{"id":13680,"date":"2012-04-02T03:56:05","date_gmt":"2012-04-02T08:56:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=13680"},"modified":"2012-04-02T03:56:05","modified_gmt":"2012-04-02T08:56:05","slug":"dersim-alevistan-zazaistan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2012\/04\/02\/dersim-alevistan-zazaistan\/","title":{"rendered":"Dersim, Alevistan, Zazaistan"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/em>\u00a0Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u201cH\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u2018K\u00fcrt A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131\u2019 vesilesiyle CHP Milletvekili Onur \u00d6ymen\u2019in TBMM\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 garip konu\u015fma Dersim tarihine y\u00f6nelik ilgiyi artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. CHP\u2019nin bilin\u00e7alt\u0131 konusunda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7eren bu konu\u015fman\u0131n geleneksel olarak CHP\u2019ye destek veren Alevi kesimlerde deprem etkisi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin ediyorum ya da umuyorum. <\/em>Taraf\u2019\u0131n yaz\u0131i\u015fleri, 15 Kas\u0131m 2008\u2019de bu s\u00fctunlarda yay\u0131mlanan \u20181937-1938\u2019de Dersim\u2019de neler oldu?\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131m\u0131 iki g\u00fcn \u00f6nce aynen yay\u0131mlay\u0131nca haf\u0131za tazelemeye gerek kalmad\u0131. Ben de bu haftay\u0131 Dersim\u2019in sosyolojik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zelliklerine ve yak\u0131n tarihine ay\u0131rd\u0131m.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

11. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Horasan\u2019dan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p Anadolu\u2019ya ak\u0131n eden T\u00fcrkmen a\u015firetlerinin heterodoks fikirlere e\u011filimli oldu\u011fu, K\u00fcrt a\u015firetlerinin ise, en az\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na dahil olduklar\u0131 1515 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar, sad\u0131k S\u00fcnniler oldu\u011fu fikri genellikle kabul edilir. \u015eiili\u011fin (ve bu ba\u011flamda K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n) K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda ne zaman ve nas\u0131l yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusu yaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131 a\u015far, ancak Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u0130ran aras\u0131nda kalan Dersim\u2019in Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin egemenli\u011fine girdi\u011fi 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f T\u00fcrkmenler kendilerine Bekta\u015fi tekkelerinde yer bulurken, K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f K\u00fcrtlerin i\u00e7ine kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde, devletin Raf\u0131z\u00ee (\u015eiili\u011fin 21 kolundan biri) veya l\u00e2dini (dinsiz) olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, ancak belli bir \u00f6zerklik tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu gruplar, b\u00f6lgede yo\u011fun bir faaliyet g\u00f6steren Protestan misyonerlerinin etkisine girecektir.<\/p>\n

Dersim inan\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7almaya cesaret bile edemedi\u011fi b\u00f6lgede, Protestanlar geleneklerle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmadan Alevileri modernle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f K\u00fcrtlerin cem ayinlerine girmeyi ba\u015faran ilk yabanc\u0131lardan biri, 1814\u2019te Ten Years on the Euphrates<\/em> (F\u0131rat\u2019ta 10 Y\u0131l) adl\u0131 bir kitap yay\u0131nlayan C.H. Wheeler, kitab\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201c(K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f) K\u00fcrtlerin hi\u00e7 de\u011filse b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu sadece s\u00f6zde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman. Aralar\u0131nda dinsel t\u00f6renler ve ayinler d\u00fczenlerler. \u015eimdiye kadar pek az bilinmekle birlikte bu t\u00f6renler M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ve putperestli\u011fin bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. K\u00fcrtlerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k dinine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer kol K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flar\u0131n kendilerine has inan\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Genellikle T\u00fcrklerden korktuklar\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ek inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 gizlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Aralar\u0131ndaki garip \u00f6\u011fretilerden biri de i\u00e7lerinden birinde \u2018Kutsal Ruh\u2019 un bulundu\u011fudur. Bu ki\u015fi \u2018Dede\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kendisine b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilir. Hepsi de\u011filse bile K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 Panteisttir (=Tanr\u0131y\u0131 evrenle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftiren felsefi ak\u0131m). \u00c7arm\u0131ha gerilen \u0130sa\u2019y\u0131 da dualar\u0131nda anarlar. \u0130sa ya da Muhammed gibi di\u011fer insanlar\u0131, hayvanlar\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131, kayalar\u0131 da kutsal sayarlar. T\u00fcm varl\u0131klar onlar i\u00e7in tanr\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Etnik k\u00f6ken ve dil<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Dersimlilerin etnik k\u00f6keni konusunda \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler var. \u00d6rne\u011fin Erzurum\u2019daki Rus konsolosu Jaba, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131na ait bir K\u00fcrt kayna\u011f\u0131na dayanarak Dersim\u2019in da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgesinin t\u00fcm\u00fcne verilen bir ad olan Dujik Baba\u2019dan dolay\u0131 \u2018Dujik K\u00fcrtler\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131r ve ekler: \u201cT\u00fcrkler onlar\u0131 Dujik K\u00fcrtler ya da basit K\u00fcrtler (Ekrad) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131rlarken, ger\u00e7ek K\u00fcrtler de onlara K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f derler.\u201d<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 belgelerinde b\u00f6lgedeki a\u015firetlerden genel olarak \u2018Dirsimli\u2019 veya \u2018Dujik\/Du\u015fik\u2019 a\u015firetleri olarak s\u00f6z edilir ve hepsi \u2018Ekr\u00e2d (K\u00fcrtler) taifesinden\u2019 olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca Balabanlar\u0131n Y\u00f6r\u00fckan taifesinden gelme T\u00fcrkler oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. Dersim\u2019i 1866\u2019da ziyaret eden Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019daki Britanya Konsolosu Taylor\u2019a g\u00f6re ise Dersimliler \u201caslen pagan bir Ermeni neslin\u201d ard\u0131llar\u0131d\u0131rlar. Erken d\u00f6nemde Zaza terimine yer veren nadir kaynaktan biri 1911 yaz\u0131nda Dersim\u2019i ziyaret eden L. Molyneux-Seel\u2019in seyahatnamesidir. Bug\u00fcn tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131nda olan Zazal\u0131k meselesi daha \u00e7ok dille ilgilidir. Dersim a\u015firetlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn konu\u015ftu\u011fu Zazacan\u0131n (Dersimlilerin diliyle K\u0131rmancki veya D\u0131m\u0131lkinin) <\/strong>K\u00fcrt\u00e7eden ayr\u0131 bir dil oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyenlerle, Zazacay\u0131 K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin bir leh\u00e7esi sayanlar aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f\u0131, son y\u0131llarda ilk grubun kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

1915\u2019te Dersim<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Dersim, merkez i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli bir sorun kayna\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Yavuz Sultan Selim d\u00f6neminden itibaren Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Dersim\u2019e tam 108 kez m\u00fcdahale etmi\u015f ancak \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Dersim konusundaki uzmanlar\u0131ndan biri olan Na\u015fit Hakk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (Ulu\u011f) deyi\u015fiyle, \u201cdevlet Dersim\u2019e sefer eylemi\u015f ama zafer eyleyememi\u015fti\u201d. Bu sorunun temelinde, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta S\u00fcnnilik-K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015fl\u0131k gerilimi ile vergi ve asker gibi merkez\u00ee devletin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n zaten yoksul olan b\u00f6lgede yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerilim varken \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde buna bir de T\u00fcrk-K\u00fcrt-Ermeni milliyet\u00e7ilikleri aras\u0131ndaki gerilimler eklendi.<\/p>\n

1908\u2019de II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131, imparatorlu\u011fun di\u011fer cemaatleri gibi, Dersimli K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flar\u0131n kimliklerini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ve kolektif olarak ortaya koymalar\u0131 i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti (\u0130TC) ilk ba\u015fta bu durumu kontrol alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in, asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanmak yerine politik ikna y\u00f6ntemini se\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Baha Sait Bey, g\u00fcya Alevilik ve Bekta\u015filik \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapmak \u00fczere b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6nderildi. Ruslara ve Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede Dersimlilerin deste\u011fini almak isteyen \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar, Dersimlileri ikna etm ekte Bekta\u015fi \u00c7elebisi Celaleddin Efendi\u2019nin yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015flerdi ama \u00c7elebi\u2019ye e\u015flik eden K\u00fcrt milliyet\u00e7isi Nuri Dersimi\u2019ye g\u00f6re bu \u00e7abalar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1915 Ermeni k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkmenler yani K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f T\u00fcrkler, \u0130TC\u2019nin saf\u0131nda oldular ancak Ermeni k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131nda yer almad\u0131lar. Ermenilerle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e, yan yana ya\u015fayan, benzer inan\u00e7lar\u0131 payla\u015fan, merkez taraf\u0131ndan benzer \u015fekilde d\u0131\u015flanan K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f K\u00fcrtler ise 1894-1896 k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, Ermenilerle dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde oldular. Dersim ve Ermeni kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re b\u00f6lgeye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Ermenilerden 20 bin kadar\u0131, Erzincan \u00fczerinden olu\u015fturulan \u2018yeralt\u0131 demiryolu\u2019 sayesinde Rusya\u2019ya ka\u00e7arak hayatta kalabildiler.<\/p>\n

Kemalistlerin Dersimli alg\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylesi bir tarih\u00e7enin, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ard\u0131l\u0131 olan Kemalistleri nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini tahmin etmek zor de\u011fil. Hollandal\u0131 antropolog-sosyolog Martin van Bruinessen, \u201cAsl\u0131n\u0131 \u0130nk\u00e2r Eden Haramzadedir\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cKemalizm\u2019in K\u00fcrtler hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, her zaman i\u00e7sel \u00e7eli\u015fkilerle dolu olmu\u015ftur. Bir yandan resm\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f onlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederken; \u00f6te yandan, T\u00fcrk olmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in onlara hi\u00e7bir zaman g\u00fcvenilmemi\u015f ve onlar\u0131 asimile ederek T\u00fcrk olmayan \u00f6zelliklerini kaybettirmek i\u00e7in kasti giri\u015fimlerde bulunulmu\u015ftur. Alevi K\u00fcrtlere kar\u015f\u0131 tutum \u00e7ok daha paradoksal ve tutars\u0131z olmu\u015ftur. Alevi olduklar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, bir yandan \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n ger\u00e7ek bir T\u00fcrk versiyonuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in ve Kemalistlerin laikle\u015fme program\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal m\u00fcttefikleri olarak selamlanm\u0131\u015flar; \u00f6te yandan, Zazal\u0131klar\u0131 ve K\u00fcrtl\u00fckleri onlar\u0131 yabanc\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenilmez k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alevi K\u00fcrtlerin dinsel t\u00f6renlerde kulland\u0131klar\u0131 dilin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi, onlar\u0131n kolay asimile olacaklar\u0131na dair umut verici ihtimaller sunar g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekle birlikte, Alevi K\u00fcrtlerin devlete muhalefetlerinin tarihi onlar\u0131 ziyadesiyle \u015f\u00fcpheli k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Jandarma raporu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekten de, 1930\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Jandarma taraf\u0131ndan Dersim \u00fczerine haz\u0131rlanan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada \u015fu g\u00f6zlemler yer al\u0131r: \u201c[Zaza alevilere gelince:] Bunlarda mezhep ve \u00e2det dili T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir. Ayinlerde i\u015ftirak edenler T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmak mecburiyetindedir. Bu mecburiyettir ki Alevi Zazal\u0131k as\u0131rlardan beri ihmal edildi\u011fi halde T\u00fcrkl\u00fckten pek de uzakla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f, Dersim Alevileri aras\u0131nda cevap istememek \u015fartile T\u00fcrk\u00e7e meram anlatmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u015eayan\u0131 nazar ve esef olan nokta \u015fudur ki 20-30 ya\u015f\u0131ndan yukar\u0131 ya\u015fl\u0131 her fertle T\u00fcrk dili ile m\u00fctekabilen anla\u015fmak ve dertle\u015fmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu halde… T\u00fcrk dili tamamen Zazala\u015fmakta ve hele 10 ya\u015f\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklarda ise T\u00fcrk diline rastlamak imk\u00e2n\u0131 kalmamaktad\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ancak, raporun yazar\u0131 bir sonraki paragrafta onlar\u0131 T\u00fcrkl\u00fckten ay\u0131ran\u0131n dilin \u00f6tesinde bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu itiraf eder: \u201cAlevili\u011fin en k\u00f6t\u00fc ve a\u00e7\u0131klama ihtiyac\u0131 duyuran cephesi T\u00fcrkl\u00fckle aralar\u0131ndaki derin u\u00e7urumdur. Bu u\u00e7urum K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015fl\u0131k itikad\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f, S\u00fcnni M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131 sevmez, kin besler, onun ezelden d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fcnnileri Rum\u00ee diye anar. K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f ilahi kuvvetin hamili bulundu\u011funu ve imamlar\u0131n S\u00fcnnilerin elinde i\u015fkence ile \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inan\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in S\u00fcnnilere d\u00fc\u015fmand\u0131r. Bu o kadar ileri gitmi\u015ftir ki K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f, T\u00fcrk ile S\u00fcnni K\u00fcrt ile K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f kelimesini ayn\u0131 tel\u00e2kki eder.\u201d Yazar, K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flardan s\u00f6z ederken, asl\u0131nda K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flara ili\u015fkin kendi (elbette devletin) bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ele vermektedir.<\/p>\n

Bruinessen\u2019e g\u00f6re, rapordaki bu fikirler, 1925 \u015eeyh Said \u0130syan\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, bizzat Mustafa Kemal y\u00f6netimince \u015eark \u0130lleri Asayi\u015f M\u00fc\u015faviri ve T\u00fcrk Ocaklar\u0131 Koordinat\u00f6r\u00fc s\u0131fat\u0131yla Dersim b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6nderilen Hasan Re\u015fit Tankut\u2019un \u2018etnopolitika\u2019 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan esinlenmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir yetimken Mara\u015f Elbistan\u2019da Alevi K\u00fcrt bir ailece evlat edinilen Re\u015fit Tankut, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 Mustafa Kemal\u2019e ve CHP\u2019ye gizli raporlar halinde sunmu\u015ftu. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin devletin Dersimli alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirmekte \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrt milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi ve Zazal\u0131k bilinci<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Martin van Bruinessen\u2019e g\u00f6re 1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonundan itibaren kitlesel bir hareket olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan K\u00fcrt milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi Alevi (K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f) K\u00fcrtleri de etkilemi\u015f ve b\u00fcnyesine katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1970\u2019lerin siyasal kutupla\u015fmas\u0131, sa\u011fc\u0131 ve solcu radikallerin bu cemaatleri ikmal b\u00f6lgeleri olarak se\u00e7erek, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u015feytanla\u015ft\u0131rmaya katk\u0131da bulunmalar\u0131yla S\u00fcnni-Alevi z\u0131ddiyetini \u015fiddetlendirmi\u015fti. \u00c7orum\u2019da, Kahramanmara\u015f\u2019ta ya\u015fanan Alevi katliamlar\u0131 ortak bir Alevi bilin\u00e7lili\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmede etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu. Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede, K\u00fcrt ya da T\u00fcrk olmak \u00e7ok da \u00f6nemli de\u011fildi; ki\u015finin asl\u00ee kimli\u011fi dinsel oland\u0131.<\/p>\n

1980\u2019ler Alevili\u011fin, Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019daki T\u00fcrk ve Alevi g\u00f6\u00e7men cemaatler aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve dinsel yeniden do\u011fu\u015funa tan\u0131kl\u0131k etti. Farkl\u0131 e\u011filimlerden eylemciler, \u2013solcular, S\u00fcnni M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, fa\u015fistler, K\u00fcrt milliyet\u00e7ileri- daha \u00f6nceden bu cemaatleri \u00f6rg\u00fctleme giri\u015fimlerinde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131, ancak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki 1980 asker\u00ee darbesinden sonra \u00e7ok say\u0131da tecr\u00fcbeli \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn, s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 olarak Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019ya gelmesiyle yeni bir a\u015famaya ge\u00e7ildi. Bu kadrolar aras\u0131nda en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olanlar, radikal S\u00fcnni M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve daha sonra i\u00e7lerinden PKK\u2019nin \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 K\u00fcrt milliyet\u00e7ileriydi.<\/p>\n

PKK\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 Alevilik<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu arada T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki rejim, belli ba\u015fl\u0131 cami federasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 merkez alarak ve S\u00fcnni \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n \u2018T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m sentezi\u2019 olarak bilinen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 muhafazak\u00e2r ve milliyet\u00e7i kanad\u0131n\u0131 destekleyerek g\u00f6\u00e7men cemaatler \u00fczerinde yeniden denetim sa\u011flama \u00e7abas\u0131na girmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Bu faaliyetler y\u0131llarca kimliklerini gizli tutan Alevilerin de \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi konusunda te\u015fvik edici oldu. \u0130lk defa b\u00fcy\u00fck Alevi dinsel t\u00f6renleri kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k olarak d\u00fczenlendi. Alevi \u00f6rg\u00fctleri kuruldu ve bu \u00f6rg\u00fctler, daha \u00f6nceleri \u00e7e\u015fitli solcu ve K\u00fcrt yap\u0131lanmalarda \u00f6n planda yer alan bir\u00e7ok gen\u00e7 Aleviyi \u00e7ekti. Bu tarihten itibaren pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi, Marksist-Leninist kimliklerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Alevi kimliklerini vurgulamaya ve \u2018Alevistan\u2019 diye ayr\u0131 bir yurttan s\u00f6z edecek kadar Alevilerin bir t\u00fcr ulus oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye y\u00f6neldiler.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda Alevistan kelimesi ilk kez, 1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda H\u00fcrriyet<\/em> gazetesinin Almanya\u2019daki b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fc faaliyetler ile ilgili bir raporunda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcya, devletin Maoist d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi do\u011fuda K\u00fcrdistan, merkezde Alevistan ve bat\u0131da S\u00fcnni T\u00fcrk bakiye \u015feklinde b\u00f6lmek i\u00e7in komplo kuruyorlard\u0131. Ger\u00e7i 1980\u2019lerde Almanya\u2019da benzer bir \u015fekilde Alevistan\u2019\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z k\u0131lmak niyetini a\u00e7\u0131klayan K\u0131z\u0131l Yol<\/em> ad\u0131nda k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 solcu bir \u00f6rg\u00fct vard\u0131 ama bir\u00e7ok K\u00fcrt milliyet\u00e7isi ve ba\u015fka e\u011filimlerden solcular, bu giri\u015fimlerin \u2018S\u00fcnni ve T\u00fcrk\u2019 bir milliyet\u00e7i tepki yaratmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan T\u00fcrk istihbarat servisinin oyunlar\u0131 oldu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcpheleniyordu. Sonu\u00e7ta, Avrupa\u2019daki bu faaliyetlerle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de a\u015famal\u0131 siyasal liberalle\u015fme birle\u015ferek, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de Alevi uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irdi. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte laik, asl\u0131nda S\u00fcnni olan T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin PKK\u2019nin sesini art\u0131k g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde duyurdu\u011fu 1980\u2019lerin sonunda, PKK\u2019nin K\u00fcrt (ve Zaza) Aleviler aras\u0131nda daha fazla destek kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla Alevi kimli\u011fine ge\u00e7it vermeye y\u00f6nelmesi de bu e\u011filimi destekledi.<\/p>\n

Devletin hesaplayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda, PKK\u2019nin kurulu\u015funu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmekte b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve her zaman di\u011fer siyasal radikal hareketlerle yar\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lge Dersim\u2019di. Dersim halk\u0131, en az\u0131ndan 1960\u2019lardan beri, her zaman K\u00fcrt milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finden ziyade solcu radikalizme meyilli olmu\u015ftu. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta militan bir \u015fekilde din kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan PKK, 1980\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131nda, S\u00fcnni b\u00f6lgelerde daha \u00e7ok halk deste\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in gittik\u00e7e S\u00fcnni \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 uzla\u015fmac\u0131 bir tav\u0131r benimseyince bu durum, PKK\u2019nin Aleviler aras\u0131ndaki pop\u00fclerli\u011fine katk\u0131da bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi muhtemelen Alevi \u00f6znelli\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. PKK\u2019ye g\u00f6re ise, Alevi uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131, K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131na ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ekmek i\u00e7in do\u011frudan devlet\u00e7e y\u00f6netiliyordu ve buna \u00f6nayak olanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc ajand\u0131. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, bir yandan Alevilerin PKK\u2019den so\u011fumalar\u0131na, bir yandan da PKK saflar\u0131ndaki Alevilerden ku\u015fkulan\u0131lmas\u0131na ve onlar\u0131n tasfiyesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Dinsel boyut giderek daha \u00f6nem kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te S\u00fcnni k\u00f6ktencili\u011fine ve kapsay\u0131c\u0131 K\u00fcrt milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 bir tepki olarak asli bir kimlik olarak Alevili\u011fe yap\u0131lan vurgu g\u00fc\u00e7lenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Avrupa\u2019daki geli\u015fmeler<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

1983\u2019te Paris\u2019te K\u00fcrt Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc kurulurken, ortak bir standart dile dair eski r\u00fcya yeniden su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f; ancak ne Kurmanci ne de Sorani konu\u015fanlar \u00f6tekine imtiyaz tan\u0131mad\u0131klar\u0131ndan, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm kesimlerinden okuyucular\u0131 hedef alan dergiler, hem Kurmanci hem de Sorani dillerinde b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere yer vermi\u015flerdi. K\u00fcrt Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nce ayn\u0131 y\u0131l yay\u0131mlanan H\u00eav\u00ee\/H\u00eewa<\/em> dergisine bir de Zazaca b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ekledi.<\/p>\n

Bruinessen\u2019e g\u00f6re Zazaca yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, siyasal nedenlerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc dilsel ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa \u015fiddetle muhalefet eden belli milliyet\u00e7i entelekt\u00fcel \u00e7evrelerde sert olumsuz tepkilere yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131, sentetik bir birle\u015fik K\u00fcrt dili i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor; di\u011ferleri iki yaz\u0131l\u0131 K\u00fcrt diline tahamm\u00fcl edebileceklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Ancak daha \u00f6nce neredeyse hi\u00e7 yaz\u0131l\u0131 gelene\u011fe sahip olmayan Zazacay\u0131 bir di\u011fer yaz\u0131l\u0131 dil olarak geli\u015ftirmenin K\u00fcrt ulusu aras\u0131na ayr\u0131l\u0131k tohumlar\u0131 ekmek olaca\u011f\u0131na karar vermi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Zazaca dergiler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ancak, \u201cZazaca ayr\u0131 bir dildir ve Zazalar ayr\u0131 bir halkt\u0131r\u201d diyen ilk Zaza ayd\u0131n\u0131 olan Ebubekir Pamuk\u00e7u\u2019nun 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ayre<\/em> dergisi ile Zaza kimli\u011fi ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde g\u00fcndeme gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunu 1988\u2019de \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te yine Pamuk\u00e7u\u2019nun \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Piya<\/em> dergisi izledi. Dergide Zazaca, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, \u0130ngilizce makaleler oldu\u011fu halde K\u00fcrt\u00e7e makale yoktu ve Zazalardan, kimlikleri uzun zamandan beri sadece T\u00fcrk devletince de\u011fil, K\u00fcrtlerce de reddedilen ayr\u0131 bir halk olarak s\u00f6z ediliyor ve co\u011frafi bir ad olarak K\u00fcrdistan teriminin yerine \u2018Zazaistan\u2019 terimi \u00f6neriliyordu. Derginin ilk ba\u015fta \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir okuyucu \u00e7evresi oldu ama bir s\u00fcre sonra artan say\u0131da derginin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini benimsedi. Halen \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bir milliyet\u00e7i Zaza hareketi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemekte ama hepsi Zazalar\u0131n K\u00fcrtlerden farkl\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia eden, Avrupa\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan iki dergi (Desmala Sure<\/em> ve Ware<\/em>) ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yak\u0131n zamanda \u00e7\u0131kan bir dizi kitap ile yay\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetleri giderek artmakta.<\/p>\n

Dersimlilerin talepleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde, Ya\u015far Kaya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avrupa Dersim Dernekleri Federasyonu ad\u0131na bir heyet Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Abdullah G\u00fcl\u2019e, Dersimlilerin taleplerini i\u00e7eren bir mektup sundu. Mektupta UNESCO raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6l\u00fc bir dil haline gelmekte olan Zazacaya TRT\u2019de, \u00fcniversitelerde yer verilmesi, bu dilin Dersim\u2019deki okullarda zorunlu ikinci dil olarak okutulmas\u0131, Dersim\u2019e kamu g\u00f6revlisi atan\u0131rken, bu dili bilenlere \u00f6ncelik tan\u0131nmas\u0131, Dersim\u2019deki yerle\u015fim yerlerine de eski isimlerinin verilmesi, Alevi\/K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f inanc\u0131n\u0131n temsilcileri olan ocaklar\u0131n tarihsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel misyonlar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131, bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6zerkli\u011finin yasal g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, Munzur, Har\u00e7ik ve Peri vadilerinde yap\u0131m\u0131 planlanan baraj in\u015faatlar\u0131n\u0131n durdurulmas\u0131 gibi talepler vard\u0131. 1937-1938\u2019de \u00e7e\u015fitli ailelere evlatl\u0131k verilen ya da \u00c7ocuk Esirgeme Kurumu\u2019na verilen Dersimli yetimlerin ak\u0131betlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, 15 Kas\u0131m 1937 tarihinde Elaz\u0131\u011f Bu\u011fday Meydan\u0131\u2019nda idam edilen Seyit R\u0131za ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n mezar yerlerinin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 ve naa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n aile mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na defnine izin verilmesi talebiyle devam eden mektup, devletin i\u00e7ten bir \u00f6zr\u00fcn\u00fcn 71 y\u0131ld\u0131r devlete k\u00fcsk\u00fcn, k\u0131rg\u0131n olan Dersimlilerin g\u00f6nl\u00fcn\u00fc almaya yetece\u011fi ifadesi ile bitiyordu. Bakal\u0131m devlet bu sese kulak verecek mi?<\/p>\n

\u00d6zet Kaynak\u00e7a: <\/strong>Martin van Bruinessen, K\u00fcrtl\u00fck, T\u00fcrkl\u00fck, Alevilik: Etnik ve Dinsel Kimlik M\u00fccadeleleri, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2009 ve \u201cAsl\u0131n\u0131 \u0130nk\u00e2r Eden Haramzadedir\u201d (\u00c7eviren: \u00d6zg\u00fcr G\u00f6kmen), Diyarbak\u0131r.net, http:\/\/www.diyarbekir.net\/cgi-bin\/index.pl?mod=news;op=author_id;id=139; Mehmet Bayrak, Alevilik ve K\u00fcrtl\u00fck, \u00d6z-Ge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 1997; Zilfi Selcan, Zaza Milli Meselesi Hakk\u0131nda, Zaza K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1994; Ebubekir Pamuk\u00e7u, Dersim Zaza ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel k\u00f6kenleri, Y\u00f6n Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1992.<\/em><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.taraf.com.tr\/ayse-hur\/makale-dersim-alevistan-zazaistan.htm<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr \u201cH\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u2018K\u00fcrt A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131\u2019 vesilesiyle CHP Milletvekili Onur \u00d6ymen\u2019in TBMM\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 garip konu\u015fma Dersim tarihine y\u00f6nelik ilgiyi artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. CHP\u2019nin bilin\u00e7alt\u0131 konusunda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7eren bu konu\u015fman\u0131n geleneksel olarak CHP\u2019ye destek veren Alevi kesimlerde deprem etkisi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin ediyorum ya da umuyorum. Taraf\u2019\u0131n yaz\u0131i\u015fleri, 15 Kas\u0131m 2008\u2019de bu s\u00fctunlarda yay\u0131mlanan \u20181937-1938\u2019de Dersim\u2019de neler […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":13681,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,26,42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13680","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\nDersim, Alevistan, Zazaistan - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2012\/04\/02\/dersim-alevistan-zazaistan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dersim, Alevistan, Zazaistan - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr \u201cH\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u2018K\u00fcrt A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131\u2019 vesilesiyle CHP Milletvekili Onur \u00d6ymen\u2019in TBMM\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 garip konu\u015fma Dersim tarihine y\u00f6nelik ilgiyi artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. CHP\u2019nin bilin\u00e7alt\u0131 konusunda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7eren bu konu\u015fman\u0131n geleneksel olarak CHP\u2019ye destek veren Alevi kesimlerde deprem etkisi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin ediyorum ya da umuyorum. 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