{"id":14355,"date":"2012-04-20T07:01:36","date_gmt":"2012-04-20T12:01:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=14355"},"modified":"2012-04-20T07:01:36","modified_gmt":"2012-04-20T12:01:36","slug":"1-osmanli-idari-sisteminde-ermeniler-a-muhtedi-ermeni-devlet-gorevlileri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2012\/04\/20\/1-osmanli-idari-sisteminde-ermeniler-a-muhtedi-ermeni-devlet-gorevlileri\/","title":{"rendered":"1. Osmanl\u0131 idari sisteminde Ermeniler. I. M\u00fchtedi Ermeni devlet g\u00f6revlileri"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Anahit Astoyan <\/strong><\/p>\n

Esk\u0131 Yaz\u0131lar M\u00fczesi Matenadaran bilim eleman\u0131 <\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Y\u00f6netim hakk\u0131 sadece M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara mahsus oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fundaki t\u00fcm devlet g\u00f6revleri M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve M\u00fchtedi H\u0131ristiyanlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekteydi.<\/p>\n

\u015eeriat, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019\u0131n bir H\u0131ristiyan\u2019\u0131n tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc alt\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 men etmekteydi. Bu sebeple Ermeniler y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu, 1839 Tanzimat ferman\u0131na kadar (ilk Osmanl\u0131 reform program\u0131n\u0131n ilan\u0131) devlet g\u00f6revlerinden uzak kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta ebeveynlerinin elinden al\u0131n\u0131p, zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak Yeni\u00e7eri b\u00f6l\u00fcklerine kat\u0131lanlardan binlercesinin aras\u0131ndan sivrilmi\u015f olan istisnai ki\u015fileri saym\u0131yoruz tabii.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi, gayrim\u00fcslimlerin askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmak ve kendi askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u00fcrekli ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla, imparatorlu\u011fun H\u0131ristiyan n\u00fcfusuna y\u00f6nelik be\u015feri bir vergi olan dev\u015firmeli\u011fi uygulamaktayd\u0131. Bunun sonucunda \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcre Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n en se\u00e7kin temsilcilerinin say\u0131s\u0131z nesilleri milli ortamlar\u0131ndan kopar\u0131larak yabanc\u0131 bir devletin ve dinin zaferi i\u00e7in hizmet etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131 yeni\u00e7erilerin aras\u0131nda, cesaretleri ve yetenekleri sayesinde Osmanl\u0131 askeri ve idari sisteminde en y\u00fcksek mevkilere ula\u015fabilen \u015fah\u0131slar var olmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u00e7lerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda vezir-i azam derecesine kadar ula\u015fabilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131 yeni\u00e7eriler aras\u0131nda en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan, Osmanl\u0131 tarihine alt\u0131n sayfalar bah\u015fetmi\u015f olan XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l amirali Halil Pa\u015fa\u2019d\u0131r. Halil Pa\u015fa, Kayserli bir Ermeni olup, s\u00fcbyan toplama esnas\u0131nda ailesinden kopart\u0131l\u0131p, Konstantinopel\u2019e (\u0130stanbul) getirilmi\u015f, burada en y\u00fcksek mertebelere ula\u015farak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne \u00f6nemli hizmetlerde bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Yeni\u00e7eri a\u011fas\u0131 g\u00f6revine y\u00fckselmi\u015f, 1609 y\u0131l\u0131nda vezir, ard\u0131ndan da vezir-i azam derecesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halil Pa\u015fa, Sinop\u2019a sald\u0131ran Kazaklar\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtm\u00fc\u015f, Polonya ve Avusturya\u2019yla olan bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 yeniletmi\u015ftir. 1619 y\u0131l\u0131nda Perslere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve \u015eah Abbas\u2019\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f imzalamaya zorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1620 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00f6revinden ayr\u0131larak tekrar amiralli\u011fe d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1621 y\u0131l\u0131nda Polonya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, 1626-1627 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tekrar vezir-i azam g\u00f6revine tayin edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticilerinden biri de, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l generali ve devlet g\u00f6revlisi Malatya do\u011fumlu S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa Ermeni\u2019dir (1605-1680). 1605 s\u00fcbyan toplama esnas\u0131nda Konstantinopel\u2019e g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclerek \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ismi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. S\u00fcleyman, kendisi gibi zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir aile ferdi olan, y\u00fcksek mevkie ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan \u0130smail\u2019in deste\u011fiyle sarayda g\u00f6reve atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa, yetenekleri, beceriklili\u011fi ve cesareti sayesinde basit askerden vezir-i azam derecesine y\u00fckselmeyi ba\u015far\u0131p Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli ki\u015filerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. Sultan \u0130brahim\u2019in (1640-1648) korumas\u0131 olmu\u015f, belli bir s\u00fcre sonra vezirlik mertebesine eri\u015fip, ard\u0131ndan vezir dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131, daha sonra ise Karin (Erzurum) ve Sebastia (Sivas) valiliklerine getirilmi\u015ftir. Kreta\u2019n\u0131n (Girit) ele ge\u00e7irili\u015fine kat\u0131l\u0131p, 1644 y\u0131l\u0131nda vezir-i azam tayin edilmi\u015ftir. \u00dclkeyi bir\u00e7ok defalar tehlikelerden kurtarm\u0131\u015f, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar esnas\u0131nda vezir-i azam g\u00f6revinden istifa ederek can\u0131n\u0131 kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ki kere vezir-i azam vekilli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f, Adrianapolis (Edirne) saray\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6neticisi olmu\u015ftur. S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa, zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Ermenilerin ne ilki, ne de sonuncusuydu, fakat Ermenili\u011fini gizlemeyen ve vezir-i azam oldu\u011fu zaman d\u00e2hi Ermeni<\/strong> l\u00e2kab\u0131n\u0131 kullanan tek ki\u015fi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l devlet adam\u0131 H\u00fcsrev Pa\u015fa da, \u00e7ocuk ya\u015fta ailesinden kopar\u0131l\u0131p zorla dini de\u011fi\u015ftirilen ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda vezir-i azam derecesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerdendir. Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi, H\u0131ristiyan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n enerjisi ve geneti\u011finden sadece orduyu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek amac\u0131yla faydalanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcbyan toplama sayesinde zorla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan gen\u00e7lerin i\u00e7inden iyi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc ve ak\u0131ll\u0131lar\u0131 saraya g\u00f6nderilip i\u00e7 o\u011flanlar oca\u011f\u0131na al\u0131narak Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine sad\u0131k hizmetk\u00e2rlar olarak yeti\u015ftirilip sarayda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6revler \u00fcstlenmekteydi. \u0130\u00e7 o\u011flanlar sistemi, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti y\u00f6netim sisteminin olu\u015fumu, devletin geli\u015fimi ve g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi konusunda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netim sisteminde y\u00fcksek mevkie ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l kubbe vezirlerinden Kara Mehmet Pa\u015fa Do\u011fanc\u0131<\/strong> da Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131ndand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kara Mehmet Pa\u015fa, Halil Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n a\u011fabeyiydi ve vezir-i azam, Bosnal\u0131 \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019yla rekabet i\u00e7ine girdi\u011finden dolay\u0131 XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda ba\u015f\u0131 kesilerek idam edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine bir y\u00fckseli\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn hayat\u0131 birka\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na ye\u015fermi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcrede Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 takip etme denemeleri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131 kurulmu\u015f, k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Konstantinopel\u2019de g\u00f6z al\u0131c\u0131 genel ve resmi binalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00fclkenin di\u011fer \u015fehirlerinde de yap\u0131land\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm bu yenileme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n mimar\u0131 Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131 vezir-i azam, Nev\u015fehirli Damat \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa <\/strong>(1662-1730) olmu\u015ftur. Alfons d\u2019Lamartin taraf\u0131ndan 1855 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris\u2019te bas\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131 tarihine y\u00f6nelik tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Ermeni oldu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik olumlu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, belki de Ermeni olmas\u0131nda yatmaktad\u0131r. Kumkap\u0131 Surb (Aziz) Astvadsadsin, Samatya Surb Gevorg ve daha ba\u015fka Konstantinopel Ermeni kiliseleri \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n vezir-i azam oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Patrik Hovhannes Kolot, 1724 y\u0131l\u0131nda vezir-i azam \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik mektubunda Kafkasya\u2019dan esir olarak getirilen Ermenilerin esir pazarlar\u0131nda sat\u0131lmalar\u0131ndan \u015fik\u00e2yet eder. Vezir-i azam taraf\u0131ndan t\u00fcm y\u00f6neticilere g\u00f6nderilen emirle Ermenilerin esir pazarlar\u0131nda sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 durdurulur.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n vezirli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde Konstantinopel Ermenileri farkl\u0131 alanlarda ilerleme sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. I. Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019in (1771-1788) amirali Cezayirli Hasan Pa\u015fa <\/strong>da Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Hasan Pa\u015fa, Rodosto\u2019nun (Tekirda\u011f) Surb Kha\u00e7 mahallesinde ya\u015fayan fakir bir Ermeni ailesinin o\u011flu oldu\u011fundan, ailesi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocu\u011fu k\u00f6le olarak Hac\u0131 Osman ad\u0131nda bir Osmanl\u0131 t\u00fcccar\u0131na satmaya mecbur olur. T\u00fcccar taraf\u0131ndan Hasan olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve uzun s\u00fcre Cezayir\u2019de bulunmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Cezayi\u2019li olarak an\u0131l\u0131r. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc becerileri ve cesaretinden dolay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir t\u00fcccar ve g\u00f6z\u00fc pek bir denizci olarak nam salar.<\/p>\n

Daha sonra Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131nda hizmete girip devlete yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck yararl\u0131l\u0131klardan dolay\u0131 \u00fcnlenir. Malta Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n muhasaras\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gazi unvan\u0131na sahipti.<\/p>\n

I. Abd\u00fclhamit zaman\u0131nda vezirlik mertebesine ula\u015f\u0131p, amiral tayin edilmi\u015fti. Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck garnizonu ve daha ba\u015fka askeri yap\u0131lar Hasan Pa\u015fa d\u00f6neminde kurulmu\u015ftur, gemi yap\u0131m\u0131 onun zaman\u0131nda geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l vezir-i azamlar\u0131ndan Esseylit Mehmet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n<\/strong> da Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddia edilmektedir. Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 olumlu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu kan\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmu\u015f oldu\u011fu da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, fakat Halil, S\u00fcleymen ve Mehmet pa\u015falar gibi daha pek \u00e7ok zorla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermeni\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminde parlam\u0131\u015f olup, Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya hizmet etmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Ermeni olarak bilinmedi\u011fi kesindir.<\/p>\n

Bu ki\u015filerin isimleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f veya Osmanl\u0131 tarihi bu ki\u015filerin etnik aidiyeti hakk\u0131nda kay\u0131t tutmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan bu konudaki veriler son derece k\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkenin idari sisteminde de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe gidildi\u011fi ve Avrupala\u015fma ihtiyac\u0131 hissedildi\u011fi zaman Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun devlet y\u00f6netiminde Ermeniler \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, \u00f6nemli roller \u00fcstlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa diplomatik \u00e7evrelerinde \u201chasta adam\u201d olarak an\u0131lmakta, imparatorlu\u011fun devlet mekanizmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten de hasta adam gibi debelenerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Bab\u0131\u00e2li, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa \u00fclkelerini \u00f6rnek alarak, devlet sisteminde reform d\u00fczenlemeleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Lakin Osmanl\u0131lar, bunu kendi g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye haz\u0131r de\u011fildi. Avrupa tipi bakanl\u0131klar kurulurken, Avrupa \u00fcniversitelerinde tahsil g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fine vak\u0131f ve yabanc\u0131 diller bilen Ermeni uzmanlara ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu. Ermeniler, uzmanl\u0131k becerileri ve giri\u015fimcilik isteyen bu bakanl\u0131klarda g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan ve hatta ba\u015fl\u0131ca roller \u00fcstenmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n kibri, bakanl\u0131klar\u0131 tamamen Ermenilere temsil etmelerini engellemekteydi. Ticaret, maliye, posta-telgraf, resmi yap\u0131lar, orman ve maden, e\u011fitim, adalet ve d\u0131\u015f i\u015fleri bakanl\u0131klar\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bakanlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da Ermeni, bakan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6revlerini \u00fcstlenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Bu bakanl\u0131klar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek idarecileri asl\u0131nda onlard\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bakanl\u0131klar\u0131n t\u00fcm derdi ve sorumlulu\u011fu Ermeni bakan yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n omuzlar\u0131na y\u00fcklenmi\u015fti. Ermenilerin bakanl\u0131k koltu\u011funa oturmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirecek durumlar da olmu\u015ftur. Ermeni devlet y\u00f6neticileri, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 faaliyetleri sayesinde, Ermenilerin iyi zanaatk\u00e2rlar ve t\u00fcccarlar olmalar\u0131n\u0131n haricinde, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 y\u00f6neticiler de olabileceklerini kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131n ve gazeteci \u015eule Betincek\u2019in belirtti\u011fine g\u00f6re, Osmanl\u0131 zaman\u0131nda k\u0131rk\u0131n \u00fczerinde Ermeni en \u00f6nemli bakanl\u0131k koltuklar\u0131nda oturmaktayd\u0131. Parlamento ile devlet kurulu \u00fcyelikleri, el\u00e7ilik ve Osmanl\u0131 meclisi mebusu g\u00f6revlerinde de bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Devam\u0131 Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Akunq.net<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anahit Astoyan Esk\u0131 Yaz\u0131lar M\u00fczesi Matenadaran bilim eleman\u0131 Y\u00f6netim hakk\u0131 sadece M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara mahsus oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fundaki t\u00fcm devlet g\u00f6revleri M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve M\u00fchtedi H\u0131ristiyanlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekteydi. \u015eeriat, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019\u0131n bir H\u0131ristiyan\u2019\u0131n tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc alt\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 men etmekteydi. Bu sebeple Ermeniler y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu, 1839 Tanzimat ferman\u0131na kadar (ilk Osmanl\u0131 reform program\u0131n\u0131n ilan\u0131) devlet g\u00f6revlerinden uzak kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":14356,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,26,44],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14355","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-unluler"],"yoast_head":"\n1. Osmanl\u0131 idari sisteminde Ermeniler. I. 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M\u00fchtedi Ermeni devlet g\u00f6revlileri - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","og_description":"Anahit Astoyan Esk\u0131 Yaz\u0131lar M\u00fczesi Matenadaran bilim eleman\u0131 Y\u00f6netim hakk\u0131 sadece M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara mahsus oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fundaki t\u00fcm devlet g\u00f6revleri M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve M\u00fchtedi H\u0131ristiyanlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekteydi. \u015eeriat, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019\u0131n bir H\u0131ristiyan\u2019\u0131n tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc alt\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 men etmekteydi. Bu sebeple Ermeniler y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu, 1839 Tanzimat ferman\u0131na kadar (ilk Osmanl\u0131 reform program\u0131n\u0131n ilan\u0131) devlet g\u00f6revlerinden uzak kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 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