{"id":1375,"date":"2010-07-25T01:12:56","date_gmt":"2010-07-25T06:12:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=1375"},"modified":"2010-07-25T01:12:56","modified_gmt":"2010-07-25T06:12:56","slug":"h-e-m-s-i-n-tarihi-cografi-bir-bakis-16-20-yy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2010\/07\/25\/h-e-m-s-i-n-tarihi-cografi-bir-bakis-16-20-yy\/","title":{"rendered":"H E M \u015e \u0130 N Tarihi-co\u011frafi bir bak\u0131\u015f (16.-20. yy.)"},"content":{"rendered":"

A\u015fot Melkonyan<\/strong> <\/em><\/p>\n

Ermenistan Bilimler Milli Akademisi <\/em><\/p>\n

Tarih Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc, Tarih Doktoru, Profes\u00f6r<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Ermeni vilayetlerinde reformlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 konusunda 1878 y\u0131l\u0131nda San Stefano ve Berlin zirveleri s\u00fcrecinde uluslararas\u0131 diplomasinin g\u00fcndemine yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan Ermeni sorunu J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk iktidar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen 1915 Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan sonra Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n tarihi anavatan\u0131 olan Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n Ermenilerden bo\u015falmas\u0131 neticesinde, i\u00e7eri\u011fini kaybetti. D\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Ermeniler i\u00e7in Ermeni sorunu, Ermeni topraklar\u0131n\u0131, vatan\u0131 geri alma m\u00fccadelesi sorununa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 tan\u0131mas\u0131na ve tazminata y\u00f6nelik hareketle ifade bularak, simge ismi olan \u201cHay dat\u201d (\u201cErmeni davas\u0131\u201d) ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 50. Y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn an\u0131lmas\u0131 ve 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda bu sorunun yer almas\u0131ndan itibaren Ermeni davas\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi yeni bir safhaya girmi\u015ftir. Netice itibar\u0131yla, T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131 uluslar aras\u0131 alanda siyaset ve \u201cbilim\u201d \u00e7evrelerine \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck mali kaynaklar angaje etmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olgusunu ink\u00e2r etme ve Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n tarihini \u00e7arp\u0131tma m\u00fccadelesini kaybetmi\u015ftir. Adalet, demokrasi, halklar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ve hakkaniyet konular\u0131nda uluslar aras\u0131 ilkelerle hareket eden d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yirmiye yak\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin parlamentolar\u0131, 20. yy. ba\u015flar\u0131nda insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenmi\u015f ilk soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 tan\u0131y\u0131p k\u0131nayarak T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131n\u0131 da kendilerini \u00f6rnek almaya davet ettiler.<\/p>\n

Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, ABD (ABD\u2019nin 38 eyaleti Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131nam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r), \u0130ngiltere gibi \u00fclkeler Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131namam\u0131\u015fken Ermeni davas\u0131n\u0131n bu safhadaki galibiyeti hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fmak ku\u015fkusuz ki hata olur, fakat T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den tazminat isteme ve daha kararl\u0131 bir safhaya ge\u00e7me zaman\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fi a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan, tan\u0131ma s\u00fcrecinin Ermeni davas\u0131 stratejisinin sadece taktik seviyesi olup son amac\u0131n\u0131n kaybedilmi\u015f vatan\u0131n iadesi oldu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmek gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Zaman\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131na ayak uydurup, Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclk\u00fclerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bu m\u00fccadele yolundaki yeni \u015fartlar\u0131n perspektiflerinin alg\u0131lan\u0131p yeni yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n ve taktik formlar\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesi hayati \u00f6neme haizdir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan, 1915 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra vatan\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n tamamen Ermeni sakinlerinden bo\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi akseomatik bir ger\u00e7e\u011fi dahi yeniden yorumlamak gerekmektedir. Bu durum asl\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok H\u0131ristiyan Ermeniler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. Daha Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019dan itibaren yabanc\u0131la\u015fma yoluna girmi\u015f bulunan \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermeniler ise, \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede bir var olma kabiliyeti g\u00f6sterip, milli bilin\u00e7lerini dahi koruyarak y\u00fczy\u0131llarca direnerek bug\u00fcne kadar gelebilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki, Ermeni davas\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinin yeni safhas\u0131nda \u00f6zel bir \u00f6nem arz eden bu hususu \u015fu ana kadar g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ettik.<\/p>\n

Son d\u00f6nemlerde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin do\u011fu ve orta b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde, yani tarihi Bat\u0131 Ermenistan ve ona biti\u015fik sancaklarda ya\u015fayan \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermenilerin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k hesaplara g\u00f6re bir milyonun \u00fczerinde, k\u00f6kenini hat\u0131rlay\u0131p kendisini Ermeni olarak hisseden ve \u201cgizli\u201d (kripto-) Ermeni olarak an\u0131lan insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ise 750 bini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmekle yetinmek istiyoruz.<\/p>\n

Oysa ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede resmi olarak kabul edilen H\u0131ristiyan Ermenilerin say\u0131s\u0131 5 binden azd\u0131r1<\/sup>. Unutmamak gerekir ki, Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kat\u0131lma yoluna girmi\u015f olan bir T\u00fcrkiye, toplumun ister istemez liberalle\u015fmesi ve bu Ermenilerin varl\u0131klar\u0131 ve faaliyetlerinin me\u015frula\u015fmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu s\u00fcren etnik-dini olaylar\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in, k\u0131saca, ba\u015fta Hem\u015fin olmak \u00fczere Bat\u0131 Ermenistan ve civar\u0131 i\u00e7in son derecek tipik olan b\u00f6lge Ermenilerinin milli ve dini a\u00e7\u0131dan yeniden \u015fekillenme sorununa de\u011finmek gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Temel kaynaklar\u0131n analizinden g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, yabanc\u0131 y\u00f6netimlerin bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda dahi Ermenistan 16. yy.a kadar homojen etnik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 korumaktayd\u0131. Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan itibaren H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n kitlesel katliamlar\u0131 ve zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rmayla s\u00fcren Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyeti, Bat\u0131 Ermenistan ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019n\u0131n etnik-demografik yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinde olumsuz bir etki b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan yabanc\u0131 etnik unsurlar\u0131n 16\u201317 yy.dan ba\u015flayarak Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da yo\u011funla\u015fma e\u011filimleri g\u00f6stermesi tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildir2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

19. yy. ba\u015f\u0131nda h\u00e2s\u0131l olan olumsuz siyasi \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda ya\u015fayan 3 milyon Ermeni (yar\u0131 \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lanlar da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere) haricinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015fan topluluklar\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye migrasyon e\u011filimleri g\u00fc\u00e7lenmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 vilayet ve sancaklarda say\u0131ca Ermenilerden sonra K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri, baz\u0131 \u015fehirlerdeyse T\u00fcrkler \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde S\u00fcryaniler, Kars vilayetinde Karakalpaklar, Pontus da\u011flar\u0131 \u00e7evresinde Yunanl\u0131lar, Lazlar ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

Ermeniler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olumsuz bir durum ihtiva eden etnik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin benzer geli\u015fimi, Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n demografik geli\u015fmesini temel alan ve g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne daha belirgin bir duruma b\u00fcr\u00fcnen Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticilerinin siyasetinin sonucuydu.<\/p>\n

Cebri \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma sonucunda etnik-dini de\u011fi\u015fimlere maruz kalan n\u00fcfusun, uzun s\u00fcre milli karakterinin \u00e7o\u011fu unsurlar\u0131n\u0131, dilini (saf halde veya T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve K\u00fcrt\u00e7eyle kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olarak), hayat tarz\u0131n\u0131, geleneklerini ve en \u00f6nemlisi milli bilincini korumu\u015f olmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n

Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan, Bat\u0131 Ermenistan ve \u00e7evre b\u00f6lgelerin n\u00fcfus say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hesaplarken bug\u00fcn dahi her b\u00f6lgenin etnik-demografik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n derin ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman sakl\u0131 yanlar\u0131n\u0131 da incelemek gerekir. Ancak bunun sonucunda \u015fu veya bu etnik-dini bir toplumu (Mesketli, Frenk, Ermeni-Laz, \u0130slam, Hem\u015finli, Tacik, \u201cmilli ve dini a\u00e7\u0131dan G\u00fcrc\u00fc olan, fakat Ermenice konu\u015fan\u201d, yar\u0131-yar\u0131ya olan hem Ermeni \u2013 hem M\u00fcsl\u00fcman vs.) gibi somut bir milli kimlikle betimlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki bu husus bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n dikkatinden ka\u00e7arak onlar\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f sonu\u00e7lara y\u00f6nlendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyeti d\u00f6neminde Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da etnik geli\u015fmelerinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da ifade edilen e\u011filimleri kaydedilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

1. Zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma<\/em>. Bunun sonucunda:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yar\u0131-yar\u0131ya\u2019lar\u0131n meydana gelmesi, <\/em>daha sonra onlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n Tacikle\u015fmesi (bu terimle genellikle yar\u0131-T\u00fcrkle\u015fmi\u015f unsurlar, yani yar\u0131-yar\u0131ya\u2019lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) sonra da T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesi. Bu durum Erzincan, Kemah, k\u0131smen Erzurum ve Sper (\u0130spir), Tortum, Kiskim, Hem\u015fin gibi Pontus da\u011flar\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki sancaklarda belirgindi.<\/p>\n

b) K\u00fcrtle\u015fme<\/em> (K\u0131\u011fi\/Ki\u011f\u0131, Khnus\/H\u0131n\u0131s, Bayazet\/Beyaz\u0131t, Ala\u015fkert\/Ele\u015fgirt, Hakk\u00e2ri, Diyarbekir\/Diyarbak\u0131r vb. sancaklarda).<\/p>\n

c) Laz etnik-dini toplumun \u015fekillenmesi (genelde Pontus \u00e7evresi).<\/p>\n

2. Ermenilerin mezhep de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi<\/em>. Bunun sonucunda:<\/strong><\/p>\n

a) Ortodoksla\u015fma<\/em>, k\u0131smen G\u00fcrc\u00fcle\u015fme (Tayk, Samtskhe, Cavakhk ve k\u0131smen Lori)3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Katolikle\u015fme.<\/em> Avrupal\u0131 Katolik misyonerlerden biraz destek, can ve mal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi vaatleri alan Ermenilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Katolikle\u015fmekteydi. Sonunda, bu Katoliklerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da kendilerini savunma imk\u00e2nlar\u0131ndan mahrum kal\u0131p T\u00fcrkle\u015firler (Ele\u015fkirt, Artvin, Ardahan vs)4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Daha Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu milli benliklerinin bir\u00e7ok unsular\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015f olan Ermeni gruplar\u0131ndan, haklar\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da yaz\u0131l\u0131 eserin bulundu\u011fu Ermeni Platosu\u2019nun Kuzey-Bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan Pontus Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019na yak\u0131n bulunan geni\u015f b\u00f6lgenin, tarihi Karin eyaleti ile Tayk, Hotorcur ile Hem\u015fin\u2019in Ermenilerini belirtmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr5<\/sup>. Zaman\u0131n bize g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, ifade edilen b\u00f6lgelerdeki Ermeniler aras\u0131ndan en dayan\u0131kl\u0131s\u0131 Hem\u015finli Ermeniler olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015fin, tarihi Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n Kha\u011ftik eyaletinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc te\u015fkil etmekte ve Pontus da\u011f silsilesinin do\u011fu uzant\u0131s\u0131 olan Parkhar da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde ormanl\u0131 ve zengin su kaynaklar\u0131na sahip yama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan Karadeniz\u2019e kadar i\u00e7ine al\u0131p Fortuna, Yevo\u011fyut (Ye\u011fiovit, Yu\u011fhovit- Ermenice \u201cya\u011f vadesi\u201d) ve Kha\u00e7evana (Erm. \u201cha\u00e7 kasabas\u0131\u201d) \u00e7aylar\u0131 havzas\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. Co\u011frafi a\u00e7\u0131dan bu sancak g\u00fcney bat\u0131 da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgesini kapsayan Ba\u015f Hem\u015fin veya Yukar\u0131 Hem\u015fin ile kuzey do\u011fu b\u00f6lgesini kapsayarak Karadeniz\u2019e kadar uzayan Hopa Hem\u015fin veya A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Hem\u015fin olmak \u00fczere iki k\u0131sma ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eapuh Amatuni beyi ve o\u011flu Hamam y\u00f6netimindeki 12 bin ki\u015finin Arap bask\u0131lar\u0131ndan y\u0131larak 789\u2013790 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Artaz, Aragatsotn ve Kotayk illerini terk edip Bizans h\u00e2kimiyetinde bulunan Kha\u011ftik\u2019e yerle\u015fmesi, baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla Ermenilerin buraya ancak 8. yy.da geldikleri \u015feklinde yorumlanmaktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekte, Kha\u011ftik b\u00f6lgesi, Tayk eyaletinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 olup antik \u00e7a\u011flardan Ermenilerle mesk\u00fbn bir b\u00f6lge olmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6lgenin ilk yerle\u015fimcilerinin Yunanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan Armenokhalipler<\/em>, yani Kha\u011ftik-Khalip \u00fclkesinin Ermeni sakinleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 bo\u015funa de\u011fildir. M.\u00d6. 9.-3. y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki Ararat ve Yervandakan krall\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Kha\u011ftik haricinde t\u00fcm Tayk ve Kuzey-Bat\u0131 Ermenistan n\u00fcfusu da Ermenilerden meydana gelmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Bizans \u0130mparatoru VI. Konstandin taraf\u0131ndan bah\u015fedilen Tambur \u015fehri yerine kurulan yerle\u015fim yerlerinden biri, daha sonra ise t\u00fcm b\u00f6lge Hamam prensinin ismiyle Hamam\u015fen-Ham\u015fen (Hem\u015fin), sakinleri de Hamam\u015fenliler, Ham\u015fenliler-Hem\u015finliler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. 8.-.9. yy.larda Hem\u015fin\u2019de kurulmu\u015f olan yar\u0131 \u00f6zerk beyli\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 Parkhar Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Vercnbak (3711 metre) ve Ka\u00e7kar zirvelerinden Karadeniz\u2019e, bat\u0131daysa Pontus da\u011flar\u0131na kadar olan alan\u0131 kapsam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015fin beyli\u011fi, Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndan tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k elde edip zaman-zaman Tayk K\u00fcrapalatl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na tabi olmaktayd\u0131. 1000\u20131001 y\u0131llar\u0131 sonlar\u0131nda Tayk\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgalinden sonra da Hem\u015fin\u2019in uygun konumu ve h\u00fcrriyet sever insanlar\u0131 sayesinde 11. yy.\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndaki Sel\u00e7uklu ve 13. yy.daki Mo\u011fol ak\u0131nlar\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinde yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z durumunu koruyabilmi\u015ftir. 15. yy.da t\u00fcm Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkmen Akkoyunlu ve Karakoyunlu a\u015firetlerinin h\u00e2kimiyetine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi zamanda da Hem\u015fin, kom\u015fu Trabzon Yunan \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa dahi itaat etmeden varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. O tarihlerde belirtilen yerel beylerden baron Arakel, I. Davit, Vard, II. Davit an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Sadece II. Davit zaman\u0131nda, 1489 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131\u2019lar Hem\u015fin beyli\u011fini i\u015fgal etmeyi ba\u015far\u0131r ve 700 y\u0131ll\u0131k varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in son verirler. Orta\u00e7a\u011f Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 tarihinde benzer uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc beyliklerin \u00f6rne\u011fine \u00e7ok az rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015fin\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u0131sa zaman i\u00e7inde, yeni kurulmu\u015f olan Trabzon eyaletinin (daha sonra vilayete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecektir) d\u00f6rt sancaklar\u0131ndan biri olan Lazistan sanca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Atina kazas\u0131na d\u00e2hil edilir. Eski beyli\u011fin do\u011fusundaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131s\u0131m ayn\u0131 sanca\u011f\u0131n Hopa, bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131s\u0131m ise Rize kazas\u0131na d\u00e2hil edilir. 17. yy. ba\u015flar\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 bin aile (yakla\u015f\u0131k 70\u201380 bin ki\u015fi) olan Hem\u015fin Ermenilerden esinlenerek Trabzon eyaletindeki, yani t\u00fcm Pontus\u2019lu Ermeniler Hem\u015finli Ermeniler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da ifade etti\u011fimiz gibi Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyeti, t\u00fcm Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi Hem\u015fin i\u00e7in de bir felaket olmu\u015ftur. \u00dclke sakinleri politik ve dini a\u00e7\u0131dan a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131lara maruz kalm\u0131\u015f, H\u0131ristiyanlara \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r vergiler konmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n sonucunda da ciddi etnik-dini de\u011fi\u015fimler meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Bunlar hakk\u0131nda \u011e. \u0130nciciyan \u201cEskiden \u00fclkenin sakinleri Ermenilerdi, 17. yy. sonunda ve 18. yy. ba\u015f\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r vergilerden dolay\u0131 k\u00f6ylerde Tacik oldular (T\u00fcrkle\u015ftiler)…6<\/sup>\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 da 1708\u20131710 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda zorbal\u0131klardan ka\u00e7\u0131p Trabzon, Babert ve farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015ftiler7<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Fakat ayn\u0131 tarih\u00e7iye g\u00f6re, benzer \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma veya T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme olaylar\u0131 her ne kadar yayg\u0131n olmu\u015fsa da kazan\u0131n Ermeni \u00e7ehresi de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015ftir: \u201cFakat bunlar aras\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyanlar da kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, bunlar\u0131n, k\u00f6ylerinde eskiden kalm\u0131\u015f kiliseleri de var, fakat rahipleri yok\u201d. Din adam\u0131 olarak zaman-zaman Yevo\u011f\u00fct k\u00f6y\u00fcnden papaz gelip dini t\u00f6renleri ifa etmekteydi. \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermenilere \u201cTaciklere\u201d gelince, onlar \u201c…h\u00e2la Ermenice konu\u015fmaktalar, k\u00f6ylerde vaftiz babas\u0131 ve vaftiz anas\u0131 anarlar, H\u0131ristiyanlara has oru\u00e7lar\u0131 ve di\u011fer t\u00f6renleri yerine getirirler, kiliseye giderler vs., baz\u0131lar\u0131 inan\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yar\u0131 yar\u0131yad\u0131r ve T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sadece d\u0131\u015ftan g\u00f6sterirler…\u201d8<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Kiskim, Tortum, Sper (\u0130spir), Erzincan vs. gibi Bat\u0131 Ermenistan sancaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda bu yar\u0131-yar\u0131ya\u2019lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 kendi milli kimliklerinin hemen-hemen t\u00fcm unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybettikleri halde Hem\u015fin Ermenilerinin, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u201d kalarak as\u0131rlarca milli k\u00f6klerine sad\u0131k kalm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekte, Hem\u015finli yar\u0131-yar\u0131ya\u2019lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 geri kalan Ermenilerden hemen-hemen hi\u00e7 bir konuda fakl\u0131 de\u011fildi. \u00c7o\u011funlukla T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi k\u00f6t\u00fc konu\u015fur, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise hi\u00e7 konu\u015famazd\u0131. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ile Ermenice kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bir dil konu\u015fmaktayd\u01319<\/sup>. Yar\u0131-yar\u0131ya\u2019lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Ermenice isim ve soyad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131makta ve sadece soyadlar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u201co\u011flu\u201d soneki kullanmaktayd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Kirakoso\u011flu, Petroso\u011flu, Grigoro\u011flu vs. Gezginlerin \u201changi ulustans\u0131n\u0131z?\u201d sorusuna milliyetleri hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir bilgi vermeyen \u201c\u0130slam\u2019\u0131m\u201d cevab\u0131n\u0131 vermekteydiler. 1840\u2019larda b\u00f6lgeyi ziyaret eden Alman gezgin Karl Koch\u2019a g\u00f6re bu terimle Osmanl\u0131\u2019da sadece Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri nitelendirilmekteydi10<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Yer isimlerinin, a\u011fa\u00e7 ve bitki \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin isimlerinin eski Ermenice kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 hususu da Hem\u015fin\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir durum olmu\u015ftur. Kazan\u0131n en bereketli vadileri oradan ge\u00e7en \u00e7aylar\u0131n ismiyle Ye\u011fnovit (Yu\u011fhovit) ve Balovit (Balhovit) olarak an\u0131lmaya devam etmekteydi. Ye\u011fnovit vadisinde ayn\u0131 isimli bir k\u00f6y ve \u00fcnl\u00fc bir manast\u0131r bulunmaktayd\u0131. Balhovit, y\u0131l boyunca deri rengini de\u011fi\u015ftiren ke\u00e7ileri, boz ay\u0131lar\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran s\u0131k ormanlar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc. Verjnbak ve Ka\u00e7kar zirveleri, Kha\u00e7evana manast\u0131r\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 isimli \u00e7ay\u0131, \u00c7oruh Nehri\u2019nin kolu olan Pejankert Deresi ile Ham\u015fen (Hem\u015fin), Tap, Ko\u015ftents, Metzmun, Jan\u0131ntnots, Mo\u015fevints, Uskurtu, \u015e\u0131n\u00e7iva, Vordnents, Makrevints, Khapag, Khala, Yukar\u0131 ve A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Vija k\u00f6yleri \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc. Bu yerle\u015fim yerleri 18. yy. sonlar\u0131nda Ermenilerle mesk\u00fbn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya en iyi \u015fartlarda yar\u0131-yar\u0131ya\u2019larla yerle\u015fik oldu\u011fu halde isimleri Ermenice olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u013111<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin milli benliklerinin temel hatlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcregelmesinin s\u0131rlar\u0131ndan biri, bulunduklar\u0131 co\u011frafi konumlar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktayd\u0131. Da\u011fl\u0131k ve s\u0131k ormanl\u0131 bir co\u011frafyada ikamet eden Hem\u015finliler kapal\u0131 bir tar\u0131m i\u015fletmesi uygulay\u0131p hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, bostanc\u0131l\u0131k, ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, k\u0131smen de tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015fmaktayd\u0131lar. Hem\u015fin balmumu \u00f6zellikle \u00fcnl\u00fc olup, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti sancak vergilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131lda 2\u00a0000 okka balmumu olarak tahsil etmekteydi. B\u00f6ylelikle, baz\u0131 vergiler \u00f6deme \u015fart\u0131 ile Sasun, Zeytun, Moks ve benzeri da\u011fl\u0131 toplumlar gibi Hem\u015fin kazas\u0131 da yar\u0131 \u00f6zerk bir stat\u00fcye sahipti. Kaynaklarda, \u201cMemleketin h\u00e2kimiyeti, biri Ermeni olan iki a\u011fan\u0131n ellerinde12<\/sup>\u201d diye okumaktay\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Bu \u015fartlar d\u00e2hilinde Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin, kom\u015fular\u0131 olan T\u00fcrkler, Lazlar, Yunanl\u0131lar haricinde H\u0131ristiyan Ermenilerle de \u00e7ok az ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde olmalar\u0131 dikkate \u015fayand\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde, gitgide d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadan farkl\u0131la\u015farak kendi \u201cHam\u015fenli\u201d veya \u201cHem\u015finli\u201d, bir nevi gururlu da\u011fl\u0131 benli\u011fiyle s\u00fcregelme fenomeni i\u00e7lerinde \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylelikle, yar\u0131-yar\u0131ya olma hususu, sadece T\u00fcrkle\u015fmeye yol a\u00e7mamakla kalmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 zamanda resmi makamlar taraf\u0131ndan benliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kalkan te\u015fkil etmekteydi. 1877\u20131878 y\u0131llar\u0131 Rus-T\u00fcrk sava\u015f\u0131na kadar Hem\u015fin kazas\u0131n\u0131n 33 k\u00f6y\u00fcnde 13 binden fazla Ermenice konu\u015fan kaydedilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u00f6ylece, genelde Pontus-Lazistan Ermenileri ve \u00f6zelde Hem\u015finli Ermeniler \u00e7o\u011funlukla gizli, zaman-zaman da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kendi ger\u00e7ek Ermeni karakterleriyle Osmanl\u0131 makamlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koyarak 1915 Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na kadar \u00f6zg\u00fcn benliklerini korumu\u015flard\u0131r. 1870\u2019lerde Hem\u015finli ailelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc veya sadece erkeklerin ge\u00e7ici olarak gurbete gitmesi benzer bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n d\u0131\u015favurumudur.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u00e7o\u011fu yerle\u015fmek i\u00e7in H\u0131ristiyan hayat tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 ve milli ananelerini koruyup, ayn\u0131 zamanda ekmeklerini de kazanabilecekleri, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Karadeniz b\u00f6lgelerinden Batum b\u00f6lgesi, Abhazya, Novorosiysk ve K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019a kadar olan topraklar\u0131 ye\u011flemi\u015flerdir. Hem\u015finliler, farkl\u0131 sebeplerden dolay\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hallerde, eski dinlerine d\u00f6nmeleri halinde \u0130slamla\u015fm\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Osmanl\u0131 kanunlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015ftirmenin daha kolay oldu\u011fu Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019daki Ermenilerin yo\u011fun olarak bulunduklar\u0131 sancaklara ta\u015f\u0131nmaktayd\u013113<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Hem\u015finli ve Pontus\u2019lu Ermenilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen 20. yy. ba\u015f\u0131nda b\u00f6lge n\u00fcfusunun hayat tarz\u0131, dili, gelenekleri ve t\u00f6renleri Ermenilere has olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u013114<\/sup>. B. Torlakyan\u2019a g\u00f6re Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 arifesinde Trabzon vilayetindeki Ermenilerin say\u0131s\u0131 (ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan geni\u015f anlamda genelde Hem\u015finli olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar) 65\u00a0342\u2019i Hem\u015finli olmak \u00fczere 100 bine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ta\u015fral\u0131 Hem\u015fin Ermenilerinin Bat\u0131 Ermenistan ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki 322 k\u00f6ydeki say\u0131s\u0131 81\u00a0458 ki\u015fi veya 11\u00a0606 evdi15<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

1890\u2019lar y\u0131llar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerindeki J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk iktidar\u0131 da Ermenileri imha faaliyetleri esnas\u0131nda \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Hem\u015finli Ermenilere ayr\u0131m uygulamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bulunduklar\u0131 yerde toplu katliamlara ya da tehcire maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geri kalanlar ormanlar ve da\u011flara s\u0131\u011f\u0131narak Rus ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan 1916 \u015eubat\u0131\u2019nda Atina ve Rize, Nisan\u2019da ise Trabzon\u2019un ele ge\u00e7irilmesinden sonra kurtulabildiler. 1918 ilkbahar\u0131nda Kafkas ordusunun da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Pontus\u2019lu Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin yeni bir dalgas\u0131 Karadeniz\u2019in Do\u011fu sahillerine ve Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019ya ak\u0131n etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Yeni vatanlar\u0131 olan Karadeniz\u2019in Do\u011fu sahilleri, Acaristan, Abhazya, Adler, So\u00e7i, Anapa, Novorosiysk, Don \u2013 Rostov, Krasnodar ve Stavropol illerinde ya\u015fayan ve genellikle toplu olarak Hem\u015finli Ermeni olarak an\u0131lan eski Pontus Ermenileri, Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc koruyup geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn, Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan 90 y\u0131l sonra, kaybedilmi\u015f vatan\u0131m\u0131z olan Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019a y\u00f6nelik yeni ku\u015faklar\u0131n tarih hat\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2la \u00e7ok taze, kan \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ise \u015fiddetli oldu\u011funu gururla s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde, Cava\u011fk\u2019ta, Karadeniz sahillerinde ikamet eden y\u00fcz binlerce Ermeni, yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n elinde kalm\u0131\u015f vatanlar\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcn masal gibi gelen tarihini hi\u00e7 bir zaman unutamamaktad\u0131r. Fakat tarihin s\u00fcrprizleri, zaman\u0131n da politik meydan okumalar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu tarihi hat\u0131ra ile silahlanm\u0131\u015f olan bizler, tarihin meydan okumalar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etme ve anavatan topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u0131st\u0131rapl\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na lay\u0131k olmaya haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131y\u0131z. B\u00fcy\u00fck yazar\u0131m\u0131z Mu\u015fe\u011f Gal\u015foyan\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi toprak hi\u00e7bir zaman kendi ger\u00e7ek sahibini unutmaz. Bu topra\u011fa sahip olma vazifemize lay\u0131k olal\u0131m!<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

N O T L A R<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a01. <\/em>Khanlari H. Karen, <\/em><\/strong>1923\u20132005 y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyetinde Ermeni n\u00fcfusunun etnik-dini de\u011fi\u015fimleri, Erivan, 2005, s. 104 (Ermenice).<\/em><\/p>\n

2. Melkonyan A., <\/strong>Erzurum vilayetinde demografik yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme e\u011filimleri (16. yy. ba\u015f\u0131 \u2013 20. yy. ba\u015f\u0131), Tarih-filoloji dergisi, 1999, No 2-3, s. 122-129 (Ermenice), Melkonyan A. The Demography of the Province of Erzerum\u00a3 Sixteenth-Twentieth Centuries. Armenian Karin\/Erzerum, Edited by Richard G. Hovannisian, California, 2003, pp. 134\u2013145 vs.<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 17\u201318. yy.larda Samtskhe-Cava\u011fk\u2019ta \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve Ah\u0131ska b\u00f6lgesi isminden (Meskheti, Samtskhe, Ah\u0131ska sanca\u011f\u0131) daha sonra etnik-dini i\u00e7erik kazanacak olan Ah\u0131skal\u0131 (Meskhetli) ismiyle adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131lar. Ermenilerin G\u00fcrc\u00fcle\u015fmesi hakk\u0131nda \u00fcnl\u00fc co\u011frafyac\u0131 \u011eukas \u0130nciciyan, \u201cBeylerimizden ve s\u0131radan halk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 gitgide G\u00fcrc\u00fc dili, hayat tarz\u0131, geleneklerini benimseyerek milliyetlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirdiler\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u0130nciciyan \u011e.,<\/strong> D\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt taraf\u0131n\u0131n co\u011frafyas\u0131, cilt 1, Venedik, 1806, s 123) (Ermenice). G\u00fcrc\u00fc kilisesi mensubu Ermeniler hakk\u0131nda daha 17. yy. tarih\u00e7isi Hakob Karnetsi, \u201cUlus ve din ile G\u00fcrc\u00fc ama dil ile Ermeni\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kronolojiler, cilt 2, Erivan, 1956, s. 554) (Ermenice).<\/em><\/p>\n

4. Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyeti zarf\u0131ndaki etnik-dini de\u011fi\u015fimler hakk\u0131nda bkz. Melkonyan A.<\/strong>, 16.-19. yy.larda Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da Ermeni n\u00fcfusunun etnik-dini g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn dejenerasyon s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, Ermeni tarihi sorunlar\u0131, bilimsel makaleler antolojisi, cilt 5, Erivan, 2005, s. 47\u201360. (Ermenice)<\/em><\/p>\n

5. Koch K<\/strong>., Wanderungen im Oriente w\u00e4hrend der Jahre 1843 und 1844, Weimar, 1846; Ta\u015fyan H.,<\/strong> Karadeniz\u2019den Karin\u2019e kadarki Ermeni n\u00fcfusu, Viyana, 1921 (Ermenice); Ta\u015fyan H.,<\/strong> Tayk, kom\u015fular\u0131 ve Khotorcur, Viyana, 1978 (Ermenice); Atrpet, <\/strong>\u00c7oruh havzas\u0131, Erivan, 1934 (Ermenice) vs.<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

6. <\/em>\u0130nciciyan \u011e.,<\/em><\/strong> ibid., s. 396. Hem\u015fin\u2019in \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bkz. Torlakyan B. G., <\/strong>Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin 17.-18. yy. tarihinden sayfalar, Tarih-filoloji dergisi, 1972, No 4, s. 133\u2013136.<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

7. Ta\u015fyan H.,<\/strong> Karadeniz\u2019den Karin\u2019e kadarki Ermeni n\u00fcfusu, s. 34.<\/em><\/p>\n

8. \u0130nciciyan \u011e.,<\/strong> ibid., s. 396.<\/em><\/p>\n

9. Bkz. Ta\u015fyan H.,<\/strong> Karadeniz\u2019den Karin\u2019e kadarki Ermeni n\u00fcfusu, s. 78\u201382.<\/em><\/p>\n

10. Bkz Koch K<\/strong>., ibid., s. 57\u201359.<\/em><\/p>\n

11. \u0130nciciyan \u011e.,<\/strong> ibid., s. 396\u2013397.<\/em><\/p>\n

12. Ayn\u0131 yerde.<\/em><\/p>\n

13. Girgas V.,<\/strong> Do\u011fu\u2019da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kanunlar\u0131na g\u00f6re H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n haklar\u0131, Sankt Peterburg, 1865, s. 96 (Rus\u00e7a).<\/em><\/p>\n

14. Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin hayat tarz\u0131, giyimi, dili ve di\u011fer sorunlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bkz. \u201cPontus ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131\u201d, Viyana, 1919 (Ermenice); Torlakyan B. G.,<\/strong> 19. yy. sonunda Hem\u015finli Ermenilerin giyimi, Tarih-filoloji dergisi, 1976m No 3, s. 145\u2013156 (Ermenice); Acaryan H., <\/strong>Hem\u015fin leh\u00e7esinin incelenmesi, Erivan, 1947 (Ermenice); Ar\u015fakuni<\/strong>, Ermeni Pontus\u2019u tarihi, Beyrut, 1967 (Ermenice); Bdoyan V.,<\/strong> Pontus Ermenileri tar\u0131m aletleri, Tarih-filoloji dergisi, 1971, No 4, s. 197\u2013205, (Ermenice), ve Hakobos Ta\u015fyan\u2019<\/strong>\u0131n yukar\u0131da ifade edilen eserleri.<\/em><\/p>\n

15. Torlakyan B. G., <\/strong>1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hem\u015finli ve Pontus\u2019lu Ermenilerin yerle\u015fim yerleri ve say\u0131lar\u0131, Tarih-filoloji dergisi, 1970, No 2, s. 213\u2013214 (Ermenice).<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

HEM\u015e\u0130N VE HEM\u015e\u0130NL\u0130 ERMEN\u0130LER<\/strong><\/p>\n

(k o n f e r a n s\u00a0\u00a0 m a k a l e l e r i)<\/strong><\/p>\n

ERIVAN\u00a0 – 2 0 0 7<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A\u015fot Melkonyan Ermenistan Bilimler Milli Akademisi Tarih Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc, Tarih Doktoru, Profes\u00f6r \u00a0 \u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Ermeni vilayetlerinde reformlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 konusunda 1878 y\u0131l\u0131nda San Stefano ve Berlin zirveleri s\u00fcrecinde uluslararas\u0131 diplomasinin g\u00fcndemine yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan Ermeni sorunu J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk iktidar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen 1915 Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan sonra Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n tarihi anavatan\u0131 olan Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n Ermenilerden bo\u015falmas\u0131 neticesinde, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1375","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hamsen-hemsin"],"yoast_head":"\nH E M \u015e \u0130 N Tarihi-co\u011frafi bir bak\u0131\u015f (16.-20. yy.) - 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