fu milletlerin (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Lazlar, Abhazya\u2019da Abhaz ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Rusya\u2019da Rus ve Ukraynal\u0131lar) adetlerinin etkisinden do\u011fmu\u015f olan farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikler de g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0N O T L A R<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a01. Yazar\u0131n alan ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 verileri Rusya Bilimler Akademisi Etnoloji ve Antropoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Bilimsel ar\u015fivinde bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2. \u0130statistik Habercisi. Moskova, 1980, N10, s.68. (Rus\u00e7a)<\/p>\n

\u00a03. 12.10.1989 tarihinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f Sovyet Birli\u011fi \u00e7ap\u0131nda n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re Krasnodar ili n\u00fcfusunun milli yap\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Krasnodar, 1990, s. 38, 43\u201344, 47\u201348, 51\u201352, 68\u201369. (Rus\u00e7a)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

4. Daha fazla ayr\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7in bak: Kuznetsov \u0130.V., Pontus Ermenileri giyimleri. Maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn simge bilimi, Moskova, 1995. (Rus\u00e7a)<\/p>\n

\u00a05. Ter-Sarkisyants A.E., Ermeniler. Tarihi ve etnik k\u00fclt\u00fcr adetleri, Moskova, 1998, s. 303\u2013304. (Rus\u00e7a)<\/p>\n

6. Ter-Sarkisyants A.E., Abhazya Ermenilerinin modern hayat tarz\u0131 \/\/ Kafkasya etnografyas\u0131 kitab\u0131, VIII. Moskova, 1984, s.12. (Rus\u00e7a)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

HEM\u015e\u0130N VE HEM\u015e\u0130NL\u0130 ERMEN\u0130LER<\/p>\n

(k o n f e r a n s\u00a0\u00a0 m a k a l e l e r i) <\/strong><\/p>\n

ERIVAN\u00a0 – 2 0 0 7<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alla Ter-Sargsyants Rusya Bilimler Akademisi Etnoloji ve Antropoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u00a0 Kafkasya Halklar\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Tarih doktoru \u00a0 Bu raporun temelini, 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abhazya\u2019n\u0131n 10 ve 1990 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Krasnodar b\u00f6lgesinin 7 k\u00f6y\u00fcnde Hem\u015finli Ermeniler aras\u0131nda toplam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fum etnografik alan maddeleri\u00a0 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r1. IX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak Trabzon Vilayeti\u2019nden g\u00f6\u00e7 eden muhacirlerin nesilleri ve onlar\u0131n ailelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1503","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hamsen-hemsin"],"yoast_head":"\nXX. 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