{"id":86573,"date":"2026-06-24T01:24:26","date_gmt":"2026-06-24T06:24:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=86573"},"modified":"2026-06-24T01:25:38","modified_gmt":"2026-06-24T06:25:38","slug":"spor-tarihimizin-ihmal-edilen-bir-sayfasi-makkabi-jimnastik-cemiyeti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=86573","title":{"rendered":"Spor tarihimizin ihmal edilen bir sayfas\u0131: Makkabi Jimnastik Cemiyeti\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

AY\u015eE H\u00dcR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD\u2019de siyasi ve sportif pek \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n e\u015fli\u011finde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve T\u00fcrkiyeli futbolseverler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan pek de ho\u015f ge\u00e7meyen D\u00fcnya Futbol \u015eampiyonas\u0131 vesilesiyle spor tarihimizde, aynen di\u011fer \u201cgayrim\u00fcslim\u201d spor kul\u00fcpleri gibi ama onlardan da daha fazla \u201cg\u00f6r\u00fcnmez\u201d olmu\u015f, 1895\u2019ten itibaren Konstantinopolis Yahudi Jimnastik Kul\u00fcb\u00fc, 1909 sonras\u0131 resmi ad\u0131yla Makkabi Jimnastik Cemiyeti\u2019nin tarihine dair bu yaz\u0131. Ama \u00f6ne futbol hakk\u0131nda birka\u00e7 c\u00fcmle etmek istiyorum.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya y\u00fcz\u00fcndeki t\u00fcm k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde top veya benzeri bir malzeme ile oynanan oyunlar olsa da \u00f6rne\u011fin eski T\u00fcrklerde \u201ctep\u00fck\u201d, eski \u00c7in\u2019de T\u2019su chu, eski Yunan\u2019da episkyros ve harpaston, Orta\u00e7a\u011f \u0130talya\u2019s\u0131nda calcio ad\u0131yla bilinen top oyunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nce soccer denen \u00f6nc\u00fc t\u00fcre, sonra modern futbola evrilmesinde \u0130ngilizlerin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaz rol\u00fc vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere Adas\u0131\u2019nda 14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda birbirine kom\u015fu k\u00f6ylerde g\u00fcruhlar\u0131n oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131; tak\u0131mlar\u0131n y\u00fczlerce hatta binlerce ki\u015fiden olu\u015ftu\u011fu, oyun sahas\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm k\u00f6y ya da k\u00f6yler aras\u0131ndaki millerce mesafelik alanlar oldu\u011fu ve belirli kurallara ba\u011flanmadan oynand\u0131\u011f\u0131 futbol, 1750\u2019lerde ba\u015flayan Sanayi Devrimi\u2019yle birlikte art\u0131k sadece k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin de\u011fil kentlerde ya\u015fayan orta s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n da en \u00f6nemli e\u011flencelerinden biri olmu\u015ftu. \u00dcstelik yaln\u0131zca yayg\u0131n bir spor de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda sayg\u0131n bir u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131 da. Bilinen ilk modern futbol kurallar\u0131 ise \u00f6nce halk okullar\u0131nda \u015fekillendi, nihayet Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi \u00f6\u011frencileri taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc. Yani \u0130ngiltere Adas\u0131, \u201cmodern futbolun anavatan\u0131\u201d unvan\u0131n\u0131 hakk\u0131yla ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesindeki ilk futbol kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131 da \u0130ngiltere\u2019de b\u00f6lgeleraras\u0131, kul\u00fcpleraras\u0131 ma\u00e7lar\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1880\u2019lerde \u00f6nce \u0130zmir\u2019de sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019da yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu i\u015fin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olan t\u00fct\u00fcn ve pamuk ticareti ile u\u011fra\u015fan \u0130ngiliz aileler ile yanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ilk ma\u00e7lar\u0131, \u0130zmir-\u0130stanbul\u2019un Rum-Ermeni-\u0130ngiliz karmalar\u0131n\u0131n ma\u00e7lar\u0131, bunlar\u0131 Kad\u0131k\u00f6yl\u00fc Rumlarla Ermenilerin rekabeti izledi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk gen\u00e7leri ise yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n bu e\u011flenceli ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131kla izlemekle yetiniyorlard\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hem Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit futbolu \u201charam\u201d say\u0131yordu, hem de muhafazak\u00e2r halk bu t\u00fcr etkinliklere \u201cgavur i\u015fi\u201d diye bak\u0131yordu. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ilk resmi futbol kul\u00fcb\u00fc, 1902\u2019de \u0130ngiliz ve Rumlar taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Cadikeuy Football Club, Moda Football Clup ve Kad\u0131k\u00f6yl\u00fc Rumlar\u0131n Elpis (\u00dcmit) Futbol Kul\u00fcb\u00fc oldu. \u0130zmir\u2019de ise Panianios, Apollon, Pelops, Evangelidis, \u0130sko\u015f, Krakoviri, Midilli Karmas\u0131 gibi Rum, Ermeni ve \u0130ngiliz tak\u0131mlar\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ziffer Ailesi\u2019nin rol\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu futbol kul\u00fcpleri aras\u0131nda Yahudilerin kurdu\u011fu bir kul\u00fcp yoktu ama Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesindeki ilk iki jimnastik kul\u00fcb\u00fcn\u00fc, 1893\u2019te \u0130zmir\u2019de Rumlar (Gymnasion), 1895\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019da Yahudiler kurmu\u015ftu. \u0130kincisinin Avrupa\u2019da t\u0131rman\u0131\u015fa ge\u00e7en antisemitizmin hikayesi ile i\u00e7i\u00e7e geli\u015fmi\u015f hikayesi 1800\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131nda o tarihte Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Romanya\u2019da ya\u015fayan Ziffer Ailesi\u2019nin g\u00fcvenli bir ya\u015fam umuduyla \u0130stanbul\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7etmesiyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Baba Ziffer\u2019in o d\u00f6nemde pek \u00e7ok aile gibi Yeni D\u00fcnya\u2019ya yani ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek yerine antisemit Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u0130stanbul\u2019u se\u00e7mesinin nedeni, Romanya\u2019da \u0130stanbul\u2019da d\u00fckkanlar\u0131 olan bir tekstil \u015firketinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yd\u0131. Patronu e\u011fer \u0130stanbul\u2019u d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrse, bu d\u00fckkanlar\u0131n i\u015fletmesini teklif edince, Romence ve Almancan\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra, m\u00fc\u015fterilerinden az \u00e7ok T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve Rumca \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f olan Bay Ziffer rotay\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019a \u00e7evirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Metin Delevi\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemindeki ad\u0131yla Zifer Ailesi\u2019nin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ku\u015faktan mensubu tarih\u00e7i Daniel Ziffer ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerden \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fine g\u00f6re aile ilk \u00f6nce ev fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok daha uygun oldu\u011fu, Bizans d\u00f6neminden beri geleneksel Yahudi yerle\u015fimi olan, Arap Cami yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Yahudi mahallesinde oturmu\u015f, daha sonra daha zengin Yahudilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Galata\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu arada o\u011fullardan Avraam\u2019\u0131 (Daniel Ziffer\u2019in babas\u0131) \u0130ngilizce \u00f6\u011frenmesi i\u00e7in \u0130stanbul\u2019daki \u0130sko\u00e7 okuluna yollam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Okulun m\u00fcfredat\u0131nda spor \u00e7ok \u00f6nemliydi, ayr\u0131ca okul \u00f6\u011frencilerinden olu\u015fan tak\u0131mlar futbol oynuyor, boks ma\u00e7lar\u0131 yap\u0131yordu. Ailenin b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu David de spora merakl\u0131yd\u0131 ama o d\u00f6nem \u0130stanbul\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz kul\u00fcpleri d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan \u00fcye al\u0131m\u0131na kapal\u0131yd\u0131. Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n Robert Koleji ise kul\u00fcplerinde sadece kendi \u00f6\u011frencilerinin spor yapmas\u0131na izin veriyordu. Geriye ilgin\u00e7 bi\u00e7imde, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Almanlar\u0131n ve Avusturyal\u0131lar\u0131n bulu\u015fma yeri olan Beyo\u011flu\u2019nda Galip Dede Caddesi\u2019nde bulunan Teutonia (T\u00f6tonya) Alman Kul\u00fcb\u00fc kal\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theodor Herzl\u2019in Albia\u2019dan istifas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1847\u2019de Bohemyal\u0131 cam t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulan T\u00f6tonya, Almanca konu\u015fan A\u015fkenaz Yahudilerine kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131ktan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Almanca konu\u015fan di\u011fer \u00f6nemli \u00fclke Avusturya\u2019da ya\u015fanan baz\u0131 olaylar\u0131n dalgas\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019a kadar ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu olaylar konusunda ger\u00e7eklerle propaganda birbirine kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumda. \u00d6rne\u011fin bug\u00fcn baz\u0131 Yahudi kaynaklar\u0131 1885\u2019te Avusturya\u2019da Yahudilerin spor kul\u00fcpleri veya di\u011fer sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine \u00fcye olmalar\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan bir kanun \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazsa da tam aksine, o tarihlerde 1867 Anayasas\u0131 ile Yahudilere tan\u0131nan tam yasal ve sivil haklar bu d\u00f6nemde halen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteydi. Ancak 1880\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Georg von Sch\u00f6nerer gibi radikal milliyet\u00e7ilerin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yahudi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 s\u00f6ylemin etkisiyle Avusturya\u2019da devlet d\u00fczeyinde yasak olmasa da milliyet\u00e7i kul\u00fcpler, dernekler ve \u00f6\u011frenci birlikleri kendi i\u00e7 t\u00fcz\u00fcklerine Yahudileri d\u0131\u015flayan maddeler eklemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130lerleyen y\u0131llarda (\u00f6zellikle 1896\u2019da) zirveye ula\u015facak olan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, milliyet\u00e7i \u00f6\u011frenci birlikleri \u00f6rne\u011fin \u201cYahudilerin onursuz oldu\u011funu ve bir Alman ile d\u00fcello yapma hakk\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d t\u00fcz\u00fcklerine eklemi\u015fti. Bu dalgada, 1883 y\u0131l\u0131nda Viyana \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde hukuk okurken \u00fcye oldu\u011fu \u201cAlbia\u201d adl\u0131 milliyet\u00e7i Alman \u00f6\u011frenci karde\u015flik birli\u011finde bu d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 zihniyetle do\u011frudan y\u00fczle\u015fen Theodor Herzl, dernek \u00fcnl\u00fc besteci Richard Wagner i\u00e7in d\u00fczenledi\u011fi anma t\u00f6renini adeta Yahudi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir g\u00f6vde g\u00f6sterisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, bu duruma tepki g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve kul\u00fcbe protesto mektubu yazarak istifa etmi\u015fti. Ancak kul\u00fcp y\u00f6netimi, onun istifas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek yerine, Yahudi oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in onu kul\u00fcpten ihra\u00e7 ettiklerini (kovduklar\u0131n\u0131) bildirmi\u015fti. Herzl a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu ihra\u00e7la ba\u015flayan ve 1894\u2019te Fransa\u2019daki Dreyfus Davas\u0131 ile sonlanan d\u00f6nem, bir zamanlar y\u00fcrekten inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cAvrupa toplumuna entegre olmu\u015f modern Yahudi\u201d fikrinin bu t\u00fcr d\u0131\u015flanmalarla sars\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Siyonizm fikrini geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131r\u0131lma ve in\u015fa d\u00f6nemiydi. (Dreyfus Davas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda https:\/\/www.avlaremoz.com\/bir-asir-suren-dreyfus-davasi-ayse-hur\/)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tekrar \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6nersek, Herzl\u2019in 1883\u2019te ba\u015f\u0131na gelenler T\u00f6tonya Alman Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u2019nde spor yapan Yahudi gen\u00e7lerin ba\u015f\u0131na hemen gelmedi ama sadece Fransa\u2019y\u0131 de\u011fil t\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 alt\u00fcst eden Dreyfus Davas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 19-22 Aral\u0131k 1894 g\u00fcnleri aras\u0131ndaki bir g\u00fcn, T\u00f6tonya\u2019da bir Yahudi jimnastik antren\u00f6\u00fcr olarak se\u00e7ildi\u011finde salondan \u201cBir Yahudi\u2019den antren\u00f6r olur mu?\u201d \u015feklinde protesto nidalar\u0131 y\u00fckselmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Alfred Dreyfus\u2019un r\u00fctbelerinin s\u00f6k\u00fclmesi, 5 Ocak 1895
Daniel Ziffer\u2019in aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re o gece duygusal olarak incinmi\u015f olarak T\u00f6tonya\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kan on Yahudi genci, yeni bir kul\u00fcp kurmaya karar vermi\u015fti ve baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re Fransa\u2019da Yahudi Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Dreyfus\u2019un casusluktan su\u00e7lu bulunup t\u00fcm r\u00fctbelerinin Paris\u2019teki Ecole Militaire\u2019in (Askeri Akademi) avlusunda halk\u0131n \u201cYahudilere \u00f6l\u00fcm!\u201d, \u201chainlere \u00f6l\u00fcm!\u201d, \u201cJudas\u2019a \u00f6l\u00fcm!\u201d hayk\u0131r\u0131\u015flar\u0131 e\u015fli\u011finde s\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 5 Ocak 1895 g\u00fcn\u00fc (baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re 8 Ocak 1895 g\u00fcn\u00fc) d\u00fcnyadaki ilk Yahudi jimnastik kul\u00fcb\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ba\u015fkentinde \u201cIsraelitischer Turnverein Konstantinopel\u201d (Konstantinopolis Yahudi Jimnastik Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\/Derne\u011fi) ad\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYeni Yahudi\u201d ve Muskeljudentum Projesi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kul\u00fcb\u00fcn misyonu do\u011fal olarak Avrupa\u2019da son h\u0131zla geli\u015fen ve Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine varmas\u0131 da an meselesi olan T\u00f6tonya\u2019da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 da olsa tecr\u00fcbe ettikleri antisemitizme kar\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131k ve savunma olarak geli\u015fmi\u015fti. Ama kurucular, bu misyonun ilerde d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda boyut kazanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n pek fark\u0131nda de\u011fillerdi. Ne demek istedi\u011fimi a\u00e7ay\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019da Antisemitizm Yahudilerin sadece dini ve milli kimliklerine y\u00f6nelmiyordu, Yahudilerin dar g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsl\u00fc, daha k\u0131sa kollu ve d\u00fcztaban olduklar\u0131 yolundaki benzetmelerle fiziksel bir antisemitizm de dola\u015f\u0131mdayd\u0131. Dr. Max Nordau, 28 A\u011fustos 1898\u2019de \u0130svi\u00e7re-Basel\u2019de d\u00fczenlenen II. Siyonist Kongre\u2019de tarihi bir konu\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Nordau, Avrupa\u2019da Yahudilerin pis gettolarda, dar sokaklar ve g\u00fcne\u015f almayan evlerdeki hayatlar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden fiziksel olarak zay\u0131f ve g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz olduklar\u0131n\u0131, bu durumun onlar\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele g\u00f6rmesine ve \u201c\u00f6tekile\u015ftirilmesine\u201d zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor, \u201cgettolara s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, zay\u0131f, ezilmi\u015f, zay\u0131f Yahudi\u201d yerine yerine, topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyecek, kendini savunabilecek, dik duru\u015flu ve atletik bir \u201cYeni Yahudi\u201d modelinin in\u015fa edilmesi gerekti\u011fini savunuyordu. Nordau bu felsefeye Almanca \u201cMuskeljudentum\u201d (Kasl\u0131 Yahudilik) ad\u0131n\u0131 veriyordu. Kongrede, Yahudi gen\u00e7li\u011finin beden e\u011fitimi ve jimnastikle fiziksel olarak yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 resmi bir politika olarak benimsendi. (Siyonizmin tarih\u00e7esi hakk\u0131nda: https:\/\/www.avlaremoz.com\/theodor-herzl-siyonizm-ve-ii-abdulhamid-ayse-hur\/)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Max Nordau\u2019nun konu\u015fmas\u0131ndan sadece \u00fc\u00e7 ay sonra Berlin\u2019de \u00fcnl\u00fc Bar-Kochba Kul\u00fcb\u00fc kuruldu. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Avrupa genelinde mantar gibi \u00e7o\u011falan bu kul\u00fcpler adlar\u0131n\u0131 Bar-Kochba, Samson, Bar-Giorave Maccabi gibi Yahudi tarihinde efsanele\u015fmi\u015f kahramanlardan ald\u0131lar. Merak edenler olabilir, Bar-Kochba Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa kar\u015f\u0131 132-135 y\u0131llar\u0131nda isyan eden Yahudilerin \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc liderlerden biriydi. Bar-Kochba bu isyanda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olsa da Nordau, onun hikayesinin, Yahudilere eski g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerini hat\u0131rlatmas\u0131n\u0131 umdu\u011funu dile getirmi\u015fti. Samson, Eski Ahit\u2019te ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en ve do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7leri oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lan Yahudi efsanevi bir kahramand\u0131. Bar-Giora 69-70\u2019te Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na y\u00f6nelik isyan\u0131n liderlerinden biriydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yaz\u0131da ad\u0131 \u00e7ok ge\u00e7ecek olan Maccabi ise, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in bat\u0131da Nil Nehri\u2019nden do\u011fuda \u0130ndus Nehri\u2019ne uzanan B\u00fcy\u00fck Makedonya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan d\u00f6rt Helen devletinden birisi olan Selevkos \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 M\u00d6 166\u2019da isyan eden ve M\u00d6 167-160 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda verilen sava\u015flarda b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynayan, Judah\/Yehuda\u2019n\u0131n lakab\u0131yd\u0131. Judah\u2019a, sava\u015ftaki ac\u0131mas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fmana indirdi\u011fi sert darbeleri ve askeri dehas\u0131 nedeniyle Aramice maqqaba veya \u0130branice maket\/makevet(\u00e7eki\u00e7\/balyoz) kelimelerinden t\u00fcreyen \u201cMaccabeus\u201d (\u00c7eki\u00e7) lakab\u0131 verilmi\u015fti. Zamanla bu lakap t\u00fcm ailesini ve isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan bir genel isim haline gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yahudi gelene\u011findeki yayg\u0131n bir di\u011fer g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klama ise kelimenin do\u011frudan bir akrosti\u015f (k\u0131saltma) oldu\u011fudur. \u0130syan s\u0131ras\u0131nda sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n kalkanlar\u0131nda ve bayraklar\u0131nda Tevrat\u2019tan (M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f 15:11) bir ayetin ba\u015f harflerinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu rivayet edilir. Bu yorumculara g\u00f6re \u201cMi Camocha Baelim Iadoni (\u201cKuvvetliler aras\u0131nda senin gibisi var m\u0131d\u0131r ya Rab?\u201d) c\u00fcmlesinin \u0130branice ba\u015f harfleri yan yana geldi\u011finde M-K-B-Y (Maccabi) kelimesini olu\u015fturuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tekrar Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine d\u00f6nersek, \u00f6zg\u00fcn ad\u0131yla Konstantinopolis Musevi Jimnastik Kul\u00fcb\u00fc, faaliyetlerine Galata\u2019daki Goldschmidt (veya baz\u0131 belgelerdeki ad\u0131yla Goldsmith) Mektebi ve Cermen \u0130zrailit (Alman Musevi) Mektebi binalar\u0131nda, y\u0131ll\u0131k 36 lira \u00f6deyerek ba\u015flad\u0131. Paris merkezli bir e\u011fitim kurumu olan Alliance Israelite Universelle (k\u0131sacasa Alyans) b\u00fcnyesinde Avusturya ve Almanya k\u00f6kenli (A\u015fkenaz Yahudisi) Goldschmidt Ailesi\u2019nin finansal deste\u011fiyle kurulan Goldschmidt Okulu, 1876\u2019da veya 1879\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki A\u015fkenaz Yahudilerine e\u011fitim deste\u011fi vermek i\u00e7in kurulan karma bir okuldu. 1890\u2019larda II. Abd\u00fclhamid nezdinde Alman etkisinin artmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve Almanya ile ticaretin giderek \u00f6nem kazanmas\u0131yla birlikte Almanca \u00f6\u011fretimine olan ilgi artt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Goldschmidt Mektebi \u00f6\u011fretim dili olarak Almancay\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Cermen \u0130zrailit Mektebi de 1870\u2019lerde \u0130stanbul\u2019da ya\u015fayan Alman ve Avusturya k\u00f6kenli A\u015fkenaz Yahudileri taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftu. Kurulma amac\u0131, Frans\u0131z etkisindeki Alyans okullar\u0131na bir alternatif yaratmak ve cemaat \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na sek\u00fcler, modern ve Almanca merkezli bir e\u011fitim sunmakt\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu iki okul da Ziffer Ailesi gibi A\u015fkenaz k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden gelen bir ailenin kurdu\u011fu kul\u00fcp i\u00e7in gayet uygun k\u00fclt\u00fcrel iklim sunuyordu. (Alyans okullar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda: https:\/\/www.avlaremoz.com\/uygulayarak-ogrenme-yaklasiminin-onculerinden-or-yehuda-ziraat-mektebi-ve-cerkes-ethemin-izmir-valisi-rahmi-beyin-oglunu-kacirmasi-olayi-ayse-hur\/)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Makkabi Jimnastik Kul\u00fcb\u00fc Hask\u00f6y \u015eubesi\u2019nin hat\u0131ra kartpostal\u0131, 1909 sonras\u0131
Herzl\u2019in kul\u00fcb\u00fc ziyareti<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz \u00fcyeye ula\u015fan kul\u00fcb\u00fcn, aktiviteleri aras\u0131nda hareket egzersizleri, aletlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f, halk oyunlar\u0131 ve g\u00fcre\u015f gibi faaliyetler yer al\u0131yordu. Siyonizm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin teorisyeni olan Theodor Herzl\u2019in, II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019le g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde bulunmak i\u00e7in geldi\u011fi \u0130stanbul\u2019da (1901 veya 1902 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ziyaretlerinden birinde) bir arkada\u015f\u0131yla birlikte kul\u00fcb\u00fc ziyaret etti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenen kul\u00fcp, 1905\u2019te ad\u0131n\u0131 gayriresmi olarak \u201cMaccabi\u201d olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Ama resmi adland\u0131rma i\u00e7in biraz daha beklemek gerekecekti. (Herzl-II. Abd\u00fclhamid g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in: https:\/\/www.avlaremoz.com\/ii-abdulhamid-ve-filistine-yahudi-gocu-ayse-hur\/)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1906\u2019da jimnastik egzersizleri kad\u0131nlara ve erkek \u00e7ocuklara da a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak bu gruplar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 muhafazak\u00e2r kesimlerin tepkilerine maruz kalmamak i\u00e7in kat\u0131 kurallara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin kad\u0131nlar ve erkeklerin birbirini g\u00f6rmemesi i\u00e7in egzersiz alanlar\u0131 ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ayr\u0131lmayan yerlerde paravanlar konulmu\u015ftu. K\u0131zlar\u0131n giysilerinin kol, yaka ve etek boylar\u0131 belli uzunlukta olacakt\u0131. Bu kurallar\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fnemeye kalkan, \u00f6rne\u011fin paravanlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde egzersiz yapan kad\u0131nlar\u0131 izlerken yakalanan birka\u00e7 ki\u015fi kul\u00fcpten kovulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak bu titizlik dahi Yahudi cemaatindeki muhafazak\u00e2r tepkileri yumu\u015fatmad\u0131. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma asl\u0131nda kul\u00fcb\u00fcn neredeyse t\u00fcm \u00fcyelerinin geldi\u011fi A\u015fkenaz Yahudileri ile Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden (16. y\u00fczy\u0131l) beri Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir konumda olan Seferad Yahudileri aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. (Bu konuda ayr\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fu yaz\u0131ya bak\u0131labilir: https:\/\/www.avlaremoz.com\/dona-gracia-mendes-ile-josef-nasinin-1492de-kovma-fermani-ile-lizbonda-baslayip-istanbulda-biten-uzun-yolculugu-ayse-hur\/) Sefarad Yahudilerinin temsilcisi olan Hahamba\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u201ckad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131plak dola\u015fmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131\u201d ileri s\u00fcrerek kad\u0131n \u00fcyeli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karak ba\u015flatt\u0131lar muhalefetlerini. Bunun \u00fczerine kul\u00fcp y\u00f6neticileri, \u00fcyelik aidat\u0131n\u0131 5 kuru\u015ftan 2,5 kuru\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Bu indirim i\u015fe yarad\u0131, kul\u00fcb\u00fcn \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131. Bu durum Sefarad Yahudilerinin de ho\u015funa gitti, bo\u015f zamanlar\u0131nda sinagoglar yerine kul\u00fcbe gidiyor, spor yap\u0131yor ve sosyalle\u015fiyordu. Bu elbette hahamba\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha da k\u0131zd\u0131rd\u0131, ama yapacak bir \u015fey de yoktu\u2026 Devir liberalle\u015fme devriydi\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nitekim 1908\u2019de II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynayan Yahudiler, sonras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 siyasetinde etkin bir rol \u00fcstlenecek olan \u0130ttihat ve Terakki taraf\u0131ndan devletin \u00f6nemli mevkilerine yerle\u015ftirilerek adeta \u00f6d\u00fcllendirildiler. Bu durum Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki Yahudi kurulu\u015flar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na neden oldu. Ayr\u0131ca kul\u00fcb\u00fcn y\u00f6netiminin de\u011fi\u015fmesi de bu art\u0131\u015fta etkili oldu. Merkezini Beyo\u011flu \u015ei\u015fhane\/Galata hatt\u0131ndaki B\u00fcy\u00fck Hendek Soka\u011f\u0131\u2019na (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc B\u00fcy\u00fck Hendek Caddesi) ta\u015f\u0131yan cemiyetin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Bulgar Yahudisi Moritz Abraham, ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 karde\u015fi Haim Abraham, ikinci ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ise art\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131 ad\u0131na Duyun-u Umumiye memuru olan Zifer Efendi \u00fcstlendi. Ba\u015fkan Moritz Abraham, 1909 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Cemiyetler Kanunu\u2019nun sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7eveden yararlanarak 9 Kas\u0131m 1909 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130stanbul\u2019da Frans\u0131zca olarak g\u00fcnl\u00fck yay\u0131nlanan L\u2019Aurore adl\u0131 Yahudi gazetesi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kul\u00fcb\u00fcn yeni ad\u0131n\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esiyle \u201cMakkabi Musevi \u0130dman Cemiyeti\u201d, Frans\u0131zca \u201cSoci\u00e9t\u00e9 Juive de Gymnastique, Maccabi\u201d ve \u0130branice \u201cAguda Le Hit\u2019amlut Maccabi Kushta\u201d olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 dilde gururla a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir parantez a\u00e7mak istiyorum. Kul\u00fcb\u00fcn \u00f6n ad\u0131 t\u00fcz\u00fckte ve resmi belgelerde \u201cMaccabi\u201d olarak ge\u00e7iyordu ancak Osmanl\u0131 ar\u015fiv belgelerinde (D\u00e2hiliye Nezareti jurnallerinde veya \u0130stanbul Beldesi \u0130hsaiyat Mecmuas\u0131 gibi devlet istatistiklerinde) kul\u00fcb\u00fcn ad\u0131 Makkabi \u015feklinde yaz\u0131l\u0131yordu. Tanin, \u0130kdam ve Sabah gibi Osmanl\u0131ca gazeteler t\u0131pk\u0131 devlet ar\u015fivleri gibi kelimeyi fonetik olarak Makkabi \u015feklinde kullan\u0131rken, Le Journal d\u2019Orient, Stamboul gibi Frans\u0131zca gazeteler her zaman uluslararas\u0131 orijinal yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f olan Maccabi\u2019yi tercih etti. El Tiempo gibi Yahudi \u0130spanyolcas\u0131 (Ladino) ile bas\u0131lan bu yay\u0131nlarda kelime genellikle Macabi veya Makabi \u015feklinde, tek \u201cc\u201d veya \u201ck\u201d ile, okundu\u011fu gibi bas\u0131ld\u0131. Kanuna g\u00f6re cemiyet\/dernek oldu\u011fu halde Maccabi, Alman gelene\u011fine uygun olarak yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u201ckul\u00fcp\u201d terimini kulland\u0131. Osmanl\u0131ca belgelerde ise bazen \u201cHeyet\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Jimnastik terimi ise baz\u0131 belgelerde \u201cjimnastik\u201d, baz\u0131 belgelerde \u201cidman\u201d \u015feklinde ge\u00e7iyor. Bu yaz\u0131da farkl\u0131 imlan\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 da bununla ilgili\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kul\u00fcb\u00fcn kap\u0131s\u0131 herkese a\u00e7\u0131k<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Makkabi Jimnastik Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u2019nde herkes spor yapabilirdi, yani Yahudi olma zorunlulu\u011fu yoktu. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti taraf\u0131ndan kurulan \u201cparamiliter\u201d Osmanl\u0131 Gen\u00e7 Dernekleri\u2019ndeki gen\u00e7lerin \u201cmilli duygular\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in\u201d m\u00fczik e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in gitti\u011fi Stockholm\u2019den d\u00f6nerken yan\u0131nda sadece \u201cDa\u011f Ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 Duman Alm\u0131\u015f\u201d mar\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bestesini de\u011fil, aletsiz \u0130sve\u00e7 jimnasti\u011fini de getiren Mekteb-i Sultani hocalar\u0131ndan Selim S\u0131rr\u0131 (Tarcan) subay arkada\u015flar\u0131yla birlikte Makkabi\u2019ye gelir jimnastik yapard\u0131, ayr\u0131ca Harbiye\u2019deki subaylara eskrimi de kul\u00fcb\u00fcn kurucu \u00fcyesi Avraam \u00f6\u011fretmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ortam\u0131nda kul\u00fcb\u00fcn \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131 h\u0131zla artt\u0131, hatta bir ara 5 bin ki\u015fi aidat \u00f6der oldu. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun t\u00fcm Yahudi n\u00fcfusunun 200 bin, \u0130stanbul\u2019da ya\u015fayan Yahudilerin n\u00fcfusunun 50 bin civar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde bu ger\u00e7ekten b\u00fcy\u00fck bir say\u0131yd\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda kul\u00fcp geli\u015fmeye devam etti ve Yahudilerin yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fehrin kenar mahallerinde yeni \u015fubeler a\u00e7t\u0131: Hask\u00f6y, Ortak\u00f6y, Balat, Sirkeci ve Kuzguncuk \u015fubeleri kuruldu. Kul\u00fcp, 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda spor etkinliklerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Yahudilerin yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Balat Tahta Minare Sokakta (\u015fimdiki Vodina Caddesi) Ha Hemla Binas\u0131\u2019nda a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 lokalde \u015fiir, \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleme ve tiyatro g\u00f6sterileri de d\u00fczenledi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l kul\u00fcp, merkezi Beyo\u011flu\u2019nda toplant\u0131lar d\u00fczenledi. Yahudilerin yeni y\u0131l kutlamas\u0131 olan Hanukah t\u00f6renlerine ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131. Ama en \u00f6nemlisi \u0130branice dil e\u011fitimleri d\u00fczenledi. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u0130stanbul\u2019un Makkabi\u2019si \u0130braniceyi yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda ve etkinliklerinde kullanan Yahudi kul\u00fcb\u00fc say\u0131labilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stihbarat raporlar\u0131nda Makkabi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Makkabi\u2019nin y\u00f6neticilerine g\u00f6re etkinliklerden ama\u00e7lanan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u00fcreklili\u011fi sa\u011flamak idi, halbuki baz\u0131 \u00e7evrelere g\u00f6re ama\u00e7 Siyonist bir devlet kurmakt\u0131. Nitekim Osmanl\u0131 Emniyet-i Umumiye M\u00fcd\u00fcriyeti ar\u015fivlerindeki baz\u0131 jurnallerde (istihbarat raporunda) \u015funlar yaz\u0131yordu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGalata ve Beyo\u011flu civar\u0131nda jimnastik ve spor perdesi alt\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren Musevi Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn esasen gen\u00e7leri bedenen g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek Filistin\u2019de kurulmas\u0131 planlanan Yahudi Devleti i\u00e7in askeri birer nefer yeti\u015ftirme gayesi g\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Kul\u00fcp binalar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131larda Osmanl\u0131l\u0131k fikrinden ziyade, Yahudi milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi a\u015f\u0131lanmakta ve mavi-beyaz Siyonist renkler alt\u0131nda izcilik ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda askeri nizam talimleri yapt\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBeyo\u011flu\u2019nda B\u00fcy\u00fck Hendek Soka\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki Musevi Jimnastik Cemiyeti merkezine Avrupa\u2019daki Siyonist komitelerden d\u00fczenli olarak para transferi yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 istihbar edilmi\u015ftir. Kul\u00fcp azalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslerinde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 \u2018Maccabi\u2019 yaz\u0131l\u0131 rozetlerin asl\u0131nda gizli bir \u00f6rg\u00fcte ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ni\u015fanesi oldu\u011fu, burada toplanan gen\u00e7lerin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin t\u00fcz\u00fcklerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak yabanc\u0131 siyonist liderlerin emir ve talimatlar\u0131na g\u00f6re hareket ettikleri tespit olunmu\u015ftur. Kul\u00fcb\u00fcn nizamnamesinin yeniden tetkik edilmesi elzemdir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu raporlar \u00fczerine Dahiliye Nezareti cemiyetle ilgili kapsaml\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Konuyla ilgili kurumlar aras\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok yaz\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131. Yeni raporlarda \u0130branicenin dini bir lisan olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bu lisana milli ve siyasi bir stat\u00fc kazand\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, cemiyette Siyonistlerin lideri David Wolfshon\u2019un resminin as\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu, ayr\u0131ca Yahudilerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olduklar\u0131 d\u00f6nemde kulland\u0131klar\u0131 mavi-beyaz renkli y\u0131ld\u0131z \u015feklinde bir de bayraklar\u0131 bulundu\u011fu ifade edilse de ar\u015fivlerde h\u00fck\u00fcmetin cemiyetle ilgili herhangi bir yapt\u0131r\u0131m uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair belge yok. Muhtemelen uyar\u0131 ile yetinilmi\u015f. Ancak belki de bu yumu\u015fak y\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc dengelemek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u0130TC\u2019nin Hahamba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 olarak \u00fcnlenecek Haim Nahum Efendi Balat \u015eubesi\u2019nin 1910 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Ekim ay\u0131ndaki kurulu\u015f kutlamalar\u0131na icabet etmemi\u015f, hatta Makkabi Jimnastik Kul\u00fcb\u00fc Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Zifer Bey konu\u015fmas\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 ifadeleri bahane ederek cemiyetin onursal \u00fcyeli\u011finden de ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (Haim Nahum Efendi hakk\u0131nda: https:\/\/www.avlaremoz.com\/olumunun-65-yildonumunde-ittihatcilarin-ve-kemalistlerin-hahambasisi-haim-nahum-ayse-hur\/)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1912 y\u0131l\u0131nda program\u0131na jimnastik yar\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00e2hil etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu y\u0131l d\u00fczenlenen yar\u0131\u015fmalara Pera, Hask\u00f6y, Balat ve Kuzguncuk \u015fubelerinden 350 yar\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 kat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu arada Makabi ihtiya\u00e7 sahibi Yahudiler i\u00e7in de \u00e7e\u015fitli etkinlikler d\u00fczenledi. Cemiyetin Balat \u015fubesi, varo\u015f mahallelerinde kalan Yahudi m\u00fclteciler ad\u0131na bir piyango d\u00fczenledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, 1911\u2019de Trablusgarp ve 1912-1913\u2019te Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 ile a\u011f\u0131r bir kan kayb\u0131na u\u011frarken, cemiyetin baz\u0131 \u00fcyeleri sadakatlerini g\u00f6stermek ad\u0131na Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda yer al\u0131rken, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da t\u0131bbi destek sa\u011flad\u0131. Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda cemiyetin kad\u0131n kollar\u0131ndan iki \u00fcyesi Hali\u00e7\u2019teki bir hastanede Hilal-i Ahmer i\u00e7in hem\u015firelik yapt\u0131lar, bundan dolay\u0131 Mecidiye \u015eefkat Ni\u015fan\u0131 ile \u00f6d\u00fcllendirildiler. \u0130stanbullu Yahudiler ise Osmanl\u0131 Mar\u015f\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan, Hatikva (\u00dcmit Mar\u015f\u0131) ile biten dayan\u0131\u015fma geceleri d\u00fczenlediler, ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar toplad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1 Haziran 1913 Pazar g\u00fcn\u00fc Makkabili 80 civar\u0131nda erkek, 30 civar\u0131nda k\u0131z \u00f6\u011frenci, bellerinde k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ku\u015fak, tek tip elbiseler giyinmi\u015f olarak, \u00f6nlerindeki bando m\u0131z\u0131kay\u0131 takip ederek Kad\u0131k\u00f6y\u2019e geldiler ve \u0130ngilizlerin Union Club\u2019\u00fcnde Alman ve \u0130sve\u00e7 ekol\u00fcnden jimnastik g\u00f6sterileri yapt\u0131lar. Bundan iki hafta sonra \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n yay\u0131n organ\u0131 Tanin gazetesinin 15 Haziran 1913 tarihli n\u00fcshas\u0131nda, Maccabi Jimnastik Cemiyeti\u2019nin Beyo\u011flu\u2019ndaki merkezinde 14 Haziran\u2019da d\u00fczenledi\u011fi \u201cidman m\u00fcsabakalar\u0131\u201dndan \u00f6vg\u00fcyle bahsediliyor, 86 ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan erkek grubunun sadece beyaz giydikleri, bellerine k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bir ku\u015fak ba\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 ve s\u0131ra halinde dizilerek m\u00fczik e\u015fli\u011finde ge\u00e7it merasimi yapt\u0131klar\u0131, 42 ki\u015filik k\u0131z grubunun bunlar\u0131 takip etti\u011fi, g\u00f6sterilerin ard\u0131ndan ko\u015fu ve futbol gibi oyunlarla festivalin renkli ge\u00e7ti\u011fi anlat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Kul\u00fcp b\u00fcnyesinde resmi bir Maccabi Futbol \u015eubesi kurulmas\u0131 bu g\u00fcnlerde oldu. (Hatta baz\u0131 yaz\u0131larda 1 Haziran 1913 bu \u015fubenin kurulu\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc say\u0131l\u0131yor.) Ancak Makkabi futbol tak\u0131m\u0131, Galatasaray veya Fenerbah\u00e7e gibi Cuma Ligi\u2019nde de\u011fil; \u0130stanbul\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz, Levanten, Rum ve Ermeni tak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadele etti\u011fi Pazar Ligi\u2019nde boy g\u00f6sterdi. \u0130lk ciddi lig ma\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 1919-1920 sezonundan itibaren Taksim Stad\u0131 ve Papaz\u0131n \u00c7ay\u0131r\u0131\u2019nda oynamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kul\u00fcp, Cihan Harbi\u2019nin arifesinde, Avusturya-Macaristan taht\u0131n\u0131n veliaht\u0131, Ar\u015fid\u00fck Franz Ferdinand\u2019\u0131n 28 Haziran 1914\u2019te Gavrilo Princip adl\u0131 S\u0131rp milliyet\u00e7isi taraf\u0131ndan devletin ba\u015fkenti Saraybosna\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sadece \u00fc\u00e7 hafta \u00f6nce, 7 Haziran 1914\u2019te b\u00fcy\u00fck bir spor m\u00fcsabakas\u0131 daha d\u00fczenledi. M\u00fcsabakalar \u00f6ncesinde \u0130stanbul\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kan Frans\u0131zca Journal d\u2019Orient ve Ladino El Tiempo gazetelerine \u00e7ok \u015f\u0131k, modern ilanlar verilmi\u015fti. Bu ilanlarda etkinliklerin saatleri, yap\u0131lacak jimnastik ve atletizm g\u00f6sterileri tek tek duyuruluyor ve t\u00fcm \u0130stanbullu se\u00e7kinler davet ediliyordu. Ayr\u0131ca d\u00f6nemin T\u00fcrk, Rum, Ermeni ve Levanten bas\u0131n\u0131na elden \u00f6zel davetiyeler g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kul\u00fcp, baz\u0131 \u00e7evrelerin itinayla in\u015fa etti\u011fi \u201czararl\u0131 bir siyasi olu\u015fum\u201d alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yerine \u201ckamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131k, \u015feffaf ve modern bir Bat\u0131 kurumu\u201d alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu m\u00fcsabakalara \u00e7ok \u00f6nem vermi\u015fti. Bu \u00e7abalar\u0131n meyvesini de alacakt\u0131. \u015eenliklere yakla\u015f\u0131k 2.500 ki\u015fi kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, protokol s\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131 Beyo\u011flu Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 Muhiddin Bey, ABD B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Henry Morgenthau, hahamlar ve pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nde gelen ki\u015fi doldurmu\u015ftu. Amerikan B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi\u2019nin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kul\u00fcb\u00fcn \u00fczerindeki Osmanl\u0131 istihbarat bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 diplomatik z\u0131rh\u0131yla hafifletiyordu. Hahamba\u015f\u0131 Haim Nahum olmasa da baz\u0131 hahamlar\u0131n protokolde olmas\u0131 ise Yahudi toplumunu b\u00f6len A\u015fkenaz-Sefarad \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n biraz da olsa a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130TC ve Papaz\u0131n \u00c7ay\u0131r\u0131 Olimpiyatlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcsabakalar o d\u00f6nem sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 maddi desteklerle kavu\u015ftu\u011fu modern jimnastik ekipmanlar\u0131n\u0131, sporcular\u0131n\u0131n disiplinini ve ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitlesel gen\u00e7lik g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fehre sergileme alan\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. Ancak festivalin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131nda Makkabi Cemiyeti\u2019nin \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck olsa da bu spor \u015fenli\u011fi 1914\u2019\u00fcn Temmuz ay\u0131nda \u0130TC taraf\u0131ndan gen\u00e7li\u011fi sava\u015fa haz\u0131rlamak amac\u0131yla d\u00fczenlenen \u201cPapaz\u0131n \u00c7ay\u0131r\u0131 Olimpiyat\u0131\u201d diye an\u0131lan etkinliklerin bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Bilindi\u011fi gibi 1914 yaz\u0131, Cihan Harbi\u2019nin ayak seslerinin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015fekilde duyuldu\u011fu 23 Ocak 1913\u2019te Bab\u0131ali Bask\u0131n\u0131 ile iktidara tam olarak el koyan \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n da sava\u015fa bir \u015fekilde dahil olmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte Rusya, Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere ile ittifak aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu ancak arka planda Almanya ve Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile gizli anla\u015fmalar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdi. Enver ve Talat Pa\u015falar Makkabi \u00fczerinden hem ABD B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Morgenthau\u2019yu ho\u015f tutmak hem de Avrupa\u2019daki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Yahudi lobilerinin (ve finans \u00e7evrelerinin) deste\u011fini Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne \u00e7ekmek istiyorlard\u0131. (\u0130TC\u2019nin Siyonizm politikalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda: https:\/\/www.avlaremoz.com\/ittihatcilar-ve-siyonistler-ayse-hur\/)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1919-1920 sezonundan itibaren Pazar Ligi\u2019nde yer alan Makkabi Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn futbol tak\u0131m\u0131, 1921-22 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pazar Ligi \u015fampiyonu oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bundan sonras\u0131 maalesef birka\u00e7 paragrafl\u0131k bir hikaye. 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin gayrim\u00fcslimlerin cemiyet, dernek, kul\u00fcp gibi olu\u015fumlar\u0131na izin ve tolerans olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Makkabi Jimnastik Cemiyeti kendini feshetti ancak kul\u00fcb\u00fcn alt yap\u0131s\u0131, sporcular\u0131, ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 muhafaza edildi. Bu sayede 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131na kadar Makkabili sporcular, resmi ma\u00e7larda federasyona \u00fcye olan kom\u015fu kul\u00fcp Hask\u00f6y Spor Kul\u00fcb\u00fc b\u00fcnyesinde yer ald\u0131lar. Zaten kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na bir futbol kul\u00fcb\u00fcn\u00fc finanse edecek durumda da de\u011fillerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Yine de 1927\u2019de Kurtulu\u015f, Beyo\u011flu, Fenerbah\u00e7e, Galatasaray, Ni\u015fanta\u015f\u0131, \u0130talyan Kartal, Makkabi ve ikisi de Yahudi tak\u0131m\u0131 olan Barkaba ve Protkeba tak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cgayri federe\u201d \u0130stanbul Basketbol Ligi kuruldu\u011funda, Robert Koleji ve Amerikan YMCA (Gen\u00e7 Hristiyan Erkekler Birli\u011fi) k\u00f6kenli tak\u0131mlarla rekabet eden Mavi-Beyaz formal\u0131 Makkabi, bu ligin ilk \u015fampiyonluk kupas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fczesine g\u00f6t\u00fcrmekle kalmad\u0131, b\u00fcnyesindeki disiplinli ve atletik Yahudi sporcular sayesinde 1927\u2019den 1933\u2019e kadar ligi domine etti. Bu alt\u0131 y\u0131l boyunca \u00fcst \u00fcste \u015fampiyonluk sevinci ya\u015fayarak hem Yahudi toplumunu mutlu etti, hem T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de basketbolun pop\u00fclerle\u015fmesinde ve geni\u015f kitlelere yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda lokomotif rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynad\u0131. Kul\u00fcb\u00fcn yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi en yetenekli basketbolculardan biri olan Jak Habib (Hazday), 1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan tarihteki ilk T\u00fcrk Milli Basketbol Tak\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk be\u015f oyuncusu aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. Makkabi\u2019nin potadaki bu b\u00fcy\u00fck hegemonyas\u0131, 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Spor Kurumu\u2019nun basketbol bran\u015f\u0131na daha fazla a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermesi ve Galatasaray tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Naili Moran gibi isimlerin \u00e7abalar\u0131yla ciddi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelmesiyle sona erdi. 1933 sonras\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131k tak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n liglerdeki etkinli\u011fi azalt\u0131ld\u0131 ve sonraki y\u0131llarda \u015fampiyonluklar Galatasaray\u2019a ge\u00e7ti. Makkabi, Barkaba ve Protkeba gibi Yahudi tak\u0131mlar\u0131 tarihe kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130lgin\u00e7 bir dipnot: Jak Habib ve Hazday Penso, 1936 Berlin Olimpiyatlar\u0131na giden T\u00fcrkiye Basketbol Tak\u0131m\u0131\u2019nda yer ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1936 Berlin Olimpiyatlar\u0131na giden T\u00fcrkiye Basketbol Tak\u0131m\u0131
Yerli Makkabi\u2019nin sonu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12 Kas\u0131m 1942 y\u0131l\u0131nda uygulamaya konan Varl\u0131k Vergisi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden gadre u\u011frayan Yahudiler aras\u0131nda Makkabi\u2019yi kuran ve ya\u015fatanlar da vard\u0131. 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130srail Devleti kurulunca \u0130stanbul\u2019daki pek \u00e7ok Yahudi gibi Makkabi\u2019nin \u00fcyeleri de yeni devletin yolunu tuttu. Makkabili y\u00f6neticiler, kul\u00fcplerini bu kez Maccabi Haifa ismiyle \u0130srail\u2019de hayata ge\u00e7irdiler. Makkabi Jimnastik Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn spor \u015fenliklerini, futbol ma\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ve jimnastik talimlerini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hask\u00f6y\u2019\u00fcn Hali\u00e7\u2019e bakan yama\u00e7lar\u0131 ile k\u0131y\u0131 \u015feridinin birle\u015fti\u011fi b\u00f6lge ise 1950\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren \u0130stanbul\u2019un ana sanayi ve imalat merkezi haline geldi. Makkabi Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131k alanlar\u0131, depolar, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck at\u00f6lyeler, d\u00f6k\u00fcmhaneler ve tersane uzant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fgali alt\u0131nda kald\u0131. O d\u00f6nemin g\u00f6rkemli spor festivallerinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ye\u015fil ve a\u00e7\u0131k araziler tamamen betonla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yararlan\u0131lan kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metin Delevi, T\u00fcrkiye Spor Tarihinde Yahudi Sporcular, Libra Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2019;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Firdes Temizg\u00fcney, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019unda Siyonist Bir Cemiyet: Maccabi Jimnastik Cemiyeti\u201d, Tarih Okulu Dergisi, \u015eubat 2019, Y\u0131l 12, Say\u0131 XXXVIII, s. 339-362;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Jews of the Ottoman Empire, ed. Avigdor Levy, Darwin Press, Princeton 1992;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

George Eisen, \u201cJewish History and the Ideology of Modern Sport: Approaches and Interpretations\u201d, Journal of Sport History, Vol. 25, No. 3, 1998, s. 482-531;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u015far Tolga Cora, \u201cYahudi\u2019nin Asaletini Tekrar Zapt Etmek, Siyonist Muskeljuden Projesi\u201d, Toplumsal Tarih Dergisi, say\u0131 169, Ocak 2008, s. 34-40;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ephraim Margolin, \u201cA Meditation on Muscular Judaism\u201d, Leviathan Jewish Journal, Vol. 39-3, 2012, s. 15-16. (https:\/\/leviathanjewishjournal.com\/2012\/07\/18\/a-meditation-on-muscular-judaism\/)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haim Kaufman-Yair Galily, \u201cSport, Zionist Ideology and the State of Israel\u201d, Sport in Society, Vol. 12, No. 8, October 2009, s. 1013-1027;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nejla G\u00fcnay, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde Kurulan Spor Cemiyetleri ve Jimnastik Derslerinin Milliyet\u00e7ilik Hareketlerindeki Rol\u00fc\u201d, Belleten, C. LXXXI, S. 292, 2017, s. 917-946;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boryana Angelova-Igova, \u201cThe Meaning of Sport as Multicultural Dialogue in Max Nordau\u2019s Philosophy\u201d, Sport, Identity and Community, ed. Andy Harvey and Richard Kimball, UK: Inter-Disciplinary Press, Oxford 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.avlaremoz.com\/spor-tarihimizin-ihmal-edilen-bir-sayfasi-makkabi-jimnastik-cemiyeti-ayse-hur<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

AY\u015eE H\u00dcR ABD\u2019de siyasi ve sportif pek \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n e\u015fli\u011finde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve T\u00fcrkiyeli futbolseverler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan pek de ho\u015f ge\u00e7meyen D\u00fcnya Futbol \u015eampiyonas\u0131 vesilesiyle spor tarihimizde, aynen di\u011fer \u201cgayrim\u00fcslim\u201d spor kul\u00fcpleri gibi ama onlardan da daha fazla \u201cg\u00f6r\u00fcnmez\u201d olmu\u015f, 1895\u2019ten itibaren Konstantinopolis Yahudi Jimnastik Kul\u00fcb\u00fc, 1909 sonras\u0131 resmi ad\u0131yla Makkabi Jimnastik Cemiyeti\u2019nin tarihine dair bu yaz\u0131. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":86574,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70,20,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-86573","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\nSpor tarihimizin ihmal edilen bir sayfas\u0131: Makkabi Jimnastik Cemiyeti\u00a0 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=86573\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Spor tarihimizin ihmal edilen bir sayfas\u0131: Makkabi Jimnastik Cemiyeti\u00a0 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"AY\u015eE H\u00dcR ABD\u2019de siyasi ve sportif pek \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n e\u015fli\u011finde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve T\u00fcrkiyeli futbolseverler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan pek de ho\u015f ge\u00e7meyen D\u00fcnya Futbol \u015eampiyonas\u0131 vesilesiyle spor tarihimizde, aynen di\u011fer \u201cgayrim\u00fcslim\u201d spor kul\u00fcpleri gibi ama onlardan da daha fazla \u201cg\u00f6r\u00fcnmez\u201d olmu\u015f, 1895\u2019ten itibaren Konstantinopolis Yahudi Jimnastik Kul\u00fcb\u00fc, 1909 sonras\u0131 resmi ad\u0131yla Makkabi Jimnastik Cemiyeti\u2019nin tarihine dair bu yaz\u0131. 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