{"id":87246,"date":"2026-09-14T01:44:52","date_gmt":"2026-09-14T06:44:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=87246"},"modified":"2026-09-14T01:46:17","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T06:46:17","slug":"alman-belgelerinde-1915-stefan-ihrig-ile-soylesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=87246","title":{"rendered":"Alman Belgelerinde 1915: Stefan Ihrig ile S\u00f6yle\u015fi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Hasan Karademir<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stefan Ihrig Kimdir?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Stefan Ihrig, Alman, T\u00fcrk ve daha geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 Avrupa ve Orta Do\u011fu tarihi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir tarih profes\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. Atat\u00fcrk in the Nazi Imagination (Harvard University Press, 2014) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 be\u015f dile \u00e7evrilmi\u015f olup, Justifying Genocide\u2014Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler (Harvard University Press, 2016) adl\u0131 eseri ise 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermeni Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 alan\u0131nda Dr. Sona Aronian M\u00fckemmellik Kitap \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nceki bir kitab\u0131nda ise Moldova Cumhuriyeti\u2019ndeki Sovyet sonras\u0131 tarih ve kimlik politikalar\u0131n\u0131 ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Who are the Moldovans?, ibidem, 2008). Ihrig\u2019in en g\u00fcncel kitaplar\u0131, *Almanlar ve T\u00fcrkler: Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Unutulmu\u015f Tarihi* (Bloomsbury, 2026) ve *\u0130ki Sava\u015f Aras\u0131 D\u00f6nem Almanya\u2019s\u0131nda Siyahl\u0131k: Caz, Irk ve \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Reich\u2019\u0131n Olu\u015fumu* (Hurst, 2026) adl\u0131 eserlerdir. Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n biyografisi (Erdo\u011fan\u2014The Story), 2027\u2019nin ba\u015flar\u0131nda Polity yay\u0131nevi taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanacak (kitap, 2026 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yunanca ve Felemenk\u00e7e dillerinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131).
Stefan Ihrig, Hayfa \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r ve ayn\u0131 zamanda Hayfa Alman ve Avrupa \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Merkezi\u2019nin de ba\u015fkan\u0131d\u0131r. Journal of Holocaust Research dergisinin (Michal Aharony ve Joanna Michlic ile birlikte) edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir. Daha \u00f6nce Regensburg \u00dcniversitesi ve Berlin \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde ders vermi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitab\u0131n\u0131zda, Bismarck d\u00f6neminden itibaren Alman kamuoyundaki Ermeni alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 inceliyorsunuz. D\u00f6nemin Alman bas\u0131n\u0131nda ve resmi belgelerinde Ermenilerin “Do\u011funun Yahudileri” olarak etiketlenmesi, 1915 kitlesel \u015fiddetinin Alman toplumu taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmesini ve rasyonelle\u015ftirilmesini nas\u0131l etkiledi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum yaln\u0131zca belirli bir dereceye kadar etkili oldu: A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 antisemit fikirlere sahip olan baz\u0131 kesimler i\u00e7in s\u00fcreci kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olabilir; ancak Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik kitlesel \u015fiddetin kabullenilmesini sa\u011flayan daha geni\u015f ve kapsay\u0131c\u0131 perspektifler ile yorum bi\u00e7imleri mevcuttu. Bunlardan ba\u015fl\u0131cas\u0131, Almanya’n\u0131n Ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nu kendi yan\u0131nda tutmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki inanc\u0131yd\u0131; aksi takdirde sava\u015f kaybedilecekti. Di\u011fer temel husus ise, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na bak\u0131\u015f\u0131nda T\u00fcrklerin ulusal\/etnik potansiyellerinin di\u011fer etnik gruplar taraf\u0131ndan bask\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiydi. T\u00fcrkler ancak az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcnden kurtulduklar\u0131 takdirde g\u00fc\u00e7lenebilir ve potansiyellerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilirlerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Do\u011funun Yahudileri” etiketini biraz daha a\u00e7abilir misiniz? Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik Alman bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na dair daha fazla detay payla\u015fabilir misiniz?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pek \u00e7ok Alman metni ve yorumcusu i\u00e7in Ermeniler, Orta Avrupa Yahudilerinin antisemit bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla ele al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131na paralel bir grup olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi. Alman metinlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu, antisemit s\u00f6ylemin t\u00fcm unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki Ermenilere uyarlamakta teredd\u00fct etmedi. Bu perspektifte Ermeniler; T\u00fcrk milletinin s\u0131rt\u0131ndan ge\u00e7inen, \u00fcretken olmayan, ahlaktan yoksun ve g\u00fcvenilmez bir halk olarak resmedildi. Esasen tipik antisemit basmakal\u0131p yarg\u0131lar\u0131n tamam\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Orta Avrupa’daki antisemit s\u00f6ylemlere benzer \u015fekilde, bu basmakal\u0131p yarg\u0131lar da \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik yapan Ermenileri ve bu iddialarla \u00e7eli\u015fen Ermeni tarihini g\u00f6rmezden geldi. \u0130lgin\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde, \u0131rksal s\u00f6ylem o kadar belirgindi ki Ermenilerin yaln\u0131zca Hristiyan de\u011fil, kadim bir Hristiyan toplumu oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edildi ve bir \u015fekilde \u00f6nemsizle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman milliyet\u00e7isi ve Nazi bas\u0131n\u0131 Ermeniler ile Yahudiler aras\u0131nda ne t\u00fcr paralellikler kurdu; Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik su\u00e7lamalar antisemit s\u00f6yleme nas\u0131l entegre edildi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum, Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve s\u00f6ylemlerin entegre edilmesinden ziyade tam tersi bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir: Antisemitik at\u0131flar\u0131n ve s\u00f6ylemlerin t\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131 Ermenilere yans\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alman Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Anti-Armenianism), \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 antisemitizmin birebir bir kopyas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti\u2019nin Alman \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun kurumlar\u0131 ve medya organlar\u0131ndaki alg\u0131s\u0131 nas\u0131ld\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genel yakla\u015f\u0131m olduk\u00e7a pozitifti. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki’nin y\u00fckseli\u015fi, T\u00fcrklerin kendilerini yeniledi\u011fi ve Almanlar\u0131n umut etti\u011fi bir ortak olma yolunda ilerledi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki beklentileri do\u011frudan besledi. T\u00fcrk tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131nda Alman \u0130mparatoru\u2019nun J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk Devrimi\u2019nden ho\u015flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir fikir vard\u0131\u2014ki evet, onun gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar demokratik devrimlerden do\u011fal olarak ho\u015flanmazd\u0131. Ancak J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler devrimden \u00f6nce Almanya ile temas kurmu\u015flard\u0131 ve Almanlar bu durumu takdirle kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130mparator, Avusturya-Macaristan\u2019\u0131n Bosna-Hersek\u2019i ilhak etmesine olduk\u00e7a \u00f6fkeliydi. Almanya\u2019daki Osmanl\u0131 yanl\u0131s\u0131 tutum devrim boyunca ve sonras\u0131nda da devam etti. \u0130lerleyen d\u00f6nemde Almanlar; Enver, Talat ve di\u011fer liderlerle tamamen \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ferek bu tutumu yeni bir boyuta ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1890\u2019lardaki Hamidiye Olaylar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Almanya\u2019da geli\u015fen \u2014Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u015fiddet eylemlerini d\u0131\u015f politikan\u0131n bir gereklili\u011fi olarak mazur g\u00f6rme\u2014 e\u011filimi, 1915\u2019teki resmi Alman belgelerini ve diplomatik yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l \u015fekillendirdi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1890\u2019larda Ermeniler lehine ses \u00e7\u0131karmamak ve Almanya\u2019y\u0131 II. Abd\u00fclhamid ile daha yak\u0131n bir \u00e7izgiye \u00e7ekmek ad\u0131na Almanya\u2019da geli\u015ftirilen me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Bu durum; Hristiyan az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 pek de umursamaman\u0131n, \u00f6ncelikle Almanya\u2019n\u0131n kendi gelece\u011fini, ard\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131 (veya daha do\u011frusu T\u00fcrkleri) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin, dinda\u015f gruplar\u0131 ise ancak \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada g\u00f6zetmenin zeminini haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak Alman diplomatik yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 do\u011frudan Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yordu. Genel olarak yaln\u0131zca hiyerar\u015finin \u00fcst kademelerinde yer alanlar Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri benimsiyordu. Nitekim diplomatik yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131, 1890\u2019lardan ve hatta \u00f6ncesinden itibaren Almanya\u2019da Ermeni yanl\u0131s\u0131 farkl\u0131 bir damar\u0131n da olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Anadolu\u2019nun ilgili vilayetlerindeki Alman konsoloslar\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131, 1915 ve sonras\u0131ndaki Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tedbirlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok Alman konsolos kendi b\u00f6lgelerindeki Ermenilere yard\u0131m etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve tehlikeli gidi\u015fi durdurmak ad\u0131na \u00fcsleri olan \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Alman B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi\u2019ne m\u00fcdahale etmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. (Daha detayl\u0131 bir okuma i\u00e7in: \u201cAlmanlar ve T\u00fcrkler \u2014 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Unutulmu\u015f Tarihi (Germans and Turks\u2014A Forgotten History of Europe) kitab\u0131m okunabilir.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Johannes Lepsius\u2019un 1916 tarihli Bericht \u00fcber die Lage des armenischen Volkes in der T\u00fcrkei (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Ermeni Halk\u0131n\u0131n Durumuna \u0130li\u015fkin Rapor) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 raporuna uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 ve sert sans\u00fcr ar\u015fivlerde belgelenmi\u015ftir. Bu sans\u00fcr politikas\u0131 yaln\u0131zca sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi ittifak\u0131n\u0131n bir gere\u011fi miydi? \u0130mparatorluk b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n\u0131n bu konudaki somut g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve tepkileri nelerdi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu olayda sans\u00fcr\u00fcn o kadar da h\u0131zl\u0131 uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorum\u2014Lepsius raporunu Almanya genelindeki \u00e7o\u011fu siyaset\u00e7iye, \u00f6nde gelen gazetecilere ve neredeyse t\u00fcm Protestan papazlara ula\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi sans\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc atlatmak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131d\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemde Alman sava\u015f propagandas\u0131 esasen Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015f propagandas\u0131yla tamamen hizalanm\u0131\u015f durumdayd\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu konudaki iddialar\u0131n\u0131 birebir tekrarl\u0131yordu. Dahas\u0131, Alman taraf\u0131 i\u00e7in sava\u015f\u0131 kazanmak nihai hedefti ve ittifak\u0131n ele\u015ftirilmesi vatana ihanet olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131yordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, konu ne olursa olsun ve m\u00fcnferit b\u00fcrokratlar ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrse d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcns\u00fcn, sans\u00fcr son derece kat\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Almanya\u2019da “B\u00fcy\u00fck Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131” olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z s\u00fcre\u00e7te, Alman milliyet\u00e7ilerinin \u00f6nce olaylar\u0131 reddedip ard\u0131ndan bunlar\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelmelerini ar\u015fiv belgeleri \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yorsunuz? Alman kamuoyu ve bas\u0131n\u0131, Soghomon Tehlirian\u2019\u0131n Talat Pa\u015fa suikast\u0131 nedeniyle 1921\u2019de Berlin\u2019de yarg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 davaya nas\u0131l tepki verdi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu B\u00fcy\u00fck Alman Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bitiminden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ba\u015flad\u0131 ve Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na kadar dalgalar ve patlamalar halinde devam etti. \u0130lk iki y\u0131lda, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 reddedenler kamusal alandaki en y\u00fcksek ve en \u0131srarl\u0131 seslerdi. Ancak Ermeni yanl\u0131s\u0131 taraf da olduk\u00e7a aktifti. Dinamikleri tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftiren olay, 1921\u2019de Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Berlin\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve \u00f6zellikle bundan birka\u00e7 ay sonra, 1921 yaz\u0131nda Berlin\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fclen dava oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dava k\u0131sa s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u2014yaln\u0131zca iki bu\u00e7uk g\u00fcn\u2014ve Weimar Almanya kamuoyunda bir \u015fok etkisi yaratt\u0131: Suikast\u00e7\u0131 j\u00fcri taraf\u0131ndan beraat ettirildi. Dava tutanaklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00fczere, bunun sebebi Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 olmal\u0131yd\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc dava Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden ziyade neredeyse tamamen soyk\u0131r\u0131ma odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dava, Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir yarg\u0131lamaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Hayatta kalanlar ve uzmanlar soyk\u0131r\u0131m hakk\u0131nda tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmi\u015f, bu durum medyada geni\u015f yer bulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Johannes Lepsius da orada tan\u0131kl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015f ve en sars\u0131c\u0131 beyanlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 sunmu\u015ftu. Ancak onun tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fka bir nedenden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc de \u00f6nemliydi: I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Alman D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kamuoyunun ve \u00f6zellikle \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin Almanya\u2019n\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan sorumlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilmesi amac\u0131yla, kendi diplomatik yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir derlemeyi yay\u0131na haz\u0131rlamas\u0131 ve yay\u0131mlamas\u0131 i\u00e7in Lepsius\u2019u g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015fti. Kitap bu hedefe tam olarak ula\u015famam\u0131\u015f olsa da soyk\u0131r\u0131ma dair resmi belgeleri\u2014s\u0131radan olanlar\u0131 de\u011fil, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fcttefikinin dahili diplomatik belgelerini\u2014ilk kez ortaya koydu. Kamuoyu bu belgeleri ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fini tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131; hatta Cemal Pa\u015fa baz\u0131 belgelere itiraz etti\u011fi bir makale yazd\u0131, ancak bunu yaparken di\u011fer belgelerin do\u011frulu\u011funu kabul etmi\u015f oldu. \u00d6nde gelen bir J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131ndan Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131 detayland\u0131ran belgelerin do\u011frulu\u011funun bu \u015fekilde kabul edili\u015fi bug\u00fcn tamamen unutulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 belgelerinin Lepsius taraf\u0131ndan derlenmi\u015f olmas\u0131, Talat Pa\u015fa suikast\u0131 davas\u0131nda tan\u0131kl\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada onun esasen D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 onayl\u0131 bir uzman oldu\u011fu ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dava, soyk\u0131r\u0131ma dair o kadar \u00e7ok \u015fey ortaya koymu\u015ftu ki, davan\u0131n ard\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nce ink\u00e2r politikas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten Almanlar da soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 (bir halk\u0131n katledilmesi olarak) kabul ettiler; fakat hemen ard\u0131ndan bunu me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rma yoluna gittiler. Bu, \u00f6nceki ink\u00e2rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n adeta kendi i\u00e7 mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izleyen bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcyd\u00fc. Dahas\u0131, genel anlamda soyk\u0131r\u0131m olgusunu me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131ran arg\u00fcmanlar \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Nazilerin resmi yay\u0131nlar\u0131nda nas\u0131l yer ald\u0131? Nazi ideologlar\u0131n\u0131n, kendi az\u0131nl\u0131k politikalar\u0131na hukuki ve siyasi bir zemin olu\u015fturmak ad\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki Alman belgelerinden ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan nas\u0131l yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 detayland\u0131rabilir misiniz?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naziler, B\u00fcy\u00fck Alman Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda yeni bir hareketti; bu tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 yak\u0131ndan takip ediyor, hatta tart\u0131\u015fmaya kat\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. T\u00fcrklerin Ermenilerden kurtulduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in art\u0131k Yunanlarla sava\u015fabildiklerini ve ger\u00e7ek anlamda milli bir devlet kurabildiklerini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getiriyorlard\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan Nazilerin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, Alman merkez-a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f yelpazesindeki Yeni T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye y\u00f6nelik hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yayg\u0131n olarak payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve az\u0131nl\u0131klardan kurtulmu\u015f olman\u0131n (\u00f6nce soyk\u0131r\u0131mla Ermenilerden, ard\u0131ndan n\u00fcfus m\u00fcbadelesiyle Yunanlardan) sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir yeni T\u00fcrk devletinin temel dayana\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yay\u0131nlarla tamamen paralellik g\u00f6steriyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter\u2019in 1915\u2019te Erzurum\u2019dan aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporlar\u0131 ile Munich\u2019te 1923\u2019e kadar Hitler\u2019in en yak\u0131n ideolojik ak\u0131l hocalar\u0131ndan biri olmas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; onun ki\u015fisel raporlar\u0131n\u0131n ve ar\u015fivlerinin Hitler\u2019in Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019na ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri \u00fczerindeki etkisini nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendiriyorsunuz?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu konu bir nevi kapal\u0131 kutudur\u2014ne konu\u015ftuklar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli hususlarda birbirlerini nas\u0131l etkilediklerini kesin olarak bilmiyoruz. Ancak Scheubner-Richter i\u00e7in Ermeni konusu son derece \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fundan, bu konuyu konu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r; o y\u0131llarda hem bu konunun hem de T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Alman medyas\u0131nda ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, muhtemelen bu konuyu bolca konu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scheubner-Richter Birahane Darbesi\u2019nde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckten (Hitler\u2019i yere \u00e7ekerek hayat\u0131n\u0131 kurtard\u0131ktan) sonra, dul e\u015fi Nazi Partisi\u2019nin M\u00fcnih\u2019teki genel merkezinde bir i\u015fe girdi ve uzun y\u0131llar Heinrich Himmler ile ayn\u0131 oday\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131. Yine ne konu\u015ftuklar\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyoruz, ancak konunun merhum e\u015fi i\u00e7in ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu (ve Himmler\u2019in de o y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye olan ilgisi) g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu konuya de\u011findiklerinden emin olabiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hitler’in Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri nelerdi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kesin olarak bilmemiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler belgelenmemi\u015ftir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan, Ermenilerden, Ge\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndan ve Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Yeni T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinden haberdar oldu\u011fu yeterince a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r; ancak bu konuya dair do\u011frudan bir kay\u0131t elimizde yoktur. Ermenilerden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bir \u0131rk olarak s\u00f6z etmi\u015f, Atat\u00fcrk hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok konu\u015fmu\u015ftur; fakat Hitler\u2019in do\u011frudan Ermeniler hakk\u0131ndaki ifadelerine dair elimizde fazla veri bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scheubner-Richter 1923\u2019te \u00f6lmeseydi ve \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Reich\u2019\u0131n kurulu\u015funda aktif bir rol alsayd\u0131, Erzurum\u2019daki saha deneyimi Holokost\u2019un idari, lojistik ve kamp d\u00fczeyindeki organizasyonunu nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir veya h\u0131zland\u0131rabilirdi? Bilmeyenler i\u00e7in Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter\u2019i, Erzurum raporunu ve bu rapordaki “Soyk\u0131r\u0131m” anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirebilir misiniz?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 rapor eden ve protesto eden Alman konsoloslar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Scheubner-Richter en sesini \u00e7\u0131karan ve \u0131srarc\u0131 olan\u0131yd\u0131. Kendi b\u00f6lgesinde ve \u00f6tesinde Ermenilere yap\u0131lanlar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak raporlad\u0131. Yine de Holokost\u2019un uygulan\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imini nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015ftirebilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6remiyorum. Ko\u015fullar farkl\u0131yd\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7ek de \u00f6yle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Somut yaz\u0131\u015fma ve belgelerin \u00f6tesinde, Alman sanat\u0131nda ve edebiyat\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir Ermeni tehciri  imgesi mevcuttur?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum tamamen d\u00f6neme ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; ancak genel olarak Franz Werfel\u2019in Musa Da\u011f’da K\u0131rk G\u00fcn ve Edgar Hilsenrath\u2019\u0131n Son D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Masal\u0131 gibi eserleri bu olguyu olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli ve merkezi bir yere koyar. Tarihin bir d\u00f6neminde Werfel, Hitler\u2019in iktidara gelmesinin ne anlama gelebilece\u011fi konusunda Almanya\u2019y\u0131 uyarmak amac\u0131yla bir turneye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve bu kapsamda Alman Ermeni yanl\u0131s\u0131 aktivist Johannes Lepsius\u2019un Enver Pa\u015fa ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weimar Almanya\u2019s\u0131ndaki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f \u00e7evreler, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki yenilgisini a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in “Arkadan B\u0131\u00e7aklanma Efsanesi”ni (Dolchsto\u00dflegende) uydurdular. Bu \u00e7evrelerin Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik politikas\u0131n\u0131 “i\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 bir me\u015fru m\u00fcdafaa” olarak savunmas\u0131, kendi uydurduklar\u0131 efsaneyi rasyonelle\u015ftirmek ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmak ad\u0131na tarihsel bir temel i\u015flevi g\u00f6rd\u00fc m\u00fc?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermeni vakas\u0131ndan do\u011frudan bir etki oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcren bir ar\u015fiv kayd\u0131na sahip de\u011filiz. Ancak s\u00f6zde Ermeni “arkadan b\u0131\u00e7aklamas\u0131” olgusunun Alman sava\u015f propagandas\u0131nda son derece merkezi bir yer tuttu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu durumun kendi efsanelerini kamuoyu nezdinde daha kabul edilebilir ve daha akla yatk\u0131n k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a muhtemeldir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hitler\u2019e atfedilen \u00fcnl\u00fc “Bug\u00fcn Ermenilerin yok edilmesinden kim s\u00f6z ediyor ki?” s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn otantikli\u011fi konusunda \u015f\u00fcpheci oldu\u011funuzu biliyoruz. Bu al\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, iki tarihsel trajedi (Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ve Holokost) aras\u0131ndaki derin, do\u011frudan ve rahats\u0131z edici ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 belgelere dayanarak nas\u0131l somutla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorsunuz? Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015f veya cezaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, Holokost yine de ya\u015fan\u0131r m\u0131yd\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6z\u00fcn kendisine \u015f\u00fcpheyle yakla\u015fm\u0131yorum. S\u00f6ylendi\u011fine inan\u0131yorum; ancak bu s\u00f6ze ve o an s\u00f6ylenip s\u00f6ylenmedi\u011fi hususuna gere\u011finden fazla anlam y\u00fcklendi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Bu s\u00f6z\u00fc o s\u0131rada s\u00f6yleyip s\u00f6ylemedi\u011fi pek de \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu ifade, konuyla ilgili bir\u00e7ok Nazi yay\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ve vecizesinin de dile getirdi\u011fi \u015feyi \u00f6zetlemektedir. Bu durum, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00fcnya tarihi i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan temel ders olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015feyi yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r: Bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m i\u015fleyebilir ve bundan cezas\u0131z kurtulabilirsiniz. Nazi ve sa\u011fdan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fa Alman bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131ndan kurtuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in her zamankinden daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, buna dair tart\u0131\u015fmalar, geni\u015f bilgi birikimi ve somut bir cezan\u0131n yoklu\u011fu, Holokost\u2019u kesinlikle daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; her ne kadar Nazilerin \u00f6l\u00e7ek ve y\u00f6ntem a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bug\u00fcn bile bir dereceye kadar ak\u0131l almaz olsa da. \u0130kisi ayn\u0131 veya benzer de\u011fildir; ancak evet, birbirleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Yine de ayn\u0131 zamanda, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olmasayd\u0131 da Holokost kesinlikle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecekti. H\u0131zl\u0131 ve hatta cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir ceza verilmi\u015f olsayd\u0131 Holokost farkl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde icra edilebilirdi; ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck tarihsel olaylar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu say\u0131s\u0131z fakt\u00f6r taraf\u0131ndan belirlenir. Holokost da kesinlikle b\u00f6yledir. Naziler, yok edici antisemitizmi siyasi DNA\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline getirmi\u015flerdi. Bu durum, radikal ac\u0131mas\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131, Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki hakimiyetleri, mesih\u00e7i ideolojileri ve son olarak her \u015feyde “ya \u015fimdi ya hi\u00e7” d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle birle\u015fti\u011finde, onlar\u0131 d\u00f6nemin en acil olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri sorunlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik en \u015fiddetli “\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler” yoluna sokmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olaylar\u0131n faillerinin sava\u015ftan sonra cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve hatta bu zihniyetin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki yeni rejimin kurucu kadrolar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer almas\u0131, d\u00f6nemin Alman medyas\u0131nda ve Nazilerin uluslararas\u0131 hukuk ile cezas\u0131zl\u0131k inanc\u0131nda bir etki yaratt\u0131 m\u0131 veya bunu \u015fekillendirdi mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elbette yaratt\u0131. Bu sadece Naziler i\u00e7in de\u011fil, genel olarak t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in temel bir dersti. Bu durum, Raphael Lemkin\u2019i uluslararas\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unu kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rma ve kodifiye etmeye y\u00f6nelten s\u00fcre\u00e7te de etkili olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan ders, belirli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda bir halk\u0131n katledilmesinden cezas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde kurtulunabilece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/fikircografyasi.com\/makale\/alman-belgelerinde-1915-stefan-ihrig-ile-soylesi<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hasan Karademir Stefan Ihrig Kimdir? Stefan Ihrig, Alman, T\u00fcrk ve daha geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 Avrupa ve Orta Do\u011fu tarihi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir tarih profes\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. Atat\u00fcrk in the Nazi Imagination (Harvard University Press, 2014) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 be\u015f dile \u00e7evrilmi\u015f olup, Justifying Genocide\u2014Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler (Harvard University Press, 2016) adl\u0131 eseri ise 2017 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":87249,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,1,54,71],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-87246","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-kitaplar-elestiriler","category-mulakatlar"],"yoast_head":"\nAlman Belgelerinde 1915: Stefan Ihrig ile S\u00f6yle\u015fi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=87246\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Alman Belgelerinde 1915: Stefan Ihrig ile S\u00f6yle\u015fi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hasan Karademir Stefan Ihrig Kimdir? 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