{"id":1459,"date":"2010-07-22T01:56:49","date_gmt":"2010-07-22T06:56:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=1459"},"modified":"2010-07-22T01:56:49","modified_gmt":"2010-07-22T06:56:49","slug":"hopa-hemsilleri-ve-bas-hemsiller-gezi-notlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/07\/22\/hopa-hemsilleri-ve-bas-hemsiller-gezi-notlari\/","title":{"rendered":"HOPA-HEM\u015e\u0130LLER\u0130 VE BA\u015e- HEM\u015e\u0130LLER (Gezi notlar\u0131)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Artavazd Tulumcuyan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Doktora \u00f6\u011frenicisi,<\/p>\n

\u201cHem\u015fin\u201d Ermeni bilim-k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezi ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0<\/p>\n

Antik Hem\u015fin, Hem\u015fin Ermenileri, Hem\u015finli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve T\u00fcrk Hem\u015filler \u2013 bu s\u00f6zlerin anlam\u0131 daha d\u00fcne kadar sadece tarih\u00e7i ve etnograflardan olu\u015fan dar bir \u00e7evre taraf\u0131ndan bilinmekteydi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde giderek daha \u00e7ok insan ge\u00e7mi\u015fini bu Ermenilere ba\u011flamakta ve Hem\u015fin tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc merak etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Tahminen 19. yy. sonlar\u0131nda art\u0131k tamamen \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 kabul edilen Hem\u015finli Ermenilerden \u00f6zg\u00fcn gruplar olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015f-Hem\u015filler (kendilerini Hem\u015fil, Rize b\u00f6lgesi Hem\u015filleri olarak adland\u0131rmaktad\u0131rlar), Hopa-Hem\u015filleri (kendilerini Hom\u015fetsi, Hopa b\u00f6lgesi Hem\u015filleri olarak adland\u0131rmaktad\u0131rlar) ve Arakl\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermenilerin ku\u015faklar\u0131 olan Sevkedatsiler (Karadereli). Bu gruplarla ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve veriler \u00e7ok az ve \u00e7eli\u015fkili olup son grupla ilgili ise 80 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcredir hi\u00e7 bir veri bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

12\u201320 Nisan 2004 ve 18\u201322 Temmuz 2005 tarihlerinde Kuzeydo\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m iki gezimin amac\u0131, Hem\u015fin (Ham\u015fen) b\u00f6lgesini ziyaret etmek ve Hem\u015finli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n etnografik gruplar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu gruplar\u0131n do\u011fu\u015f s\u00fcrecini daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in tarihe ba\u015fvurmakta yarar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015fin hakk\u0131ndaki en eski kay\u0131tlar Vardapet \u011eevond\u2019un (780\u2019li y\u0131llar) \u201cHalifeler tarihi\u201dnde bulmaktay\u0131z. \u011eevond\u2019un tarihinde, Amatuni hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u015eapuh ve Hamam nakhararlar\u0131 (beyleri) liderli\u011finde 12000 Ermeni\u2019nin Karadeniz sahiline g\u00f6\u00e7 edip Bizans imparatorunun izniyle Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fusunda yar\u0131 \u00f6zerk bir beylik kurduklar\u0131 anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r [1. s. 167\u2013169]. VIII. yy. ortalar\u0131nda, Hamam Amatuni beyi, sava\u015ftan dolay\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Dampur (Tambur) \u015fehrinin yerinde yeni bir \u015fehir kurar. Yeni \u015fehrin ad\u0131 Hamam prensine ithafen Hamama\u015fen, buradan da b\u00f6lgenin ismi Ham\u015fen (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Hem\u015fin) olmu\u015ftur [2. s. 284].<\/p>\n

1204 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bizans imparatoru I. Andronikos\u2019un torunu Aleksey taraf\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Trabzon \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu olu\u015fturulur (1204\u20131461). Pontus\u2019un t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgeleri gibi Hem\u015fin beyli\u011fi de imparatorluk topraklar\u0131na d\u00e2hil edilmi\u015ftir [3. s.11].<\/p>\n

XV. yy. yabanc\u0131 kaynaklardan Rui Gonzales de Klavijo\u2019nun \u201c1403-1406\u2019da Semerkant\u2019taki Timur saray\u0131na seyahat g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d de\u011ferli bir kaynakt\u0131r. \u0130spanyol diplomat\u0131, bu g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Arakel\u2019in \u00fclkesini, gelenekleri ve politik durumu anlatmaktad\u0131r [4. s. 382\u2013384].<\/p>\n

XV. yy. Ermeni el yazmalar\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131 antolojilerinde (b\u00f6l\u00fcm 1,3) de orta\u00e7a\u011f Hem\u015fin\u2019i hakk\u0131nda bilgiler bulmaktay\u0131z.<\/p>\n

1452 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131lar Trabzon \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu zapt etmeye ba\u015flarlar. Son Hem\u015fin prensi II. Davit\u2019in, 1480 y\u0131l\u0131nda prensli\u011fini terk etmesi ve Hem\u015fin\u2019in d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle t\u00fcm Pontus b\u00f6lgesi Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetine ge\u00e7er. [5. s. 22\u201324].<\/p>\n

XVI. yy. sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri, Pontus\u2019lu H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flarlar. 1629 y\u0131l\u0131nda Laz prensler ve elit tabakan\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kendi ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumak amac\u0131yla \u015feklen H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131ktan vazge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. Zaman\u0131n H\u0131ristiyan kaynaklar\u0131, Hem\u015fin n\u00fcfusunun 1630 y\u0131l\u0131nda daha tamam\u0131yla H\u0131ristiyan oldu\u011funu belirtmektedirler [5. s. 26].<\/p>\n

N\u00fcfusun bir k\u0131sm\u0131 XVI. yy. ortalar\u0131nda zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sonraki iki y\u00fcz y\u0131l zarf\u0131nda da bu insanlardan iki \u00f6zerk grup meydana gelmi\u015f olan Hem\u015fil etnografik grubu olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bunlar, 19. yy. ba\u015f\u0131nda do\u011fuya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f olan Hopa-Hem\u015filleri (kendilerine Hom\u015fetsi derler) ve Hem\u015fin b\u00f6lgesindeki Hem\u015filler\u2019dir. [6. s. 113\u2013136].<\/p>\n

\u00a0Hem\u015finlilerin kalan k\u0131sm\u0131 ise dinleri ve dillerini korumak i\u00e7in Ham\u015fen\u2019i terk ederek, bat\u0131ya, Trabzon \u0130li\u2019nin da\u011fl\u0131k k\u00f6ylerine ile Ordu ve Canik\u2019e g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Zaman i\u00e7inde, Hem\u015fin\u2019den g\u00f6\u00e7enler kendilerine Trabzon Ermenisi, Ordu Ermenisi, Canik Ermenisi deyip anayurtlar\u0131n\u0131 unutmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130leri tarihlerde, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin bask\u0131lar\u0131ndan ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan ka\u00e7\u0131p hayatta kalm\u0131\u015f olan Hem\u015finliler Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerine g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcp bug\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011funlukla Krasnodar ili veya Abhazya\u2019da ikamet etmektedirler. Maalesef, Hem\u015fin\u2019den g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015f olanlar\u0131n selefleri ve Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019ya yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan Hem\u015fin Ermenileri kendi tarihlerini \u00e7ok az veya hi\u00e7 bilmemektedirler.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015fin\u2019in bat\u0131s\u0131nda Kara-Dere ve S\u00fcrmene nahiyeleri bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

XVIII. yy. ba\u015f\u0131nda bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki Ermeni n\u00fcfusun say\u0131s\u0131 16 bin olup \u00e7o\u011fu Hem\u015fin g\u00f6\u00e7meniydi. Bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki Ermeni yerle\u015fim merkezleri daha Orta\u00e7a\u011fda Ani \u015fehrinden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menler taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

XVIII. yy. ba\u015f\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemli dinsel ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc s\u00fcreci yerini H\u0131ristiyanlara kar\u015f\u0131 yeni zul\u00fcmlere b\u0131rak\u0131r. \u0130slam misyonerleri H\u0131ristiyanlara resmen \u0130slamla\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6nerdiklerinde Kara-Dere Hem\u015fin Ermenileri bu \u00f6neriyi reddedip misyonerleri b\u00f6lgeden kovalam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bunu, Ermeni k\u00f6ylerinin katliamlara u\u011framalar\u0131 ve Sevgetlilerin (Kara-Dereliler) bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fmas\u0131 takip etmi\u015f, kalanlar ise bat\u0131ya, Trabzon, Ordu, Samsun (Canik), Sinop ve Adapazar\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr [7. s. 5\u201310].<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylelikle, Hem\u015fin ve Kara-Dere b\u00f6lgelerinin \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Hem\u015fin Ermenilerinden \u00f6zerk etnik gruplar\u0131n olu\u015fmu\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. XVII.-XIX. yy.da bu y\u00f6releri ziyaret etmi\u015f G.Bji\u015fkyan, P. Tumanyants, S.Haykuni gibi Ermeni bilim adamlar\u0131 ve ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n ifadeleri de bu durumu kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r [5. s.26\u201328], [8. s. 293\u2013295].<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Hopa Hem\u015filleri (hom\u015fetsi)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Seyahatin ilk noktas\u0131 kendilerine Hom\u015fetsi adland\u0131ran Hopa-Hem\u015fillerin ikamet etti\u011fi Artvin b\u00f6lgesiydi. Bunlar, Hom\u015fetsi (Hem\u015finli) ad\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015f olan tek grup olup yerle\u015fim yerleri Hopa ve Bor\u00e7ka b\u00f6lgeleridir. Elde edilen verilere g\u00f6re, Hopa Hem\u015fillerinin say\u0131s\u0131 30000\u201340000 civar\u0131nda olup, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, yani 20000 ki\u015fi Hopa b\u00f6lgesinde ikamet etmektedir. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar Samsun, \u0130stanbul gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin di\u011fer \u015fehirlerinde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hopa Hem\u015filleri<\/strong> kendilerini iki temel gruba ay\u0131r\u0131rlar. B\u00fcy\u00fck grubu olu\u015fturan Turtsevantsiler, \u00c7ermaktsi<\/strong> ve Ardaletsi<\/strong> adland\u0131r\u0131lan iki alt gruba ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar. Turtsevantsi grubuna ait olduklar\u0131 kabul edilen, fakat ayr\u0131 ya\u015fayan ve ayr\u0131 bir grup te\u015fkil eden Topalo\u011flu<\/strong> grubunu da belirtmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu gruplar\u0131n temsilcileri, genel \u00f6zbilin\u00e7 ve Hom\u015fetsi (Hem\u015finli) olarak an\u0131lman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi akrabal\u0131k bilincine sahiptir.<\/p>\n

SSCB ve T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n 1921\u2019de saptanmas\u0131ndan sonra Hopa Hem\u015fillerinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131 k\u00f6y Acarya \u00f6zerk b\u00f6lgesinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1944 y\u0131l\u0131 kas\u0131m\u0131nda T\u00fcrkler, K\u00fcrtler, Lazlar ve di\u011fer uluslar gibi Hem\u015filler de G\u00fcney K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve Kazakistan\u2019a s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1980\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren onlarca Hem\u015fil ailesi K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019dan Krasnodar ili Ap\u015feronsk b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1989 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u00d6zbek-K\u0131rg\u0131z \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019da kalm\u0131\u015f olan Hem\u015fillerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da buraya g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Rusya\u2019da ikamet eden Hem\u015fillerin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 Krasnodar ili Ap\u015feronsk ve Beloro\u00e7ensk b\u00f6lgelerine yerle\u015fmi\u015f olup say\u0131lar\u0131 bini ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n

1990\u2019larda g\u00f6\u00e7en birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz Hem\u015fil Voronej ve Rostov b\u00f6lgelerine yerle\u015fmi\u015f, birka\u00e7 bin Hem\u015fil ise K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve Kazakistan\u2019da ikamet etmeye devam etmektedir. B\u00f6ylece, Hopa Hem\u015fillerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k 5000 ki\u015fi, uzun y\u0131llar soyda\u015flar\u0131ndan kopmu\u015f durumdad\u0131r, \u00f6zellikle Acarya\u2019dan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmelerinden itibaren \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan on y\u0131llar boyu akrabalar\u0131n kaybetmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r [9. s. 110\u2013112].<\/p>\n

1980\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Hem\u015filler Orta Asya\u2019dan Krasnodar iline g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar ve burada, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce kaderin kendilerinden kopard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hem\u015finlilerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar. Eski soyda\u015flar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 alg\u0131lamas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik zor ve enteresan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve bug\u00fcne kadar da devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Hopa Hem\u015filler, Ermeni dilinin Hem\u015fin leh\u00e7esi do\u011fu a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 konu\u015fmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, hen\u00fcz Ermeni k\u00f6klerinin bilincine ermi\u015f de\u011fildirler. Bu durumun hangi boyutlarda oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Turtsevantsi ve Ardaletsilerin konu\u015fmalar\u0131ndan iki y\u00fcz kadar s\u00f6zc\u00fck kaydettim ve bu kelimelerin analizi, Hem\u015finlilerin k\u00f6kenlerinin tespit edilmesi konusunda belirli bir derecede yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

1. Bu grubun temsilcilerinin a\u011fz\u0131nda, en az iki alt a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

2. Hopa Hem\u015filleri a\u011fz\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok Ermenice k\u00f6kenli s\u00f6zc\u00fckler kullan\u0131lmaktayken, Canik-Ordu b\u00f6lgesi Hem\u015fin Ermenicesinde bunlar T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerle yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

3. Hopa Hem\u015filleri a\u011fz\u0131, Trabzon ta\u015fras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lana daha \u00e7ok benzemekle birlikte, Turtsevantsilerin alt a\u011fz\u0131 Canik-Ordulular\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131yla benzerlikler g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

4. Hopa Hem\u015fillerin a\u011fz\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da Ermeni dilinin edebi formlar\u0131 korunmu\u015f olmakla birlikte bu husus Hem\u015fin leh\u00e7esindeki di\u011fer a\u011f\u0131zlarda bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hopa, ayn\u0131 isimle an\u0131lan b\u00f6lgenin merkezidir ve Hem\u015filler, Hopa b\u00f6lgesinin da\u011fl\u0131k k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Bu insanlar, Hopa \u015fehri ve Karadeniz\u2019in k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na Hem\u015fillerin yakla\u015f\u0131k 30\u201340 y\u0131l \u00f6nce gelmi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve o zamana kadar bu b\u00f6lgede \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Lazlar\u0131n ikamet etmi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131n bilincindedirler. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu \u015fehirde Hem\u015filler \u00e7o\u011funluktad\u0131r, dahas\u0131, 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda Topalo\u011flu s\u00fclalesi \u00fcyelerinden birini Hopa belediye ba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. L\u00e2kin Hopal\u0131lar\u0131n tek edinimi bu kadarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir, bu se\u00e7imler b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yank\u0131 buldu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Hopa, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sol e\u011filimi temsil eden bir belediye ba\u015fkan\u0131na sahip olan tek \u015fehir oldu. Hem\u015fillerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun sol meyilli olmas\u0131 enteresand\u0131r. Kendilerini Ham\u015fen Ermenilerinin halefi olarak kabul eden, ateist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere sahip olan ve Ermenice isimler ta\u015f\u0131yan, hatta baz\u0131lar\u0131 vaftiz olmu\u015f olan Turtsevantsiler, sol e\u011filimli olanlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. L\u00e2kin bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ge\u00e7ici ve sosyal protesto temelli olduklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 baz\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara varmak i\u00e7in vakit hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok erkendir. Bu \u015fehirde uzun s\u00fcre kalmadan rehberimizin memleketi olan An\u00e7arokh (\u015fimdi P\u0131narl\u0131) k\u00f6y\u00fcne gittik. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmayan isimlerin \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7ele\u015ftirildi\u011finden dolay\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de k\u00f6y isimleriyle ilgili bir karga\u015fa mevcuttur. Bu durum, yer isimlerinin \u00e7o\u011funun Lazca oldu\u011fu Hopa b\u00f6lgesinde de g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. K\u00f6y\u00fcn hangi kesimiyle ilgili olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, ayn\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fcn bir resmi ve birka\u00e7 eski ismi olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin E\u015fmek\u00f6y, adlar\u0131 Ardala ve \u00c7imelli olan iki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yden meydana gelmi\u015ftir ve bu k\u00f6ylerin de kendi isimlerine sahip olan mahalleleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. Resmi verilere g\u00f6re Hopa b\u00f6lgesinde, Hopa \u015fehri d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere 31 yerle\u015fim yeri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

An\u00e7aroh, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck s\u0131rada\u011flardan ge\u00e7en dar bir yolla ula\u015f\u0131lan ve Hopa\u2019n\u0131n 5 kilometre uza\u011f\u0131nda bulunan bir k\u00f6yd\u00fcr Bu k\u00f6yde ya\u015fayanlar, kom\u015fu Ardala k\u00f6y\u00fcnden buraya g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015f olan Ardaleli Hem\u015fillerdir. Son y\u0131llarda bir\u00e7ok Hem\u015filli k\u00f6ylerden \u015fehirlere g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015flerdir. Sadece \u00e7ay toplama mevsiminde b\u00fct\u00fcn akrabalar, art\u0131k sadece ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n k\u0131\u015f mevsimi haricinde ya\u015famakta oldu\u011fu k\u00f6ylere d\u00f6nmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ev sahibimizle enteresan bir sohbet yapt\u0131k. Yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k ayr\u0131l\u0131ktan sonra SSCB\u2019de akrabalar\u0131n\u0131 bulup onlar\u0131 Orta Asya\u2019da ziyaret eden ilk Hem\u015filli oldu\u011funu bize anlatt\u0131. Ardaletsi\u2019lerin Karak\u00e7\u0131o\u011flu, Alio\u011flu, Feyzo\u011flu, Keseo\u011flu, Tokkuzo\u011flu ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcko\u011flu ad\u0131nda \u201calt\u0131 karde\u015fin\u201d soyundan t\u00fcrediklerini anlatt\u0131. Kendi ailesinin atas\u0131n\u0131n Keseo\u011flu oldu\u011funu, daha sonra gelen birka\u00e7 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n isimlerinin unutulmu\u015f oldu\u011funu ve kendi s\u00fclalesi de i\u00e7inde olarak 5 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlamaktayd\u0131. Asl\u0131nda, bu konu\u015fmay\u0131, bana ailesinin 500 y\u0131ld\u0131r \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a inand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat etmek i\u00e7in ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, fakat sonu\u00e7 tam tersi oldu. \u00d6ncelikle, Kese\u2019nin 5 nesli 500 de\u011fil, 150\u2013200 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir zaman dilimine s\u0131\u011fmaktayd\u0131. \u0130kincisi ise, bu \u201calt\u0131 karde\u015f\u201d g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz s\u00fclalelerin genel mitolojik atalar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmakta ve bu durum onlar\u0131 ba\u011flayan halkalar\u0131n s\u00f6zde unutulmu\u015f isimleriyle ispatlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Enforman\u0131m\u0131z gen\u00e7li\u011finde aidiyetiyle ilgilenip, atalar\u0131n\u0131n aidiyeti ve onlar\u0131n Ermeniceye vak\u0131f olmalar\u0131n\u0131n sebepleriyle ilgili Ankara \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne resmen ba\u015fvuruda bulunmu\u015f.<\/p>\n

\u00dcniversiteden, kendilerinin eski T\u00fcrk \u201c\u00c7epnilerin\u201d devam\u0131 oldu\u011fu, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Kara Deniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmelerinden \u00e7ok \u00f6nce bu b\u00f6lgede yerle\u015fmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 ve \u00e7evredeki H\u0131ristiyan halklar\u0131n dillerini devrald\u0131klar\u0131na dair yeterince bilgi verilmi\u015fti. S\u00fck\u00fbnet g\u00f6sterip, sayg\u0131dan dolay\u0131 konunun \u00fcst\u00fcne fazla gitmedim. \u201c\u00c7epni\u201d terimi, bir \u015eii mezhebinin ad\u0131d\u0131r ve T\u00fcrk bilim adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan H\u0131ristiyan k\u00f6kenli farkl\u0131 etnik gruplar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (9, s.118). An\u00e7arokh\u2019ta, Ardaletsi\u2019lerin folkloru, kelimeleri ve terimlerini kay\u0131t etme \u015fans\u0131na da nail oldum.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci seyahatim esnas\u0131nda An\u00e7aroh K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nde Kese s\u00fclalesinin mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ziyaret ettim, burada yan-yana dizili mezarlar ve etraf\u0131 \u00e7itle \u00e7evrili bir aile mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktayd\u0131. Bu durum, ayn\u0131 ailenin yeni mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda korunan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman adetlerine uymamaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ardaletsi\u2019lerin anlat\u0131lar\u0131na istinaden 200 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Hopa b\u00f6lgesine gelen ilk Hom\u015fentsi\u2019ler Curpicin K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019ne (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Yeldere) yerle\u015fmi\u015f, buradan da, k\u00f6y\u00fcn bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n Ardala olarak an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7imelli\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015fler. Buradan da\u011f\u0131lan herkes bundan sonra kendisini Ardaletsi olarak anmaktayd\u0131. Bu ananeden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, Ardalatsi\u2019lerin, Ardala K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc kuran alt\u0131 aileden geldikleri sonucunu \u00e7\u0131kartabilmekteyiz. Bu grubun k\u00f6kenlerinin daha da derin olup Ham\u015fen\u2019e kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131 da ihtimal d\u00e2hilindedir. Bu varsay\u0131m\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kan\u0131t\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fcn \u201cArda-la\u201d ismidir. Ham\u015fen\u2019de \u201cArda-\u015fen\u201d kalesi ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u201cArde-\u015fen\u201d \u015fehri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Topalo\u011flu\u2019nun halefi, k\u00f6keniyle ilgili sorumu \u201cBiz de, babalar\u0131m\u0131z gibi Ermeni\u2019yiz, Hem\u015fin\u2019in Khala Nehri havzas\u0131nda bulunan Apsi K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nden buraya gelmi\u015fiz\u201d cevaplad\u0131. Bu cevaptan \u015fok olmu\u015f sordum \u201cBunu atalar\u0131n\u0131zdan m\u0131 duydunuz?\u201d. \u201cHay\u0131r\u201d dedi, \u201conlar bunu unutmu\u015flard\u0131, fakat biz Hom\u015fetsi\u2019yiz, demek ki Hem\u015fin\u2019deniz, Ermenice konu\u015fuyoruz, Apsi\u2019de h\u00e2la Topalo\u011fullar\u0131 ya\u015famaktad\u0131r, fakat onlar Ermeniceyi unutmu\u015flar\u201d. Bu adam\u0131n, hi\u00e7bir bilimsel kan\u0131ta gerek duymadan kendisine bir ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve kimlik kal\u0131b\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu anlad\u0131m. Konu\u015ftu\u011fum ki\u015finin s\u00f6zlerine g\u00f6re, Turtsevantsilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi payla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m Ardaletsilerin di\u011fer grubunun temsilcilerinin kendilerini kesinlikle Ermeni olarak kabul etmedikleri, sadece y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce atalar\u0131n\u0131n Ermeni olmu\u015f olabilece\u011fini varsaymalar\u0131 enteresand\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmemizin, Ermenicenin Ham\u015fen leh\u00e7esinin iki farkl\u0131 a\u011fz\u0131yla s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmek isterim.<\/p>\n

Hopa-Hem\u015fillerin kimli\u011fiyle ilgili daha sonraki tan\u0131\u015fmam esnas\u0131nda bu se\u00e7imin, \u015fu veya bu yerle\u015fik gruba olan aidiyet ba\u011f\u0131na, ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlara ve siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu m\u00fc\u015fahede ettim. Kan\u0131mca, Hopa-Hem\u015fillerin %15-20\u2019si sol g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere olan yatk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kendisini fikren Ermeni olarak kabul etmekte, %50\u2019si siyasi veya ekonomik duruma ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ayn\u0131 fikirde, kalan %30 ise kesinlikle buna kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu analiz, hemen-hemen t\u00fcm Hopa-Hem\u015fillerin kendi adaylar\u0131 lehine oy kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 2004 y\u0131l\u0131 belediye ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imleri sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r. Sola yatk\u0131n bir parti taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilen bu aday, kendisini ve \u00e7evresini Ermeni olarak kabul etti\u011fini gizlememekteydi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Temmuz 2005\u2019te belediye Hopa\u2019da bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr festivali d\u00fczenlemekteydi. Ermenistan, K\u00fcrdistan ve Lazistan\u2019dan davet edilmi\u015f olan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar halk\u0131 \u201cHem\u015filce\u201d, Lazca, G\u00fcrc\u00fcce ve K\u00fcrt\u00e7e selamlad\u0131lar. K\u00fcrt bayan temsilci, K\u00fcrdistan halklar\u0131 ad\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen m\u00fccadelede Hem\u015filler\u2019le karde\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131, bu y\u00fczden Hopa\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fcr b\u00f6lge oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Daha sonra, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki partilerden birinin ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n konvoyu ta\u015flan\u0131p Hopa\u2019ya girmesi engellendi. T\u00fcm bunlar, siyasi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin i\u00e7ine \u00e7ekilmekten \u00e7ekinen ve Hem\u015fillerin T\u00fcrklerle kar\u015f\u0131-kar\u015f\u0131ya getirilmesini arzu etmeyen, ba\u015fta Ardaletsiler olmak \u00fczere, bir k\u0131s\u0131m Hem\u015fillerin ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011funa yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ba\u015f-Hem\u015filler (T\u00fcrk-Hem\u015filler)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00fcrk kay\u0131tlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda, Ham\u015fen Kazas\u0131 (Hem\u015fin) Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ilhak edildi\u011finde b\u00f6lge Hem\u015fin, Kara Hem\u015fin ve Eskanos (Senos-Kaptanpa\u015fa) olmak \u00fczere 3 k\u0131sma ayr\u0131lmakta ve 34 k\u00f6ye sahipti. 1536 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hem\u015fin idari birimi \u0130spir Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fland\u0131 ve bu durum XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar devam etti. 1753\u20131831 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Hem\u015fin Kazas\u0131 Trabzon Sanca\u011f\u0131yla birle\u015fti, 1836 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Atina (Pazar) \u0130li\u2019ne d\u00e2hil oldu. 1843\u201344 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Hem\u015fin\u2019i ziyaret eden Alman bilim adam\u0131 Karl Koch\u2019un belirtti\u011fine g\u00f6re Hem\u015fin, kendi b\u00f6lgesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda 3 tarihi b\u00f6lgeye de sahipti, bunlardan ilkinin merkezi, ayn\u0131 adl\u0131 nehrin k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Cemil K\u00f6y\u2019d\u00fc. \u0130kinci b\u00f6lgenin merkezi Mapavr Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Ortak\u00f6y, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise Atina\u2019dan birka\u00e7 saat uzakl\u0131kta bulunan Marmand K\u00f6y\u00fcyd\u00fc (10. S.22\u201325).<\/p>\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda Hem\u015fin Kazas\u0131 tekrar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir b\u00f6lgeydi ve 1878 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7orokh (\u00c7oruh) \u0130li\u2019ne, 1904 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ise Trabzon Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019na d\u00e2hildi. 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ruslar Hem\u015fin\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irip Batum B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ne, 1918\u2019de ise T\u00fcrkler onu tekrar Pazar \u0130li\u2019ne ba\u011flad\u0131lar (11. S.14).<\/p>\n

Hem\u015fin tarihi-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel b\u00f6lgesi, Trabzon\u2019un 120 km do\u011fusunda, Rize b\u00f6lgesinde bulunmakta ve Hem\u015fin, \u00c7aml\u0131hem\u015fin, k\u0131smen de \u00c7ayeli ve \u0130kizdere b\u00f6lgelerinden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015fillerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kendilerini T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 bir etnik grubu olarak kabul etmekte ve T\u00fcrk-Hem\u015fili olarak adland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerden Rize b\u00f6lgesindeki F\u0131nd\u0131kl\u0131, \u00c7ayeli, Kaptanpa\u015fa (Sarvitsa mahallesi) ile Rize (\u00c7imil mahallesi) \u015fehirlerine inmi\u015f olup b\u00f6lge n\u00fcfusunun yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil etmektedir. Hem\u015fillerin di\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck yerle\u015fimleri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Adapazar\u0131 (Khencek b\u00f6lgesi), Bolu (K\u00f6pr\u00fcc\u00fck b\u00f6lgesi) ve Samsun (L\u00e2dik b\u00f6lgesi) \u015fehirlerindedir. Bu bilgiler Hem\u015finli bir tarih \u00f6\u011fretmeni taraf\u0131ndan bana verilmi\u015ftir ve onun verilerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, Rize b\u00f6lgesi k\u00f6kenli yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 000 Hem\u015fil ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk ziyaretimi \u00c7aml\u0131hem\u015fin b\u00f6lgesine ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdim. Bu yerle\u015fim, Fortuna (F\u0131rt\u0131na) ve Hala nehirlerinin kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde bulunmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcm b\u00f6lge, Ka\u00e7kar Milli Park\u0131 d\u00e2hilindedir. Hala Nehri\u2019nin yukar\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131nda, Ayder K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nde sanatoryum bulunmakta ve t\u00fcm milli park b\u00f6lgesi T\u00fcrk insan\u0131 haricinde, yabanc\u0131 turistler taraf\u0131ndan da bilinmektedir. Bu nehrin yukar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda bulunan Ka\u00e7kar Platosu, Ba\u015f-Hem\u015fil (Y\u00fcksek veya Yukar\u0131 Hem\u015fin) veya Yayla olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu yerle\u015fim yerleri ve da\u011f isimlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Ermenice veya T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki dillerdendir. Mesela, Ka\u00e7kar (Erm. Kha\u00e7 ve kar-T. Ha\u00e7 ve ta\u015f), Ver\u00e7enik (Erm. Verc-T. son), Tatos (Erm. \u015fah\u0131s ismi), Palovit (Erm. bal ve hovit-T. vi\u015fne ve vadi), Kha\u00e7ivank (Erm. Kha\u00e7 ve vank-T. Ha\u00e7 ve manast\u0131r), Karmir (T. k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131) vs.<\/p>\n

Da\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7aylar\u0131n \u00fczerinde her tarafta, Osmanl\u0131lardan \u00f6nce ve sonra in\u015fa edilmi\u015f kemerli k\u00f6pr\u00fcler mevcuttur.<\/p>\n

Amac\u0131m\u0131z Zil-Kale\u2019ye gitmekti. Oraya giderken Yolk\u00f6y\u00fc (Ku\u015fua), Yemi\u015fli (Kobo\u015f), \u015eeneva (\u00c7in\u00e7iva), \u00dclk\u00fc (Erokh), \u015eenk\u00f6y k\u00f6ylerinden ge\u00e7tik. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimalle \u00fcnl\u00fc Arta\u015fen kalesi olan Zil-Kale\u2019yi ziyaret ettikten sonra zaman darl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 hemen geri d\u00f6nd\u00fck. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fte k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir otelin sahibi olan ya\u015fl\u0131 bir kad\u0131na rastlad\u0131k, ihtiyar kad\u0131n bize Hem\u015fin tarihi ve co\u011frafyas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi verdi ve Hem\u015fillerin bir zamanlar burada ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Ermenilerle hi\u00e7 bir ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Ermenilerden burada sadece Hakop, Tapik kelo\u011f v.b. gibi yer isimlerinin kalm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n

Eski k\u00f6pr\u00fcy\u00fc, mezarl\u0131klar\u0131 ve harabeleri g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in Kobo\u015f k\u00f6y\u00fc yak\u0131n\u0131nda mola verdik. Rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7iler, bu harabelerin eski bir Ermeni kervansaray\u0131 ve mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ait oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylediler. Ger\u00e7ekten de, ta\u015f duvarda birka\u00e7 mezar ta\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktayd\u0131, baz\u0131lar\u0131 m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ait olmak \u00fczere birka\u00e7 mezar, \u00a0tahrip edilmi\u015fti. Bu yerleri terkederken bir Hem\u015filli t\u00fcccardan yabanc\u0131 kelimeler bilip bilmedi\u011fini sorduk, \u2013 kedalik \u2013 Ermenice k\u0131dal (ka\u015f\u0131k)<\/em>– kelimesini bildi\u011fini, fakat ebeveynlerinin daha \u00e7ok s\u00f6zler bildiklerini s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n

Ertesi g\u00fcn Hem\u015fin b\u00f6lgesinin nehir k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan ayn\u0131 isimli merkezine gittik. Kahvede Yunuf Himti ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Ziyaretimizin amac\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi\u011finde \u201cEskide Ermeni oldu\u011fumuzdan utanmamal\u0131y\u0131z. Ba\u015f Hem\u015fin\u2019de \u00e7ok ki\u015fi Ermenice konu\u015fur, fakat kendilerini Ermeni olarak kabul etmezler\u201d dedi. Sonra Elevit k\u00f6y\u00fcndeki onlarca Ermeni ailelerin hik\u00e2yesini anlatt\u0131. 20. yy. ba\u015f\u0131nda kasabada Hapel ad\u0131nda bir kundurac\u0131 varm\u0131\u015f, evi bug\u00fcne kadar duruyormu\u015f. 1910 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ermeni kilisesi in\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flay\u0131p \u00e7an getirtip \u00e7an kulesi de kurmu\u015f, fakat 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda milliyetini ink\u00e2r etmeyen t\u00fcm Ermenileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fler, sadece Hapel\u2019i, \u00e7ok ya\u015fl\u0131 ve k\u00f6r oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

\u201cO\u00e7ino\u011flu Mahmut\u2019un ailesi hep Elevit\u2019te ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, Ermenice konu\u015ftuklar\u0131ndan, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n herkes onlar\u0131 Ermeni olarak kabul edermi\u015f. Bir di\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck Ermeni ailesinin soyad\u0131 Matarac\u0131\u2019yd\u0131. Bu ve di\u011fer M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Ermenilerden yakla\u015f\u0131k 15 aile, so\u011fuk k\u0131\u015flar nedeniyle 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda Erzurum\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7erler, fakat baz\u0131lar\u0131 yazlar\u0131 Elevit\u2019e gelip kal\u0131r\u201d.<\/p>\n

Yunuf, bizi daha sonra Hem\u015fin belediye ba\u015fkan\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Maalesef ba\u015fkan \u00e7ok me\u015fgul oldu\u011fundan, sadece d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p bizimle tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve terc\u00fcman vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Ha\u00e7ikyan\u2019\u0131n makalesini okuyup okumad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 sordu. (5, s.18\u201330) Olumlu cevap al\u0131nca bana tarih \u00f6\u011fretmeni e\u015fli\u011finde okula gitmemi teklif etti. Okula gittik. Okul m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc odas\u0131nda bizi bekliyordu. \u00c7ok ilgin\u00e7 bir sohbet ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. \u015eu veya bu yerle\u015fim yerleri ve s\u00f6zlerin anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 soruyorlard\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin Vartivor (eski Ermeni bayram\u0131 Vardavar), fakat soru sorma s\u0131ras\u0131 bana geldi\u011finde herkes me\u015fgul oldu\u011funu bahane ederek \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Daha sonra Vartivor\u2019un, Hem\u015fillerin en \u00f6nemli bayram\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve yaylalarda karlar eridikten sonra kutland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendim.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015fin \u015fehrinden sonra \u00c7aml\u0131 Tepe (Zukha) kasabas\u0131 gelir. Enforman\u0131m\u0131n verilerine g\u00f6re orada M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Ermeni olarak kabul edilen iki aile ikamet etmekteydi. Bu bilgi ger\u00e7ekten de teyit edildi, ailelerin eski soy isimleri Kasparo\u011flu ve Minaso\u011flu olmakla birlikte bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yeni soy isimleriyle bu aileler kendilerini T\u00fcrk Hem\u015filli olarak kabul etmekteler. Ne yaz\u0131k ki onlarla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015femedim.<\/p>\n

Samsun \u015fehrinde tesad\u00fcfen rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m Zil-Kaleli Hasan Kibaro\u011flu kendisini, Hem\u015fin beyleri ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131ndan saymaktayd\u0131 ve bu hakk\u0131 kendilerine Sultan Mehmet\u2019in ferman\u0131yla verilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu iddia ediyordu. Atalar\u0131m\u0131n gelmi\u015f oldu\u011fu Hem\u015fin\u2019deki Ermeni izleri hakk\u0131ndaki sorular\u0131ma isteksiz cevap vermekteydi, bunun \u00fczerine hem\u015ferilerinin l\u00e2kaplar\u0131 veya eski soyadlar\u0131 var m\u0131, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmayan kelimeler biliyorlar m\u0131 diye direk sordum. Bir kelime sa\u011fana\u011f\u0131yla beni hayrete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc: cicik (asl\u0131 tzitzik, Erm.-meme, tz<\/strong> gibi duyulan Ermenice ses T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 c <\/strong>olarak <\/strong>telaffuz edilmektedir), cucul \u2013 (Erm.-erkek \u00fcreme organ\u0131), gagat \u2013 (Erm.-tepe, zirve) vs.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer kelimeler edebi yaz\u0131 dilinden de\u011fillerdi, fakat Ermeni Hem\u015fin leh\u00e7esinin Canik-Ordu a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Khisim\u2013khesum (akraba), merkhebek\u2013mor (da\u011f \u00e7ile\u011fi, \u00e7ilek), jakh\u2013jokh (b\u00f6\u011f\u00fcrtlen), kap\u00e7uk (kafas\u0131 olan, ak\u0131ll\u0131), khelez\u2013khlez (akrep), mukh\u2013mekh (m\u0131h, \u00e7ivi), khur\u00e7ka\u2013khur\u00e7ak (domates ve fasulye s\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131), corak\u2013cor (\u00e7amur), gakhenu\u015f\u2013kakhenu\u015f (kirletmek) vs. L\u00e2kin en ilgin\u00e7 olan\u0131 hem\u015ferilerinin soy isimleriydi. Yaz\u0131c\u0131yan, Kans\u0131zyan, Demirciyan, K\u0131rba\u015fyan, Avc\u0131yan gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u00f6zc\u00fckler ve soy isimlerden t\u00fcremi\u015f olan H\u0131ristiyan Hem\u015finlilerin soyadlar\u0131n\u0131n tersine M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Hem\u015finlilerin soyadlar\u0131 Mu\u011filan\u00e7, Me\u011fdesan\u00e7, Sakalan\u00e7, \u00c7elalan\u00e7, Nerevan\u00e7 ve Kordan\u00e7 gibi Ermenice k\u00f6kene sahipti.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer ziyaretimde Zil-Kalesi\u2019ni ge\u00e7ip \u00c7at kasabas\u0131nda durdum. Bir yol Elevit ve Kha\u00e7ivank\u2019a, bir yol ise Ba\u015f-Hem\u015fin ve Ver\u00e7embek\u2019e gidiyordu. Elevit\u2019te, 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda Erzurum\u2019a gitmi\u015f olan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Ermeniler ve kilise kurmak isteyen Hapel hakk\u0131ndaki bilgiler do\u011fruland\u0131. G\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015f olan ailelerden Musao\u011flu ailesinden biri kasabada bulunmaktayd\u0131 ve benimle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeden, Ermenice bilmedi\u011fini ve kendilerinin hep M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bana iletmelerini rica etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

D\u00fckk\u00e2nc\u0131, Molao\u011flu ailesi ve di\u011fer M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Ermeni ailelerin buralardan uzakla\u015fmalar\u0131ndan sonra kendi atalar\u0131n\u0131n Zil-Kale\u2019den buraya g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131 ve daha \u00f6nce Samsun\u2019da kaydetti\u011fim v\u00fccut k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n Ermenice isimlerini tekrarlay\u0131p Zil-Kalesi, Kobo\u015f ve \u00dclk\u00fc k\u00f6ylerinde \u201clakaplar\u201d\u0131n var oldu\u011funu ekledi.<\/p>\n

Kasaban\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki da\u011fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p Elevit manast\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n temellerin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck ta\u015flardan y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar ve yer-yer ters \u00e7evrilmi\u015f mezar ta\u015flar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan harabelerini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm.<\/p>\n

Ertesi g\u00fcn\u00fc Ba\u015f Hem\u015fin\u2019e gittik. Oraya varmaya birka\u00e7 kilometre kala da\u011f\u0131n tepesinde bir zamanlar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kalesinin harabe halinde bulundu\u011fu Kale k\u00f6y\u2019e (Vara\u015f) do\u011fru sapt\u0131k. Harabelerini inceledikten sonra yerli biriyle tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131k ve bize Ermeni M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n buralardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 zaman kendi atalar\u0131n\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019dan 150\u2013200 y\u0131l \u00f6nce buraya g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fcklerini ve bu topraklar\u0131 onlardan sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131.\u00a0 Tahminen, s\u00f6z Hopa Hem\u015filleri hakk\u0131ndayd\u0131, fakat bu bilgi do\u011frulanmaya gerek duymaktad\u0131r. Enforman\u0131m\u0131z, kesili ta\u015flarla d\u00f6\u015feli yolu bulunan terk edilmi\u015f bir mezarl\u0131k g\u00f6stererek, burada Ermenilere ait mezarlar oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Hangisinin Ermeni mezar\u0131 oldu\u011fu soruma \u201c\u00dczerinde bir \u015fey yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmayanlar\u201d olarak yan\u0131tlad\u0131. Birka\u00e7 mezar inceledikten sonra, b\u00fcy\u00fck ta\u015f duvarlar\u0131n birka\u00e7 mezar \u00e7evreledikleri fark ettim ve onlar\u0131 birbirlerinden ay\u0131ran tek \u00f6zelli\u011fin, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde \u00e7ukurlar oldu\u011fuydu. Benzer mezarlara Abhazya\u2019da ya\u015fayan Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin mezar ta\u015flar\u0131nda da (E\u015fera K\u00f6y\u00fc) rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve bu \u00e7ukurlarda mum yak\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7at\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fcp Ba\u015f Hem\u015fin muhtar\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck. Bize, yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Zakar, \u00c7alma\u015fer, Keso\u011flu, Gostan (Bostan) ailelerinin bu k\u00f6yden Khotorcur\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fcklerini anlatt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00dclk\u00fc K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nden bir ba\u015fka enformant, yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 y\u0131l \u00f6nce M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Ermenilerin Ha\u00e7ivanak \u00fczerinden Khotorcur\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fcklerini s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n

Enformanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc de ku\u015fkusuz on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f olan ayn\u0131 olay\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Hopa-Hem\u015fillerin atalar\u0131 olan Ermenice konu\u015fan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Hem\u015finlilerin Ham\u015fen\u2019den (Hem\u015fin) uzakla\u015f\u0131p, 150 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u00c7orokh (\u00c7oruh) Nehri havzas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131n\u0131 anlatmaktayd\u0131. L\u00e2kin neydi bu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn sebebi?<\/p>\n

Hem\u015finli Ermeni ayd\u0131n\u0131 S.Haykuni\u2019ye g\u00f6re 19. yy. ortalar\u0131nda birka\u00e7 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Ermeni aile tekrar H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7ti. Bundan sonra ulema s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6yledi\u011fi yedi Ermenice s\u00f6zc\u00fck bir k\u00fcfre e\u015fittir\u201d diyerek, Ermenice konu\u015fanlara kar\u015f\u0131 bask\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015flerdir. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimalle bask\u0131lar \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc. \u201cHem\u015finli kad\u0131nlar T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bilmezlerdi\u201d, bundan dolay\u0131 da kitleler halinde g\u00f6\u00e7 edip daha g\u00fcvenli yerlere gittiler. [12, s. 297]; [5, s.27].<\/p>\n

Hem\u015finliler, 19. yy. ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki olaylar hakk\u0131ndaki bilgiyi ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa korumu\u015f olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen 17. yy. ortalar\u0131ndaki Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin kanl\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc hakk\u0131nda hemen-hemen hi\u00e7bir bilgileri bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fczde, \u00dclk\u00fc\u2019deki kahvede mola verip kasabal\u0131larla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Bir\u00e7ok hem\u015ferilerinin Ermeni ge\u00e7mi\u015fine sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Yenap ailesinin atas\u0131n\u0131n Akop oldu\u011funu ve onlar\u0131n Giragosan\u00e7 olarak an\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n anlatt\u0131lar. Yemi\u015fli\u2019de (Koba\u015f) ve belki ba\u015fka k\u00f6ylerde de benzer ailelerin oldu\u011funu anlatt\u0131lar. Hepsi de v\u00fccut k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n Ermenice isimlerini (Hem\u015fin leh\u00e7esiyle) biliyorlard\u0131. Daha sonra \u00dclk\u00fc\u2019de Gomain\u00e7 (Hem\u015fin Ermenicesiyle-Gomats in\u00e7-yava\u015f in), Mez mun, Erokh (eskiden okulun oldu\u011fu yer), Kha\u00e7ikli (eskiden kilisenin oldu\u011fu yer) ve Molaveys ad\u0131nda mahallelerin bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6ylediler.<\/p>\n

\u00dclk\u00fc, Kobo\u015f, Zil-Kale, Zukhi ve di\u011fer Ermeni isimli k\u00f6ylerin sakinlerinin \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 17. yy. ortalar\u0131ndaki olaylardan sonra hayatta kalm\u0131\u015f Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin ku\u015faklar\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 tahmin edebiliriz. Elbette, b\u00fct\u00fcn Hem\u015fillerin \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermenilerin ku\u015faklar\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyemeyiz. Hem\u015finlilerin para kazanmak amac\u0131yla ocaklar\u0131n\u0131 terk edip, Hem\u015fin\u2019e de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin di\u011fer k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan insanlar\u0131n gelmi\u015f oldu\u011fu tabii g\u00f6\u00e7 ak\u0131mlar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Sorunlu b\u00f6lgelerde asimilasyonu h\u0131zland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla Hem\u015fin\u2019e kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusun yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu da ihtimal d\u00e2hilindedir. Buna ispat olarak, Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki ilk \u00fcniversitelerden birinin Hem\u015fin\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p Hem\u015fil \u00e7evresine T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn h\u0131zl\u0131 yay\u0131lmas\u0131na etki yapmas\u0131 g\u00f6sterilebilir. [11. s. 15\u201317].<\/p>\n

Son olarak, Hem\u015fin\u2019in veya Hem\u015fin tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile etnografik gruplar\u0131n inceleme i\u015finin modern bilimin en \u00f6nemli y\u00f6nelimlerinden biri oldu\u011funu kaydedelim.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0N O T L A R<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u011eevond vardapetin Ermeni tarihi,<\/strong> Sankt Peterburg, 1887.\u00a0\u00a0 (Eski Ermenice).<\/p>\n

2. Hovhan Mamikonyan, Taron tarihi. Erivan, 1952 (Eski Ermenice).<\/p>\n

3. Kuznetsov \u0130.V., Pontus Ermenileri giyimleri, Moskova, 1995. (Rus\u00e7a)<\/p>\n

4. Rui Gonzales de Klavijo, 1403\u20131406 y\u0131llarda Semerkant\u2019taki Timur saray\u0131na seyahat defteri,\u00a0 Sankt Peterburg, 1881. (Rus\u00e7a)<\/p>\n

5. Ha\u00e7ikyan L., Hem\u015finli Ermeni tarihi sayfalar\u0131 \/\/ Hem\u015fin kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Krasnodar, 2002. (Rus\u00e7a)<\/p>\n

6. Torlakyan B.G., 17\u201318 yy. Hem\u015finli Ermeniler tarihinden sayfalar \/\/ Tarih-filoloji dergisi, Erivan, 1972, say\u0131 4 (Ermenice).<\/p>\n

7. A\u00e7aryan H., Hem\u015fin leh\u00e7esi ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, Erivan, 1947 (Ermenice).<\/strong><\/p>\n

8. Haykuni S., Karadereliler \/\/ \u201cArarat\u201d, 1895, No. 7. (Ermenice).<\/p>\n

9. Kuznetsov \u0130.V., 1980-1990 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Krasnodar ili Hem\u015filleri <\/strong>\/\/ Eski \u00e7a\u011f: Arkeoloji, Tarih. Etnografi. Krasnodar, 2000 (Rus\u00e7a).\u00a0<\/p>\n

10. Dr. Karl Koch, \u201c1843 ve 1844 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u015farkta seyahat, II, (Pontus da\u011flar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk Ermenistan\u2019\u0131nda seyahat, Vaymar, 1846. (Almanca).<\/p>\n

11.\u00a0 Hem\u015fin, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve turizm. Ankara, 1998.<\/p>\n

12. \u201cArarat\u201d, 1897. (Ermenice)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

HEM\u015e\u0130N VE HEM\u015e\u0130NL\u0130 ERMEN\u0130LER<\/strong><\/p>\n

(k o n f e r a n s\u00a0\u00a0 m a k a l e l e r i)<\/strong><\/p>\n

ERIVAN\u00a0 – 2 0 0 7<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Artavazd Tulumcuyan Doktora \u00f6\u011frenicisi, \u201cHem\u015fin\u201d Ermeni bilim-k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezi ba\u015fkan\u0131 \u00a0\u00a0 Antik Hem\u015fin, Hem\u015fin Ermenileri, Hem\u015finli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve T\u00fcrk Hem\u015filler \u2013 bu s\u00f6zlerin anlam\u0131 daha d\u00fcne kadar sadece tarih\u00e7i ve etnograflardan olu\u015fan dar bir \u00e7evre taraf\u0131ndan bilinmekteydi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde giderek daha \u00e7ok insan ge\u00e7mi\u015fini bu Ermenilere ba\u011flamakta ve Hem\u015fin tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc merak etmektedir. Tahminen 19. yy. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1459","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hamsen-hemsin"],"yoast_head":"\nHOPA-HEM\u015e\u0130LLER\u0130 VE BA\u015e- HEM\u015e\u0130LLER (Gezi notlar\u0131) - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/07\/22\/hopa-hemsilleri-ve-bas-hemsiller-gezi-notlari\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"HOPA-HEM\u015e\u0130LLER\u0130 VE BA\u015e- HEM\u015e\u0130LLER (Gezi notlar\u0131) - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Artavazd Tulumcuyan Doktora \u00f6\u011frenicisi, \u201cHem\u015fin\u201d Ermeni bilim-k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezi ba\u015fkan\u0131 \u00a0\u00a0 Antik Hem\u015fin, Hem\u015fin Ermenileri, Hem\u015finli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve T\u00fcrk Hem\u015filler \u2013 bu s\u00f6zlerin anlam\u0131 daha d\u00fcne kadar sadece tarih\u00e7i ve etnograflardan olu\u015fan dar bir \u00e7evre taraf\u0131ndan bilinmekteydi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde giderek daha \u00e7ok insan ge\u00e7mi\u015fini bu Ermenilere ba\u011flamakta ve Hem\u015fin tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc merak etmektedir. Tahminen 19. yy. 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