{"id":86716,"date":"2026-07-10T01:38:45","date_gmt":"2026-07-10T06:38:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=86716"},"modified":"2026-07-10T01:38:46","modified_gmt":"2026-07-10T06:38:46","slug":"ankaranin-1919-1922-tasfiyesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=86716","title":{"rendered":"Ankara\u2019n\u0131n 1919-1922 tasfiyesi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

NEVZAT ONARAN yazd\u0131: 30 Ocak 1923\u2019te de T\u00fcrkiye-Yunanistan M\u00fcbadele S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi imzaland\u0131. Asl\u0131nda bu, Rumlar\u0131n Anadolu\u2019dan temizlendi\u011finin onay\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 1,2 milyon Rum m\u00fcbadilin ancak 112 bini imza sonras\u0131nda gitmi\u015ftir. Anadolu sadece Rumlardan de\u011fil, di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan milletlerden de temizlenmi\u015fti. Rakamlarla sabittir, 1914\u2019te H\u0131ristiyan n\u00fcfusun toplamda y\u00fczde 20 olan pay\u0131, 1927\u2019de y\u00fczde 2,8\u2019e gerilemi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nevzat Onaran<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet idaresindeki Osmanl\u0131, Birinci Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na Almanya ile 2 A\u011fustos 1914\u2019te imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gizli antla\u015fmayla girece\u011fini beyan etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki ay sonra hem de cihat ilan ederek girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet o kadar Almanc\u0131yd\u0131 ki, ordusunun Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 koltu\u011funu[1]<\/a> Alman Tu\u011fgeneral Bronzart von Shellendorff\u2019a teslim etmi\u015f ve sava\u015f\u0131n finansman\u0131n\u0131[2]<\/a> da Alman mark\u0131yla yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antla\u015fma sonras\u0131 al\u0131nan kararlardan ikisini hat\u0131rlat\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birincisi<\/strong>, 2 A\u011fustos\u2019tan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc, K\u00fcrt\u2019\u00fc ve Ermeni\u2019si, Rum\u2019u d\u00e2hil 18-45 ya\u015f aras\u0131nda olan her erke\u011fi silahalt\u0131na alan seferberlik<\/strong> ilan\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00fcya Osmanl\u0131 tarafs\u0131zd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet o kadar sava\u015f taraftar\u0131yd\u0131 ki, toprak bile ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131. Sava\u015fa girildikten bir y\u0131l sonra 1 Ekim 1915\u2019te Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n ittifak g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak sava\u015fa kat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Almanya\u2019n\u0131n talebi \u00fczerine, Bulgaristan\u2019a Trakya\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 topra\u011f\u0131 verildi<\/strong>.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne garip \u00e7eli\u015fkidir ki, Bulgaristan\u2019a toprak ba\u011f\u0131\u015flayan \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet, ayn\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde de Ermeniler topra\u011f\u0131m\u0131 kopartacak diye soyunu k\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kincisi<\/strong>, Ermeni milletinden liderlik yetene\u011fi olanlar\u0131n 6 Eyl\u00fcl 1914\u2019ten itibaren izlenmesiydi.[4]<\/a> B\u00f6ylece 24 Nisan 1915\u2019teki \u015fifreyle belirlenmi\u015f olanlar\u0131n hemen tutuklanmas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131. Liderlerin tasfiyesinden birka\u00e7 hafta sonra, s\u0131ra Ermenilerin kitlesel olarak yerinden-yurdundan kovalanmas\u0131na gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece harici harple, d\u00e2hili harp birle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya ile antla\u015fma gere\u011fi Osmanl\u0131, 2 A\u011fustos 1914\u2019ten itibaren Almanya ve Avusturya ile \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 emperyal sava\u015f\u0131n ittifak g\u00fcc\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131, sava\u015fta bu blok yenildi\u011fi i\u00e7in 30 Ekim 1918\u2019de Mondros M\u00fctarekesini<\/strong> imzalad\u0131. Lozan\u2019daki antla\u015fma bu ate\u015fkesin devam\u0131yd\u0131. Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmeti de Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n devam\u0131 olarak masadayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131, Birinci Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n galibi \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yenilen bir emperyal g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc ve \u0130ngiltere gibi bir de s\u00f6m\u00fcrge imparatorlu\u011fuydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kimse, S\u00fcnni \u0130slamc\u0131lar ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcler gibi \u201cBat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hedefi Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 par\u00e7alamakt\u0131\u201d<\/strong> diye ma\u011fduriyet edebiyat\u0131 yapmas\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya ile ne planlar yap\u0131ld\u0131? Biliyor muyuz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak emperyal g\u00fc\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131, emperyalist payla\u015f\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131na girmi\u015ftir ve yenilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Ankara<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi (BMM) a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ankara, yeni iktidar merkezi olarak Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u0130stanbul\u2019u kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi ve zamanla da tasfiye etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n egemeni Saray hari\u00e7, Ankara\u2019n\u0131n da egemeniydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n askeri, m\u00fclki ve sair organlar\u0131<\/strong>, Ankara\u2019n\u0131n da kurumlar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ankara\u2019n\u0131n resm\u00ee ideolojisi, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n resm\u00ee ideolojisinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fckle mayalanmas\u0131yla \u00fcretilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletten ulusa modelinde T\u00fcrkler, yeni devlet kurmad\u0131, mevcudu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ezilen milletlerin b\u00f6yle bir imk\u00e2n\u0131 yoktu; K\u00fcrtler, \u00c7erkesler, Rumlar, Ermeniler ve saire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ankara, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halen s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci miras\u0131n sorunlar\u0131yla bo\u011fu\u015fmuyor muyuz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcrt meselesi de Dersim meselesi de H\u0131ristiyanlar meselesi de s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan mirast\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hatta 30 Ekim 1922 tarihli TBMM karar\u0131yla da \u201cmiras\u00e7\u0131 olman\u0131n\u201d gerekli me\u015fruiyeti sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ankara\u2019n\u0131n yedi d\u00fcvele kafa tutan anti-emperyalizm s\u00f6ylemi, asl\u0131nda \u2018s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci\u2019 stat\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerine bina edildi\u011fi i\u00e7in tutars\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni bir d\u00fcnya iddias\u0131ndaki sosyalist hareketler ve sosyalistler de<\/strong> anti-emperyalizm barikat\u0131n\u0131 a\u015famad\u0131<\/strong> ve vatanda\u015f H\u0131ristiyan milletlere neler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na mercek tutamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halen de tutulmu\u015f de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7anakkale\u2019den 1920\u2019lere<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Yak\u0131n d\u00f6neme kadar, \u2018Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019 s\u00f6ylemine \u00f6znesini ekleyerek de\u011ferlendirmede bulunuyordum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019 derdim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Art\u0131k bu s\u00f6ylemin yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zne tespiti do\u011fruydu, ama \u2018kurtulu\u015f\u2019 s\u00f6ylemi hayli sorunluydu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunan ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 cephe sava\u015f\u0131, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde vatanda\u015f H\u0131ristiyanlara neler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 maskeledi; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc cephe sava\u015f\u0131 anti-emperyalist olarak de\u011ferlendiriliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yedi y\u0131l \u00f6nce de \u00c7anakkale\u2019de \u0130ngiltere ile \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmadan<\/strong> ve zaferden anti-emperyalizm \u00fcretilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7anakkale\u2019de anti-emperyalist m\u00fccadeleyi veren ordunun, Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f\u2019ta Rusya topra\u011f\u0131na girmesi neydi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 Almanya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ekti\u011fi emperyalist kamp\u0131n \u00fcyesi Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n<\/strong> di\u011fer emperyalist kampla sava\u015f\u0131ndan anti-emperyalizm nas\u0131l \u00fcretilmi\u015fti? S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci, nas\u0131l anti-emperyalist olmu\u015ftu? Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Alman olan Osmanl\u0131 ordusu, nas\u0131l anti-emperyalist m\u00fccadele vermi\u015fti?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve b\u00f6ylesi Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Ankara\u2019n\u0131n, 1919-1922\u2019deki anti-emperyalizmi de ayn\u0131 derecede sorunluydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda Yunan ordusuyla cephe sava\u015f\u0131 anti-i\u015fgalciydi\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu y\u0131llarda \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin as\u0131l derdi Moskova\u2019daki Bol\u015fevik iktidar\u0131yd\u0131<\/strong>, Ankara de\u011fildi. Rusya\u2019dan p\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 p\u0131rt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 toplay\u0131p ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra \u0130ngiltere, Malta tutsaklar\u0131ndan kurtulup, Ankara ile temasa \u00f6ncelik vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7 cephede vatanda\u015f\u0131n tasfiyesi<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

1919-1922 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ankara\u2019n\u0131n d\u00e2hili ve harici ikili hedefi vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harici hedef, i\u015fgalciydi<\/strong>; bat\u0131da 15 May\u0131s 1919\u2019da \u0130zmir\u2019i ve sonras\u0131nda Ankara\u2019ya kadar t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgeyi i\u015fgal eden Yunanistan\u2019d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin vekalet sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren ve Anadolu\u2019yu i\u015fgal edendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O g\u00fcnlerde Yunanistan kom\u00fcnistleri ise halklar\u0131n karde\u015fli\u011fi m\u00fccadelesinin yolda\u015flar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yunanistan\u2019dan, Anadolu i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan kom\u00fcnistlerin gazetesi Rizospastis<\/em> <\/strong>[Radikal]bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rizospastis<\/em>\u2019e g\u00f6re, Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin kuca\u011f\u0131na atan Venizelos\u2019tu (18.11.1920), i\u015fgalin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 \u201ckorkun\u00e7 bir sava\u015f maceras\u0131\u201dyd\u0131 (21.7.1921) ve halka, cephedeki ger\u00e7ek anlat\u0131lm\u0131yordu (30.7.1921).[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki Anadolu kom\u00fcnistleri, bu \u00e7izgide miydi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Okudu\u011fum kadar\u0131yla de\u011fildi\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e2hili hedef, vatanda\u015ft\u0131<\/strong>; Anadolu\u2019nun kuzeyinde, g\u00fcneyinde ve bat\u0131s\u0131nda hem T\u00fcrk hem de S\u00fcnni \u0130slam olmayan Osmanl\u0131-Ankara\/T\u00fcrkiye <\/strong>vatanda\u015flar\u0131yd\u0131. Bu, 1895-96\u2019dan 1915\u2019e de\u011fi\u015fmez hedef Anadolu\u2019yu \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma ve T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilme politi\u011finin, 1914-1918\u2019den sonra yeni bir a\u015famas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O y\u0131llarda hem bat\u0131y\u0131 Yunan Ordusu i\u015fgalinden hem de Anadolu\u2019yu \u2018vatanda\u015f gayri \u0130slam milletleri\u2019nden kurtarmak hedeflenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yani \u2018i\u015fgalci\u2019 ve \u2018vatanda\u015f\u2019 <\/strong>e\u015fitlenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u2018d\u00fc\u015fman\u2019 g\u00f6ren rejimin, demokrasiyle pek derdinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilan edilmi\u015fti; b\u00f6yle oldu\u011fu tarihiyle de sabittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O g\u00fcn bug\u00fcnd\u00fcr, mevzuatta \u201cvatanda\u015flar e\u015fittir\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc yazsa da T\u00fcrk ve S\u00fcnni \u0130slam, Ankara\u2019n\u0131n makbul vatanda\u015f kriteridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019den beri y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki Anadolu\u2019yu \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma ve T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme politi\u011fini dikkate almad\u0131k\u00e7a, 1919-1922 d\u00f6neminin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130slam birli\u011fi\/karde\u015fli\u011fi politi\u011fiyle, \u00f6nce TBMM se\u00e7iminde H\u0131ristiyan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 engellendi ve tasfiyesine de aynen devam edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1919-1922\u2019de vatanda\u015f H\u0131ristiyanlar \u00fc\u00e7 cephede hedeftir<\/strong>: G\u00fcneyde, kuzeyde ve bat\u0131da.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7meyen \u015fark da 1925 sonras\u0131nda yeni fetih b\u00f6lgesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buralar \u2018i\u00e7 mesele\u2019 olup, vatanda\u015f\u0131n tasfiyesi hedeflendi\u011finden can kayb\u0131, \u2018Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin toplam kayb\u0131na eklenmemi\u015f ve sadece Yunanistan\u2019la cephe sava\u015f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; o da 9167 ki\u015fidir.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcneyde, kuzeyde ve bat\u0131da neler oldu\u011funa k\u0131saca de\u011finece\u011fim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1- G\u00fcneyde vatanda\u015f Ermeniler ve di\u011ferleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti 1918 sonunda s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilenlerin (asl\u0131nda kovalananlar\u0131n) d\u00f6nmesine ve evine-bark\u0131na gelmesine izin verdi. Ayakta olanlar d\u00f6nd\u00fc, ama \u00e7o\u011funun mal\u0131na-m\u00fclk\u00fcne \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu, Kas\u0131m 1918\u2019de Adana Valili\u011fi\u2019nde \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00fcndem olmu\u015ftur: D\u00f6nen Ermenilerin ve Rumlar\u0131n yarataca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7 karga\u015fa kayg\u0131s\u0131![8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

O g\u00fcn Valilik karar\u0131yla da kadroda temizlik yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Ermeni tehcirindeki g\u00f6revli memurlar hemen de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mallar\u0131n iadesi ve sair sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc, 8 Ocak 1920 tarihli kararnameyle<\/strong>[10]<\/a> ama\u00e7lan\u0131r, ama Ankara nazar\u0131nda kararname sorundur, pek uygulanmaz. Kararname, \u0130zmir\u2019e T\u00fcrk askeri girdikten be\u015f g\u00fcn sonra 14 Eyl\u00fcl 1922\u2019de TBMM karar\u0131yla<\/strong>[11]<\/a> ilga edilir. \u00c7\u00f6kmenin yasal dayana\u011f\u0131 15 Nisan 1923 tarihli kanunla[12]<\/a> sa\u011flan\u0131r. Arkas\u0131ndan da ilgili transfer ve tapu kayd\u0131n\u0131 yenileme yasalar\u0131 bir bir y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mondros M\u00fctarekesi\u2019yle gerek\u00e7elendirilerek, Adana-Antep hatt\u0131nda<\/strong> \u00f6nce \u0130ngiliz sonra Frans\u0131z i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in b\u00f6lgedeki kolordulara verdi\u011fi talimat, \u201cFrans\u0131zlara kar\u015f\u0131 gayrinizami harp y\u00f6ntemiyle m\u00fccadele edilmesidir.\u201d[13]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hayli yo\u011fun \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, 20 Ekim 1921\u2019de Fransa ile anla\u015fmay\u0131<\/strong> imzalad\u0131.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131rlar \u00e7izildi ve Frans\u0131zlar \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hatta Fransa, Anadolu\u2019yu terk ederken Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmetine bir miktar silah\u0131, cephaneyi ve u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 hediye etti ve baz\u0131 malzemeyi satt\u0131.[15]<\/a> Frans\u0131zlar, \u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Tekirda\u011f, Zonguldak ve Mersin\u2019de de cephane sevkiyat\u0131nda destek olmu\u015ftu.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ankara, anla\u015fma (madde 5) gere\u011fi, \u201cgenel af ilan etmedi\u011fi\u201d i\u00e7in 25 bin<\/strong>[17]<\/a> veya 30 bin<\/strong>[18]<\/a> vatanda\u015f Ermeni<\/strong>, Adana\u2019dan geldi\u011fi Suriye\u2019ye gitmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kalmalar\u0131 istenmemi\u015f, \u201ccan ve mal g\u00fcvenli\u011finiz sa\u011flanacakt\u0131r\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc verilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2- Bat\u0131da vatanda\u015f Rumlar ve di\u011ferleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1919\u2019da \u0130zmir\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kan ve iki y\u0131lda Bursa, U\u015fak, K\u00fctahya, Eski\u015fehir d\u00e2hil pek \u00e7ok vilayeti i\u015fgal eden Yunanistan, \u2018d\u0131\u015f hedef\u2019tir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Riskli vatanda\u015f\u2019 zihniyetiyle, i\u015fgalle illiyet ba\u011f\u0131 kurularak<\/strong>, \u00f6zelinde Rumlar\u0131n ve genelinde H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n, vatanda\u015f olduklar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fgal \u00f6ncesinde b\u00f6lgedeki H\u0131ristiyanlar resmen kovaland\u0131; kararnamelerde de \u015furaya gidiyorsunuz denmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15 Eyl\u00fcl 1920\u2019de<\/strong> resmen kovalamaya ba\u015fland\u0131: Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, \u201caskeri ve siyasi\u201d gerek\u00e7eyle, [i\u015fgal b\u00f6lgesine s\u0131n\u0131r vilayetler] Bolu, Geyve, Bilecik, Eski\u015fehir, K\u00fctahya, Afyonkarahisar, Denizli, Burdur ve Isparta\u2019da<\/strong> bulunan Rum ve Ermenilerden \u201c\u015fimdilik 20-40 ya\u015f\u0131nda bulunan erkeklerin\u201d sevkini kararla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[19]<\/a> Sevkin nereye yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Denizli \u00f6rne\u011finde<\/strong> oldu\u011fu gibi kararname \u00f6ncesinde de yerel birimler harekete ge\u00e7mi\u015f, H\u0131ristiyanlar kovalanm\u0131\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5 Haziran 1920\u2019de Kuva-y\u0131 Milliye Reisi M\u00fcft\u00fc Ahmet Hulusi<\/strong>, Demirci Mehmed Efe\u2019ye \u00e7ekti\u011fi telgrafla Denizli\u2019deki Rum erkeklerin i\u00e7eriye sevkini [kovalanmas\u0131n\u0131] istemi\u015ftir. Denizli mutasarr\u0131f vekili, kad\u0131 ve Askerlik Dairesi Reisi Albay Tevfik, s\u00fcrg\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Demirci Mehmed\u2019le s\u00fcrg\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar aras\u0131ndaki gerilim sonras\u0131nda Albay Tevfik d\u00e2hil 68 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Konu TBMM\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, sonunda kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Demirci\u2019ye maa\u015f ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Demirci\u2019nin adamlar\u0131 sadece Denizli\u2019de de\u011fil, Isparta ve Burdur\u2019da da Rumlar\u0131 yerinden-yurdundan kovalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Denizli\u2019de m\u00fcft\u00fcn\u00fcn icras\u0131na resmi onay, Bakanlar Kurulu\u2019nun 15 Eyl\u00fcl 1920 tarihli karar\u0131yla verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1921 \u015eubat ba\u015f\u0131nda Bilecik\u2019te<\/strong> cepheye yak\u0131n yerlerdeki H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n hepsi \u2018geriye\u2019 sevk edilmi\u015ftir.[21]<\/a> Nereye? Cevap yok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1921 Nisan\u2019da \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019de sava\u015f kazan\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Garp Cephesi Kumandan\u0131 \u0130smet\u2019in \u015fifresiyle, S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct, \u0130neg\u00f6l, Bey\u015fehir, Bilecik ve Eski\u015fehir\u2019deki<\/strong> t\u00fcm H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n \u201cgeri b\u00f6lgelere\u201d s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve k\u00f6ylerine \u0130slam ahalinin yerle\u015ftirilmesi \u00f6nerilmi\u015ftir.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gere\u011fi yap\u0131lmaz m\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11 May\u0131s 1921\u2019de Bat\u0131 Cephesi\u2019nden (Afyon, K\u00fctahya, Eski\u015fehir\u2019le Bilecik<\/strong>) ve Cenup Cephesi\u2019nden (Konya, Karaman, Ere\u011fli<\/strong>) 18-50 ya\u015f aras\u0131ndaki H\u0131ristiyan erkeklerin Elaziz\u2019e ve Sivas\u2019a sevki kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[23]<\/a> Garp Cephesi Kumandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn nas\u0131l yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n talimatnamesini haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk kez, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn mahali Elaziz ve Sivas<\/strong> olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Peki, bu tarihe kadar s\u00fcr\u00fclenler nereye g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u0131ristiyanlar Bat\u0131\u2019dan Sivas\u2019a s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrken, Sivas\u2019\u0131n Zara kazas\u0131nda 15 Rum k\u00f6y\u00fc halk\u0131<\/strong> da Giresun\u2019un K\u0131r\u0131k nahiyesine sevk edilmi\u015ftir.[25]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

28 Haziran 1921\u2019de hedef, Mu\u011fla, Ayd\u0131n, Burdur ve Silifke<\/strong>\u2019dir: 18-50 ya\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda eli silah tutan H\u0131ristiyanlar, Elaziz\u2019e ve Sivas\u2019a g\u00f6nderilecektir.[26]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6lgenin temizlenmesi ve gerekli lojisti\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda A\u011fustos 1922\u2019de T\u00fcrk Ordusu\u2019nun harek\u00e2t\u0131yla Eski\u015fehir 2 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de ve \u0130zmir 9 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de i\u015fgalden kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131rada vatanda\u015f Rumlar ve Ermeniler vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki hafta sonra Eski\u015fehir\u2019in H\u0131ristiyanlardan temizlenmesinde neler ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Hakimiyet-i Milliye<\/em> gazetesinden okuyoruz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYava\u015f yava\u015f ba\u015f g\u00f6steren korku, yerini pani\u011fe b\u0131rakt\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 g\u00fcn zarf\u0131nda Rum ve Ermeniler, mevkilerini terk ettiler, hepsi gitti ve kalmak isteyenler cebren sevk edildi<\/strong>. [\u2026] \u0130nsan s\u00fcr\u00fcleri ac\u0131kl\u0131 bir surette yekdi\u011feri \u00fczerine y\u0131\u011f\u0131l\u0131yordu. Hayk\u0131r\u0131\u015flar, \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015flar, kad\u0131n, \u00e7ocuk, ihtiyar, hasta ve sakatlar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131na kar\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.\u201d[27]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zmir yak\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra da 19 Eyl\u00fcl 1922\u2019de Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Fevzi\u2019nin<\/strong> [\u00c7akmak], TBMM\u2019ye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi rapordan \u00f6\u011freniyoruz ki o tarihte bile H\u0131ristiyanlar sahile kovalanmaktad\u0131r.[28]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fgal bitmi\u015ftir, ama vatanda\u015f H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n \u00e7ilesi bitmemi\u015ftir!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3- Kuzeyde vatanda\u015f Rumlar ve di\u011ferleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzey; g\u00fcney ve bat\u0131 gibi i\u015fgal edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzeyde neler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na k\u0131saca de\u011finece\u011fim; seferber edilen Merkez Ordusu\u2019dur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzeyde vatanda\u015f Pontos Rumlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik harek\u00e2t\u0131, Merkez Ordusu planlam\u0131\u015f ve yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkez Ordusu, Ko\u00e7giri ve Pontos harek\u00e2t\u0131<\/strong> i\u00e7in 9 Aral\u0131k 1920\u2019de kurulmu\u015f ve g\u00f6revini tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra 25 \u015eubat 1922\u2019de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkez Ordusu Kumandan\u0131 Sakall\u0131 Nureddin<\/strong>, Ocak 1921\u2019de aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Ko\u00e7giri\u2019ye ve Pontos\u2019a basmadan, ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iki genelgeyle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[29]<\/a> Daha sonra Kumandan Nureddin, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin verdi\u011fi g\u00f6revi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.[30]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ko\u00e7giri ilk ve May\u0131s 1921\u2019den itibaren Pontos ikinci hedef sahas\u0131d\u0131r. Karadeniz, devlet karar\u0131yla sava\u015f b\u00f6lgesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harek\u00e2tta, Merkez Ordusu denetiminde Topal Osman \u00c7etesi<\/strong> gibi \u00e7eteler de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hatta 19 Ocak 1922 tarihli kanunla, 45-50 asker katili Katil \u0130lyas \u00c7etesi de \u201cKaradeniz\u2019de Rumlar\u0131 vurmak<\/strong>\u201d ko\u015fuluyla affedilmi\u015ftir.[31]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stefanos Yerasimos\u2019a g\u00f6re Karadeniz, Sivas ve Kastamonu d\u00e2hil b\u00f6lgenin toplam Rum n\u00fcfusu 450 bin olup, bunun ancak 22 bini m\u00fcbadele anla\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Yunanistan\u2019a gitmi\u015ftir.[32]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki, 430 bin Karadenizli Rum\u2019a ne oldu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 20\u2019sine ne oldu?<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

1895-1896\u2019da temellendirilen Anadolu\u2019nun \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 politi\u011finde 1922\u2019de sona yakla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30 Ocak 1923\u2019te de T\u00fcrkiye-Yunanistan M\u00fcbadele S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi imzaland\u0131. Asl\u0131nda bu, Rumlar\u0131n Anadolu\u2019dan temizlendi\u011finin onay\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 1,2 milyon Rum m\u00fcbadilin ancak 112 bini<\/strong> imza sonras\u0131nda gitmi\u015ftir.[33]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anadolu sadece Rumlardan de\u011fil, di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan milletlerden de temizlenmi\u015fti. Rakamlarla sabittir, 1914\u2019te H\u0131ristiyan n\u00fcfusun toplamda y\u00fczde 20 olan pay\u0131, 1927\u2019de y\u00fczde 2,8\u2019e gerilemi\u015ftir.[34]<\/a> Bu pay, tasfiye politi\u011fine devam edildi\u011fi i\u00e7in bug\u00fcn binde bir ka\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demografik yap\u0131daki y\u00fczde 20\u2019ye ne mi olmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6l(d\u00fcr\u00fcl)m\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kovalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kalan da S\u00fcnni \u0130slamla\u015f(t\u0131r\u0131l)m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (ve T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir)!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve iktisadi yap\u0131daki mal\u0131-m\u00fclk\u00fc de transfer edilerek T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demografik ve iktisadi (ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel) yap\u0131dan tasfiye, soyu k\u0131rmak de\u011filse nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Fahri Belen, Birinci D\u00fcnya Harbinde T\u00fcrk Harbi 1914 Y\u0131l\u0131 Hareketleri<\/em>, Genelkurmay Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara-1964, s. 47-8; \u0130smet G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc, On Y\u0131ll\u0131k Harbin Kadrosu, 1912-1922, <\/em>T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara-2014, s. 65.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> Maliye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Cavid\u2019in beyanat\u0131, MMZC<\/em>, devre: III, cilt: 2, sene: 4, 21.2.1918, s. 416-438 ve MAZC<\/em>, devre: III, cilt: 1, sene: 4, 2.3.1918, s. 527-544.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131, tutanaklar-belgeler<\/em>, \u00e7eviren: Seha. L. Meray, cilt: 1, Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2. bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2001, 22 ve 23 Kas\u0131m 1922 tarihli oturum, s. 29, 33, 43, 46; Halil Mente\u015fe\u2019nin An\u0131lar\u0131<\/em>, H\u00fcrriyet Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-1986, s. 220-221; Cel\u00e2l Bayar, Ben De Yazd\u0131m<\/em>, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadeleye Gidi\u015f,<\/em> cilt: 4, Sabah Gazetesi Kitaplar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-1997, s. 162-166; Henry Morgenthau, B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Morgenthau\u2019nun \u00d6yk\u00fcs\u00fc<\/em>, \u00c7eviren: Attila Tuygan, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2005, s. 203-204; Ali Fethi (Okyar), T\u00fcrk Parlamento Tarihi, TBMM I. D\u00f6nem (1919-1923)<\/em>, cilt: 3, TBMM Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, s. 502-504.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> BOA, DH.\u015eFR, 44\/200, 24 A\u011fustos 1330\/6 Eyl\u00fcl 1914.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> TBMM\u2019nin 30.10.1922 tarih ve 307 say\u0131l\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun \u0130nk\u0131raz Bulup [bitti\u011fi] T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Te\u015fekk\u00fcl Etti\u011fine Dair Karar\u0131, TBMM ZC<\/em>, devre: I, cilt: 24, 30.10.1922, s. 292-298 ve D\u00dcSTUR, 3. Tertip, cilt: 3, Milliyet Matbaas\u0131, \u0130stanbul-1929, s. 149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> \u00c7i\u011fdem K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7o\u011flu Cihangir\u2019in makalesi, Yunan Ar\u015fiv Kaynaklar\u0131nda \u0130\u015fgal Eski\u015fehir\u2019i<\/em>, Mehmet \u00d6. Alkan-Ay\u015fe Ozil (edit\u00f6rler), Tarih Vakf\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2022, s. 65-89.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Sabahattin Selek, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele<\/em>, cilt: 2, 2. bask\u0131, \u00d6rg\u00fcn Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-1982, Ek-19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> ATASE, aktaran Mehmet \u00d6. Alkan, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Adana ve Adana\u2019n\u0131n Kurtulu\u015fu Belgeler<\/em>, Tarih Vakf\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2022, s. 112-118, 120; BOA, aktaran Suavi Ayd\u0131n, Adana Milli M\u00fccadelesi<\/em>, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2022, s. 29-30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> BOA-Katalog, DH.\u015eFR, 94\/13, 1.12.1918.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> Takvim-i Vekayi<\/em>, 12 K\u00e2nun-u Sani 1336\/12 Ocak 1920, no: 3747\u2019den aktaran, D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 2. Tertip, cilt: 11, \u0130stanbul-1928, s. 553-561.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> TBMM\u2019nin 14 Eyl\u00fcl 1338\/1922 tarih ve 284 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131, D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 3, 2. bas\u0131l\u0131\u015f, Ankara-1953, s. 82.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>[12]<\/a> 15 Nisan 1339\/1923 tarih ve 333 say\u0131l\u0131 kanun, D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 4, 2. bas\u0131l\u0131\u015f, Ankara-1953, s. 65-67; TBMM ZC<\/em>, devre: I cilt: 29-15 Nisan ve 16 Nisan 1339\/1923, s. 159-175 ve 199 ve Fihrist-s. 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 25.1.1920\u2019de Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Sivas, Diyarbak\u0131r, Ankara ve Konya\u2019daki kolordulara talimat\u0131, T\u00fcrk \u0130stiklal Harbi IV\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc Cilt G\u00fcney Cephesi<\/em>, Genelkurmay-ATASE, Ankara-2009, s. 318.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Kemal \u00c7elik, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019de Adana ve Havalisi (1918-1922)<\/em>, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara-1999, s. 476-478; ATASE, aktaran T\u00fcrk \u0130stiklal Harbi IV\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc Cilt G\u00fcney Cephesi<\/em>, s. 279-280; \u0130smail Sosyal, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Siyasal Andla\u015fmalar\u0131<\/em>, cilt: 1 (1920-1945), 3. bask\u0131, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara-2000, s. 50-52.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Alptekin M\u00fcderriso\u011flu, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Mali Kaynaklar\u0131<\/em>, Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi, Ankara-1990, s. 508, 510, 555; K\u00e2z\u0131m \u00d6zalp, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele, 1919-1922<\/em>, cilt: 1, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara-1998, s. 220-221; Fikret \u00dcnal, Muzaffer T\u0131ra\u015f, Zafer K\u00fckrer, 1920-1929 B\u00fct\u00e7e Kanunlar\u0131,<\/em> Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara-1979, s. 19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> H\u00fcsamettin Ert\u00fcrk, \u0130ki Devrin Perde Arkas\u0131<\/em>, Samih Nafiz Tansu (haz\u0131rlayan), Ararat Yay\u0131nevi, 3. bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul-1969, s. 7, 123-125, 206, 233, 374, 493, 517.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> Suavi Ayd\u0131n, age, s. 174.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> T\u00fcrk \u0130stiklal Harbi IV\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc Cilt G\u00fcney Cephesi<\/em>, s. 320.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> 13 [15].9.1920 tarih ve 215 say\u0131l\u0131 kararname, BCA: 30.18.1.1\/K: 1, D: 11, S: 17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Cengiz Mutlu, M\u00fctareke D\u00f6neminde Rum N\u00fcfus Hareketleri (1918-1922)<\/em>, Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara-2004, s. 284-289; Bilal Y\u0131ld\u0131z, S\u00fcleyman Demirel \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi<\/em>, Y\u0131l: 2013\/2, say\u0131:18, s. 157-181.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 9.2.1921 tarih ve 657 say\u0131l\u0131 kararname, BCA: 30.18.1.1\/K: 2, D: 35, S: 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> ATASE, aktaran Kemal Yakut, Eski\u015fehir\u2019in Kurtulu\u015fu<\/em>, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2023, s. 68-73.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> 11.5.1921 tarih ve 839 say\u0131l\u0131 kararname, BCA: 30.18.1.1\/K: 3, D: 19, S: 7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> 20.5.1921\u2019de, ATASE, aktaran Kemal Yakut, Eski\u015fehir\u2019in Kurtulu\u015fu<\/em>, s. 80-83.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> 29.5.1921 tarih ve 924 say\u0131l\u0131 kararname, BCA: 30.18.1.1\/K: 3, D: 23, S: 15.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> 28.6.1921 tarih ve 979 say\u0131l\u0131 kararname, BCA: 30.18.1.1\/K: 3, D: 26, S: 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> Hakimiyet-i Milliye<\/em>, \u2018Eski\u015fehir Mezalimine Ait Bir Mektup\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131, 18.9.1922, ATASE, aktaran Kemal Yakut, Eski\u015fehir\u2019in Kurtulu\u015fu<\/em>, s. 600, ab\u00e7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Fevzi\u2019nin [\u00c7akmak] TBMM\u2019ye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 19.9.1922 tarihli harp raporu, ATASE, aktaran Kemal Yakut, Eski\u015fehir\u2019in Kurtulu\u015fu<\/em>, s. 566-567.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Ko\u00e7giri Tahkikat Heyeti Raporu, aktaran Dilek K\u0131z\u0131lda\u011f Soileau, Ko\u00e7giri \u0130syan\u0131 Sosyo-Tarihsel Bir Analiz, <\/em>\u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2017, s. 191-192; Merkez Ordusu Kumandan\u0131 Nureddin\u2019in 12.1.1921 tarihli ve 2082 say\u0131l\u0131 genelgesi, aktaran Pontus Meselesi<\/em>, Dr. Y\u0131lmaz Kurt (haz\u0131rlayan), TBMM H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Matbuat M\u00fcdiriyet-i Umumisi 1338 (1922), TBMM Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara-1995, s. 398-399.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> Ko\u00e7giri Tahkikat Heyeti Raporu, aktaran Dilek K\u0131z\u0131lda\u011f Soileau, age, s. 291-293; TBMM GCZ<\/em>, cilt: 2, 22.11.1337\/1921, s. 434-436.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> 19 Ocak 1922 tarih ve 183 say\u0131l\u0131 Tecili Takibat Hakk\u0131nda Kanun, TBMM ZC<\/em>, devre: 1, cilt: 16, 12 ve 19 ve 21.1.1922, s. 31-34, 92, 111-112 ve Fihrist-s. 3; TBMM GCZ<\/em>, cilt: 2, 11.8.1921 ve 4.10.1921 ve 19.1.1922, s. 215-217, 263-264, 635-643; Hamdi Ertuna, T\u00fcrk \u0130stikl\u00e2l Harbi, VI\u2019nc\u0131 cilt, \u0130stikl\u00e2l Harbinde Ayaklanmalar (1919-1921)<\/em>, Genelkurmay Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara-1974, s. 170-176.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Stefanos Yerasimos, \u2018Pontus Meselesi (1912-1923)\u2019 makalesi, Toplum ve Bilim<\/em> i\u00e7inde G\u00fcz 1988-K\u0131\u015f 1989, say\u0131: 43-44, s. 68; N\u00fcfus \u0130\u015fleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Raporu (1933)<\/em>, s. 1-2 ve \u0130li\u015fik say\u0131 8: Vil\u00e2yet dahilinde m\u00fcbadeleye tabi elyevm mevcut Rum miktar\u0131, BCA: 30.10\/K: 124, D: 885, S: 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> N\u00fcfus \u0130\u015fleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Raporu (1933)<\/em>, s. 1-2 ve \u0130li\u015fik say\u0131 8: Vil\u00e2yet dahilinde m\u00fcbadeleye tabi elyevm mevcut Rum miktar\u0131, BCA: 30.10\/K: 124, D: 885, S: 4; TBMM ZC<\/em>, devre: 3, cilt: 26, 19.3.1931, s. 60-67 ve zab\u0131t sonundaki 92 no\u2019lu raporda s. 4, 9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> Kemal H. Karpat, Osmanl\u0131 N\u00fcfusu (1830-1914)<\/em>, \u00e7eviren: Bahar T\u0131rnakc\u0131, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2003, s. 208-227; Umumi N\u00fcfus Tahriri (1927)<\/em>, Fasik\u00fcl 1, \u0130statistik Umum M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Ankara-1929, s. xv\u0131\u0131, lx.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ankara\u2019n\u0131n 1919-1922 tasfiyesi<\/a><\/blockquote>