{"id":10705,"date":"2011-12-20T02:45:43","date_gmt":"2011-12-20T07:45:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=10705"},"modified":"2011-12-20T02:45:43","modified_gmt":"2011-12-20T07:45:43","slug":"franz-werfel-ve-musa-dagda-kirk-gun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2011\/12\/20\/franz-werfel-ve-musa-dagda-kirk-gun\/","title":{"rendered":"Franz Werfel ve \u2018Musa Da\u011f\u2019da K\u0131rk G\u00fcn\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Her sene bu g\u00fcnlerde Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rum\u00ee hakk\u0131nda yazmaya niyetlenirim ama her seferinde bir engel \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu y\u0131l da \u00f6yle oldu. Fransa Parlamentosu Genel Kurulu\u2019nun, 7 Aral\u0131k 2011\u2019de Yasalar Komisyonu\u2019nda kabul edilen bir yasa teklifini, 19 Aral\u0131k 2011 g\u00fcn\u00fc oylayaca\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca T\u00fcrkiye-Fransa ili\u015fkileri gerildi. \u0130ktidardaki Halk Hareketi Birli\u011fi\u2019nin (UMP) Marsilya Milletvekili Valerie Boyer taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan yasa teklifine g\u00f6re Frans\u0131z yasalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nan soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n ink\u00e2r\u0131, bir y\u0131l ve 45 bin avro para cezas\u0131yla cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacak. Frans\u0131z yasalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nan soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda 1915 Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 da var. Tasar\u0131 2006 ve 2009 y\u0131llar\u0131nda da parlamentoya gelmi\u015f ama yeterli \u00e7o\u011funluk sa\u011flanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yasala\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yakla\u015fan se\u00e7imleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcnce, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sert tepkilerine ra\u011fmen bu sefer farkl\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Nicolas Sarkozy\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 tavr\u0131 biliniyor. Sosyalist Parti aday\u0131 Fran\u00e7ois Hollande da, Ermeni diasporas\u0131na 2012\u2019de cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ilirse, benzer bir yasa \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 vaat etmi\u015fti. Yani er ya da ge\u00e7, bu veya benzeri bir yasa ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Parlamento kararlar\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Peki, T\u00fcrkiye tepkisinde hakl\u0131 m\u0131? Gelin birlikte karar verelim. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin itiraz\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 husustan olu\u015fuyor: \u00d6ncelikle T\u00fcrkiye, bu t\u00fcr tarihsel konular\u0131n parlamentolar taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. H\u00e2lbuki ger\u00e7ek demokrasilerde, parlamentolar\u0131n se\u00e7menlerinin talepleri uyar\u0131nca bu t\u00fcr kararlar almas\u0131nda bir gariplik yok. Nitekim bu t\u00fcr kararlar\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerde hem say\u0131sal hem de nitelik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan geli\u015fkin Ermeni toplumlar\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131yor. Bu ki\u015filer se\u00e7menler olarak temsilcilerine demokratik yollardan bask\u0131 yap\u0131yorlar. Bunun sonucu da bu t\u00fcr kararlar al\u0131n\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ben 1915\u2019te ya\u015fananlar\u0131n 1948 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nde tan\u0131mlanan soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7una uydu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm halde, Fransa veya di\u011fer parlamentolar\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar\u0131 dikkate alm\u0131yorum, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu kararlar\u0131n bilimsel kriterlere uygun ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyorum. Ama bu kararlar olmasa, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kimsenin 1915 hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da kabul ediyorum.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u201ckonuyu tarih\u00e7ilere b\u0131rakmak laz\u0131m\u201d demesine gelince; \u201c95 y\u0131ld\u0131r yapt\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z yapacaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n teminat\u0131d\u0131r\u201d deyip ge\u00e7elim. \u201cFransa\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r\u201d tezine en anlaml\u0131 cevab\u0131 ise ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde\u00a0A\u0130HM verdi. Ermeni Meselesi konusunda \u00f6nc\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sahibi Taner Ak\u00e7am\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fvurusu \u00fczerine\u00a0A\u0130HM TCK\u2019n\u0131n 301. maddesinin Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin 10. maddesini ihlal etti\u011fine, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Ermeni Meselesi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya niyetlenen ki\u015fileri engelledi\u011fine karar verdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131 en iyi ihtimalle \u201ctencere dibin kara, benimki senden kara\u201d…<\/span><\/p>\n

Franz ve Alma \u015eam\u2019da<\/span><\/h3>\n

Bu kriz, akl\u0131ma bundan 80 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Fransa ve ABD ile ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z benzer bir krizi getirdi. O zaman konu bir yasa de\u011fil bir kitap ve bu kitaptan \u00e7ekilmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bir filmdi. Kitap, Prag do\u011fumlu bir Yahudi entelekt\u00fceli olan Franz Werfel\u2019in (1890-1945) orijinal ad\u0131yla Die Vierzig Tage des Musa Dagh<\/em> (Musa Da\u011f\u2019da K\u0131rk G\u00fcn<\/em>) adl\u0131 roman\u0131yd\u0131. Halen hapiste yatan de\u011ferli yay\u0131mc\u0131 Rag\u0131p Zarakolu\u2019nun Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ancak 1997\u2019de T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye kazand\u0131r\u0131lan romanda, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki y\u00f6netiminin \u201cdevlete ihanet\u201d ile su\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm Ermeni tebaas\u0131n\u0131 Suriye\u2019nin Der Zor \u00e7\u00f6llerine tehciri s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Antakya yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Musa Da\u011f\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan yedi Ermeni k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f bin ki\u015filik ahalisinin <\/em>40 g\u00fcn boyunca Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerine kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fi anlat\u0131l\u0131yordu. 16 ay s\u00fcren tehcir boyunca, resm\u00ee tarihin \u201csilahl\u0131, g\u00f6z\u00fc d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f, kan i\u00e7ici \u00e7eteciler\u201d olarak tarif etti\u011fi Ermeni halk\u0131ndan, tehcire kar\u015f\u0131 koyan nadir kesimdi Musa Da\u011fl\u0131lar. Yoksa Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, sessizce boyun e\u011fmi\u015fti bu ac\u0131mas\u0131z s\u00fcrg\u00fcne.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u201cNe garip \u00e7ocuklar bunlar…\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1911\u2019de ilk kitab\u0131 yay\u0131mlanan Franz Werfel\u2019in 1920\u2019li y\u0131llarda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserlerinin ortak noktas\u0131 hepsinin ahlak\u00e7\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131. (1945\u2019te \u00f6l\u00fcnceye kadar da yazd\u0131klar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 \u00f6ze sahipti.) Werfel\u2019i bu kitab\u0131 yazmaya g\u00f6t\u00fcren ise 1929\u2019da, Viyanal\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc besteci Gustave Mahler\u2019in dul e\u015fi Alma Mahler ile birlikte Suriye\u2019ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gezide ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir olayd\u0131. Werfel, \u015eam\u2019daki bir hal\u0131 at\u00f6lyesini gezerken yak\u0131nda kar\u0131s\u0131 olacak Alma\u2019ya \u201cYunan tipi \u00e7ehreler ve b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f koyu renk g\u00f6zbebekleri… Ne garip \u00e7ocuklar bunlar!…\u201d demi\u015fti. At\u00f6lyenin sahibi de \u201cBu garip yarat\u0131klar m\u0131? T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Ermenilerin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131… Onlar\u0131 sokaklardan toplad\u0131m, e\u011fer bar\u0131nacak yer ve i\u015f vermezsem a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6l\u00fcrler. Kimse onlarla ilgilenmiyor…\u201d diye cevap vermi\u015fti. Alma Mahler \u201cOradan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda art\u0131k hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bize \u00f6nemli ya da g\u00fczel g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyordu\u201d diye anlatacakt\u0131 \u00e7iftin o anki duygular\u0131n\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u015eimdi biliyoruz ki, Werfel\u2019i roman\u0131 yazmaya g\u00f6t\u00fcren sadece \u015eam\u2019daki Ermeni yetimlerine duydu\u011fu \u015fefkat ve bor\u00e7luluk duygusu de\u011fildi. Musa Da\u011f\u2019da K\u0131rk G\u00fcn bir anlamda, Werfel\u2019in ad\u0131m ad\u0131m geldi\u011fini hissetti\u011fi Yahudi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in att\u0131\u011f\u0131 umutsuz bir \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131kt\u0131. Nitekim romanda Avrupal\u0131 Yahudilerin ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 sembolize eden olaylar vard\u0131. Roman\u0131 okuyan 200 kadar Yahudi Musa Da\u011f\u2019\u0131 ziyaret etmi\u015flerdi. Werfel\u2019in roman\u0131 epey ses \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Alman halk\u0131 da tarihten ders almayarak Nazizm\u2019i iktidara ta\u015f\u0131yacakt\u0131. Sonras\u0131 korkun\u00e7 bir trajediydi. Ancak yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n konusu bu de\u011fil. O halde devam edelim.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerinde Werfel, Fransa D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u015fvurarak konu ile ilgili t\u00fcm belgeleri istemi\u015fti. Osmanl\u0131 belgeleri hari\u00e7, birincil ve ikincil kaynaklara dair uzun okumalardan ve Musa Da\u011f direni\u015fine kat\u0131lan Pater Tomas\u2019\u0131 dinledikten sonra bir g\u00fcn Alma\u2019ya \u201cBu gece akl\u0131ma bir \u015fey geldi. Asl\u0131nda beni kovalay\u0131p pe\u015fimi b\u0131rakmad\u0131. Ben istemiyordum, ama o istiyordu\u201d diyecekti. Ard\u0131ndan \u201ckendisini kovalayan fikri\u201d anlatmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir roman yazacakt\u0131. T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karacakt\u0131, Ermeni mezaliminin tarihini yazacakt\u0131. \u015eam\u2019da dokuma tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6ks\u00fcz yetim Ermeni \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facakt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Werfel s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc tuttu ve roman\u0131n\u0131 1933\u2019te tamamlad\u0131. Roman\u0131n ba\u015fkahramanlar\u0131ndan Musa Da\u011f, Mara\u015f\u2019tan ba\u015flay\u0131p g\u00fcneye do\u011fru uzanan Amanos (Nuh) Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Hatay\u2019\u0131n Samanda\u011f \u0130l\u00e7esi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, Asi Nehri\u2019nin denize d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerin kuzeyinde denize ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde, 1555 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde keskin kayal\u0131klarla ve s\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131l\u0131klarla dolu yekpare bir da\u011fd\u0131. Asl\u0131nda roman\u0131n ba\u015fkahraman\u0131 Gabriel Bagradian d\u00e2hil pek \u00e7ok karakter hayali idi. Osmanl\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re da\u011fdaki direni\u015f Werfel\u2019in dedi\u011fi gibi temmuzun son g\u00fcnlerinde de\u011fil, 6 A\u011fustos 1915\u2019te ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Werfel\u2019in dedi\u011fi gibi 40 g\u00fcn de\u011fil, 53 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Direni\u015fe be\u015f bin ki\u015fi de\u011fil 5.609 ki\u015fi kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ancak bu farklara ra\u011fmen romanda anlat\u0131lanlar esas olarak s\u00f6zl\u00fc ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarih anlat\u0131lar\u0131na uygundu.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z gemileriyle ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Bilinen o ki, Musa Da\u011f eteklerindeki Vak\u0131f (bug\u00fcn Vak\u0131fl\u0131), Yo\u011funoluk, Eriklikuyu (bug\u00fcn Hac\u0131 Habip), Bitias (bug\u00fcn Bat\u0131ayaz), Kebusiye (bug\u00fcn Kap\u0131suyu), Damlac\u0131k ve Zeytun\u2019da (bug\u00fcn S\u00fcleymanl\u0131) oturan Ermeniler, tehcir emrini duyunca yataklar\u0131n\u0131, yorganlar\u0131n\u0131, tavuklar\u0131n\u0131, zahirelerini y\u00fcklenip Musa Da\u011f\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ancak, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin 41. F\u0131rka\u2019dan iki alay ve bir da\u011f top\u00e7u tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye sevk etmesiyle birlikte i\u015fler tersine d\u00f6necek, erzaklar\u0131 t\u00fckenen Musa Da\u011f direni\u015f\u00e7ileri b\u00f6lgeyi etmek zorunda kalacaklard\u0131. Y\u0131llar sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan belgelere g\u00f6re tam 4.088 Musa Da\u011fl\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgeden Frans\u0131z gemileri uzakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. M\u00fclteciler \u00f6nce K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n Limasol liman\u0131na getirildiler, ancak K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 T\u00fcrkler ve Rumlar Ermenilerin b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirilmesine \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Port Said liman\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. Ancak burada da gemiden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f izni alamad\u0131lar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki Britanya Siyasi Komiseri \u201cNi\u00e7in Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri de\u011fil de \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri? Ermenileri ba\u015fka yere yerle\u015ftirsinler\u201d demi\u015fti. Uzun pazarl\u0131klardan sonra gemidekiler liman civar\u0131ndaki bir asker\u00ee tesise \u201cge\u00e7ici\u201d kayd\u0131yla indirildiler, ancak kamp\u0131n 360 bin franka yakla\u015fan masraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demek istemeyen \u0130ngilizler, Frans\u0131zlara bir an \u00f6nce Ermenilerin \u00fclkeden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kesin dille tebli\u011f ettiler.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Monarga Ermeni Lejyonu<\/span><\/h3>\n

M\u00fcltecilerin Tunus, Fas veya Cezayir\u2019e g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmelerine Tunus Valisi ve Fas\u2019\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc adam\u0131 Frans\u0131z Mare\u015fali Louis Lyautay, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n tepkisini ileri s\u00fcrerek kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve Ermenilerin Korsika\u2019ya ve G\u00fcney Fransa\u2019ya g\u00f6nderilmelerini \u00f6nerdi. Cezayir Valisi ise Ege\u2019deki Mondros Liman\u0131\u2019nda y\u00fckleme ve bo\u015faltma i\u015flerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 uygun buluyordu. Sonunda \u201cErmeniler aras\u0131nda eli silah tutanlar\u0131n bir kampta toplanarak asker\u00ee e\u011fitime tabi tutulmalar\u0131\u201d teklif edildi. Musa Da\u011f Ermenilerinin cemaat liderleri \u201cgeride kalan Ermenilerin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 belaya sokar\u0131z\u201d diye itiraz etse de kendilerini kabul edecek bir \u00fclke bulma konusunda umutlar\u0131 iyice azalan m\u00fclteciler, bu teklife \u00e7aresiz \u201cevet\u201d dediler.<\/span><\/p>\n

1916 y\u0131l\u0131n son aylar\u0131nda 500 kadar gen\u00e7 K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta, Magusa\u2019n\u0131n (bug\u00fcn Gazi Magosa) kuzeyindeki Monarga\u2019da (bug\u00fcn Bo\u011faztepe) kurulan Ermeni Lejyonu\u2019na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Ba\u015fka kat\u0131l\u0131mlarla b\u00fcy\u00fcyen Lejyon, Frans\u0131zlarla birlikte Kilikya\u2019ya (Adana havalisi) \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve baz\u0131 intikam sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. Ancak yine Frans\u0131zlar taraf\u0131ndan 28 Nisan 1919\u2019da Mersin\u2019de silahlar\u0131n\u0131 teslim etmeye zorlanan lejyon, Fransa ile T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda 20 Ekim 1921 tarihinde imzalanan Ankara Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile de tamamen kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu tarihten sonra Musa Da\u011f\u0131 Ermenileri o tarihte Frans\u0131z Mandas\u0131 olan Sancak\u2019a (bug\u00fcn Hatay) geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcler. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Vak\u0131fl\u0131 K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019ne yerle\u015ftiler. 1939\u2019da Sancak\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, birka\u00e7 aile d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndakiler \u00f6nce L\u00fcbnan\u2019da, Beyrut yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Ayncar\u2019a (Andjar) gittiler. \u201cAyncar\u201d Arap\u00e7ada \u201ctesti g\u00f6z\u00fc\u201d demekti ancak, \u0131ss\u0131z ve susuz bir ovayd\u0131. Sol e\u011filimliler, 1946\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck umutlarla Ermenistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fc. Bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 M\u0131g\u0131rd\u0131\u00e7 Margosyan\u2019\u0131n deyimiyle \u201ctespih taneleri gibi\u201d d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. Ermenistan\u2019da kalanlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 1988 Erivan Depremi\u2019nde \u00f6ld\u00fc. Geriye, Musa Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n efsaneleri kald\u0131.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti MGM\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n

Franz Werfel\u2019in bu olay\u0131 anlatan roman\u0131 1933 y\u0131l\u0131 mart ay\u0131nda Viyana\u2019da yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck yank\u0131 uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kitab\u0131 ABD\u2019de yay\u0131mlayacak olan The Viking Press \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck edebiyat ile kahramanca bir hik\u00e2yenin muhte\u015fem bile\u015fimi\u201d derken, New York Times\u2019<\/em>\u0131n kitap edit\u00f6r\u00fc \u201ce\u011fer <\/em>Hollywood bunu mahvetmezse, muhte\u015fem bir film\u201d olur kehanetinde bulunuyordu. Nitekim Hollywood\u2019un devleri roman\u0131n yay\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 almak i\u00e7in yar\u0131\u015fa girdiler. Sonu\u00e7ta Viyanal\u0131 yay\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, Werfel\u2019i 20.000 dolar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kitab\u0131n film haklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6nemin devlerinden Metro Goldwyn-Mayer\u2019e (MGM) satmaya ikna etti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ancak birka\u00e7 hafta sonra, MGM\u2019in ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu Loew \u015firketinin y\u00f6neticisi J. Robert Rubin, Mayer\u2019i konunun \u201chassasiyeti\u201d hakk\u0131nda uyararak \u201cen az\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkleri rahats\u0131z etmeyecek \u015fekilde temkinli bi\u00e7imde ele almaya\u201d davet etti. Uyar\u0131y\u0131 dikkate alan Mayer\u2019in damad\u0131 ve MGM prod\u00fckt\u00f6rlerinden David O. Selznick, bir milleti toptan kusurlu ilan etmektense sadece bir T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn cani olarak g\u00f6sterilece\u011fi bir senaryo ile tepkileri \u00f6nleyebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. Bununla da yetinmeyerek Amerikan film end\u00fcstrisinin bir \u00e7e\u015fit sans\u00fcr kurulu\u015fu olan MPPDA\u2019in (The Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America) Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Will Hays\u2019den T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Washington B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Ahmet M\u00fcnir Erteg\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131n\u0131 rica etti. Bu iyi niyetli ad\u0131m T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin MGM \u015firketine kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sava\u015f a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu. Hat\u0131rlatal\u0131m, o y\u0131llarda hen\u00fcz \u201cErmeni diasporas\u0131\u201d veya \u201cdiasporan\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m iddialar\u0131\u201d ortada yoktu.<\/span><\/p>\n

25 Aral\u0131k 1934\u2019te h\u00fck\u00fcmetin resm\u00ee yay\u0131n organ\u0131 say\u0131lan Hakimiyet-i Milliye<\/em> gazetesinde Falih R\u0131fk\u0131 (Atay) imzal\u0131 bir yaz\u0131da, Alman makamlar\u0131 kitaba kar\u015f\u0131 uyar\u0131l\u0131rken, 27-28 aral\u0131kta ayn\u0131 gazetede Burhan Asaf (Belge) Werfel\u2019i \u201cpek \u00e7ok Ermeni kahvesi i\u00e7ti\u011fi kitab\u0131n hem geli\u015finden hem gidi\u015finden belli\u201d diye i\u011fneledikten sonra \u201cH\u0131ristiyan ahlakiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oktan a\u015f\u0131narak d\u00fczle\u015fmi\u015f zemini \u00fczerinde Ermeni at\u0131n\u0131, Faustk\u00e2ri bir k\u00fckreyi\u015f ile \u015faha kald\u0131rmak istemektedir\u201d diye su\u00e7luyordu. Tepkiler k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede sonu\u00e7 verdi ve Almanya\u2019daki Nazi h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Propaganda Bakan\u0131 Goebbels \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye duyduklar\u0131 dostlu\u011fun ni\u015fanesi olarak\u201d kitab\u0131n yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti. Ancak ge\u00e7 kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kitap Alman Yahudilerinin ba\u015fucu kitab\u0131 olmu\u015ftu bile.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aral\u0131k 1934\u2019te ABD\u2019de piyasaya \u00e7\u0131kan kitap iki hafta i\u00e7inde 35 bin kopya satarak o y\u0131l\u0131n rekorunu k\u0131r\u0131nca T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tavr\u0131 sertle\u015fti. Tehcirin sembolik ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n 20. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc olan 24 Nisan 1935 yakla\u015f\u0131rken, MGM\u2019in projeden h\u00e2l\u00e2 vazge\u00e7medi\u011fini g\u00f6ren T\u00fcrkiye, e\u011fer film \u00e7ekilirse, MGM\u2019in filmlerinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye girmesini yasaklayabilece\u011fi tehdidinde bulundu. MGM\u2019in T\u00fcrkiye temsilcisi Fahir \u0130pek\u00e7i de filmin \u00e7ekilmesi halinde \u015firkete b\u00fcy\u00fck zararlar gelece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyince MGM senaryoda baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yapma s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi ancak bu da T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131n\u0131 tatmin etmedi.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Yahudiler dikkat ediniz!<\/span><\/h3>\n

5 Eyl\u00fcl 1935 g\u00fcnl\u00fc Ak\u015fam Postas\u0131<\/em>\u2019nda \u201cYahudi m\u00fcesseseler dikkat ediniz! Bir filmin kazanc\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131za kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fimdiye kadar d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k etmeyen T\u00fcrkleri k\u0131zd\u0131rmay\u0131n!\u201d yaz\u0131yordu. \u201cMilli dava\u201dya destek \u00e7\u0131kan Ulus<\/em>, H\u00fcrriyet<\/em> ve Cumhuriyet<\/em> gazeteleri birinci sayfadan protesto kampanyalar\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 bile. Savunma tan\u0131d\u0131kt\u0131: \u201cErmeni meselesi halledilmi\u015f ve unutulmu\u015ftur! Yoksa halen Meclis\u2019te Ermeni \u00fcyenin olmas\u0131 nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir? MGM, durup dururken kapanm\u0131\u015f bir konuyu g\u00fcndeme getirirken neyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r?\u201d Kastedilen ki\u015fi, 1935 se\u00e7imlerinde Meclis\u2019e Afyon Milletvekili olarak girmi\u015f olan Ermeni Ber\u00e7 Keresteciyan-T\u00fcrker\u2019di. (T\u00fcrker soyad\u0131n\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk vermi\u015fti.) Makalelerde hem Werfel\u2019in Yahudi oldu\u011fu, hem de MGM\u2019in \u201cbir Yahudi \u015eirketi\u201d oldu\u011fu vurgulan\u0131yor, olay\u0131n \u201cErmeni-Yahudi Komplosu\u201d oldu\u011fu ima ediliyordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin Ulus<\/em>\u2019tan Burhan Belge \u201cbu bir Ermeni masal\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat bir Yahudi taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d diyordu.)<\/span><\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde, \u0130stanbul\u2019da adeta rehine olarak tutulan Ermeni Cemaati Cismani Meclis\u2019i toplan\u0131p olay\u0131 k\u0131nad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya zorland\u0131. Cumhuriyet<\/em>\u2019ten Abidin Daver \u201cT\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Yahudilere ilk h\u00fccumu siz Musevi vatanda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z yapmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z. Bu sizin i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z memlekete ve millete kar\u015f\u0131 borcunuz ve vazifenizdir\u201d diyor, Yunus Nadi Werfel\u2019i \u201cYahuda rol\u00fc oynayan Yahudi yaz\u0131c\u0131\u201d, \u201cYahudi serseri\u201d diye a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131yordu. Mesaj\u0131 alan Ermeni Cismani Meclisi, 15 Aral\u0131k 1935\u2019te filmi protesto eden bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan bir grup Ermeni, Pangalt\u0131 Ermeni Kilisesi bah\u00e7esinde Werfel\u2019in kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 yakt\u0131lar\/ yakmak zorunda kald\u0131lar. T\u00f6ren \u201cKahrolsun T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011fe dil uzatanlar!\u201d hayk\u0131r\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla bitti.<\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n deste\u011fi<\/span><\/h3>\n

Bunlar olurken koroya Bulgaristan, Romanya, Yugoslavya ve Yunanistan da kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve MGM\u2019i \u00e7ekilecek filmin bu \u00fclkelerde oynat\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda uyarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n tavr\u0131 bug\u00fcnden bak\u0131nca \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir ama Yunanistan ve T\u00fcrkiye 1934\u2019te imzalad\u0131klar\u0131 Balkan Antand\u0131 ile ikinci baharlar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bunun ni\u015fanesi olarak bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce Venizelos, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019ne aday g\u00f6stermi\u015fti.) Son darbeyi 1936\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ricas\u0131 \u00fczerine Fransa vurdu. Fransa e\u011fer film \u00e7ekilirse, t\u00fcm MGM filmlerine yasak koyaca\u011f\u0131 tehdidini savurdu. Bunun \u00fczerine MGM\u2019in Ba\u015fkan\u0131 J. Robert Rubin havluyu att\u0131 ve \u201cMusa Da\u011f<\/em>\u2019\u0131n filmcilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan muhte\u015fem olanaklar sa\u011flamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen\u201d bir ba\u015fka st\u00fcdyo taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilmesine raz\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan MGM\u2019in di\u011fer y\u00f6neticilerinin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 geldi. B\u00f6ylece hem sinema d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n devlerinden MGM, hem de ABD\u2019nin \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler ilkesi, T.C. Devleti taraf\u0131ndan yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/span><\/p>\n

O tarihten sonra T\u00fcrkiye, 1915\u2019i haf\u0131zalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n karanl\u0131k dehlizlerine g\u00f6mmek i\u00e7in her \u015feyi yapt\u0131 ve bug\u00fcnlere kadar geldik. \u015eimdi tekrar soral\u0131m: Sizce ASALA suikastlar\u0131 olmasayd\u0131, bu t\u00fcr parlamento kararlar\u0131 olmasayd\u0131 1915\u2019te Ermenilere yap\u0131lanlar\u0131 hat\u0131rlar m\u0131yd\u0131k acaba? B\u0131rak\u0131n 1915\u2019i, 2009\u2019daki Ermeni A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131 hat\u0131rlayan var m\u0131? Emin olun ki bu badireyi de atlatt\u0131ktan sonra 24 Nisan\u2019a kadar kula\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne yataca\u011f\u0131z. Onu da atlatt\u0131ktan sonra bir ba\u015fka krize kadar yine kula\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne yataca\u011f\u0131z. Biz b\u00f6yle davrand\u0131k\u00e7a da bu t\u00fcr kararlar al\u0131nmaya devam edecek. Biz yine esip g\u00fcrleyece\u011fiz. H\u00e2lbuki yapmam\u0131z gereken \u015feyin ne oldu\u011fu \u201cliterat\u00fcrde\u201d yaz\u0131l\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a: Franz Werfel, Musa Da\u011f\u2019da K\u0131rk G\u00fcn, (\u00c7eviren: Saliha Nazl\u0131 Kaya), Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,1997; R\u0131fat N. Bali, Musa\u2019n\u0131n Evlatlar\u0131 Cumhuriyet\u2019in Yurtta\u015flar\u0131, \u0130leti\u015fim, 2003, s. 109-40; Edward Minasian, \u201cThe Forty Years of Musa Dagh: The Film That Was Denied,\u201d Journal of Armenian Studies, Vol. III. No. 1-2, 1986-87, s.121-31; Halil Aytekin, K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta Monargo (Bo\u011faztepe) Ermeni Lejyonu Kamp\u0131, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2000; AH\u0130M karar\u0131n\u0131n metni:
\nhttp:\/\/bianet.org\/files\/doc_files\/000\/000\/366\/original\/AIHM_TANER_AKCAM_v._TURKEY.doc<\/p>\n

<\/em>Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

hurayse@hotmail.com<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0http:\/\/www.taraf.com.tr\/ayse-hur\/makale-franz-werfel-ve-musa-dag-da-kirk-gun.htm<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr Her sene bu g\u00fcnlerde Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rum\u00ee hakk\u0131nda yazmaya niyetlenirim ama her seferinde bir engel \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu y\u0131l da \u00f6yle oldu. Fransa Parlamentosu Genel Kurulu\u2019nun, 7 Aral\u0131k 2011\u2019de Yasalar Komisyonu\u2019nda kabul edilen bir yasa teklifini, 19 Aral\u0131k 2011 g\u00fcn\u00fc oylayaca\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca T\u00fcrkiye-Fransa ili\u015fkileri gerildi. \u0130ktidardaki Halk Hareketi Birli\u011fi\u2019nin (UMP) Marsilya Milletvekili Valerie […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10705","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler"],"yoast_head":"\nFranz Werfel ve \u2018Musa Da\u011f\u2019da K\u0131rk G\u00fcn\u2019 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/turkish\/2011\/12\/20\/franz-werfel-ve-musa-dagda-kirk-gun\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Franz Werfel ve \u2018Musa Da\u011f\u2019da K\u0131rk G\u00fcn\u2019 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr Her sene bu g\u00fcnlerde Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rum\u00ee hakk\u0131nda yazmaya niyetlenirim ama her seferinde bir engel \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu y\u0131l da \u00f6yle oldu. 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