{"id":86161,"date":"2026-04-27T03:11:22","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T08:11:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=86161"},"modified":"2026-04-27T03:11:23","modified_gmt":"2026-04-27T08:11:23","slug":"tarih-1915-1917-yer-filistin-olay-cemal-pasanin-yahudi-tehciri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=86161","title":{"rendered":"Tarih: 1915-1917, Yer: Filistin, Olay: Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Yahudi Tehciri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

AY\u015eE H\u00dcR<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cihan Harbi patlak verdi\u011finde, Harbiye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Enver Pa\u015fa, Ni\u015fanta\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki evine davet etti\u011fi Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019dan hem M\u0131s\u0131r seferini icra hem de Suriye ve Filistin\u2019deki asayi\u015fi temin etmesini istemi\u015fti. Teklif kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fa\u015f\u0131ran ama teklifi memnuniyetle kabul eden Cemal Pa\u015fa 18 Kas\u0131m 1914 tarihli emirle, Bahriye Naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 uhdesinde kalmak \u015fart\u0131yla IV. Ordu Kumandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Suriye, Filistin, Hicaz ve Kilikya Genel Valili\u011fi\u2019ne tayin edildi.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6nemin tan\u0131klar\u0131ndan Ali \u0130hsan (Sabis) Pa\u015fa\u2019ya g\u00f6re bu atama \u0130TC i\u00e7indeki Enver-Cemal \u00e7eki\u015fmesinin bir sonucuydu ve esas olarak Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Halbuki Cemal Pa\u015fa daha sava\u015f ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Frans\u0131z El\u00e7isi Maurice Bompard\u2019a, \u201cM\u0131s\u0131r benim Alsas-Loren\u2019imdir\u201d demi\u015f ve sava\u015fa girildi\u011fi takdirde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 almakla u\u011fra\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. Yani ortada bir \u00e7eki\u015fme olsa bile, Suriye g\u00f6revi Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n hedefleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok isabetliydi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cemal Pa\u015fa, \u015eam\u2019a giderken ge\u00e7ti\u011fi Konya-Pozant\u0131-Tarsus-Adana-\u0130skenderun-Halep\u2019te halk taraf\u0131ndan co\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f, Arap \u015fairleri Cemal Pa\u015fa i\u00e7in kasideler, \u015fiirler okumu\u015ftu. \u0130ki haftal\u0131k bir yolculuktan sonra 8 Aral\u0131k 1915 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u015eam\u2019a varan Cemal Pa\u015fa, burada adeta ta\u00e7 giyen krallar gibi g\u00f6rkemli bir t\u00f6renle kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f ve kararg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 Damaskus Palas Oteli\u2019nde kurmu\u015ftu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Emir Subay\u0131 Falih R\u0131fk\u0131\u2019ya (Atay) g\u00f6re, Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n cuma selaml\u0131klar\u0131 aynen Padi\u015fah Mehmed V. Re\u015fad\u2019\u0131nkilerle yar\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu: \u201cD\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Ordu Kararg\u00e2h\u0131\u2019na gidi\u015f, hele \u015eam\u2019dan sonra, art\u0131k bir mabede \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131yor gibi ba\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bir ter\u00f6r havas\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ses daha pestir ve Cemal ismi Tevrat\u2019tan, \u0130ncil\u2019den al\u0131nma mukaddes bir ada benzer.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benzer ifadeler ba\u015fka kaynaklarda da vard\u0131. Kimine g\u00f6re Cemal Pa\u015fa \u201cSuriye ve Arabistan\u2019\u0131n ta\u00e7s\u0131z kral\u0131\u201d, kimine g\u00f6re \u201cb\u00f6lgenin mahv\u0131na sebep olan bir zalim\u201d, kimine g\u00f6re \u201cher \u015feye yetkili bir lord\u201d idi. Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ilan edilmemi\u015f \u201ckrall\u0131\u011f\u0131nda\u201d Araplara ve H\u0131ristiyanlara y\u00f6nelik sert politikalar\u0131 nispeten bilindi\u011fi halde Yahudilere y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131, Yahudi kolektif belle\u011finde bile pek iz b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Konuyu bilenlerin \u00e7o\u011fu da sadece Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n 1917\u2019de Gazze ve Yafa\u2019da uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehciri bilir. Halbuki Cemal Pa\u015fa Filistin\u2019e geldi\u011fi andan itibaren b\u00f6lgedeki Yahudileri taciz, takip ve tehcir etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201cKara Per\u015fembe\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cemal Pa\u015fa daha b\u00f6lgeye ula\u015fmadan \u00f6nce Emniyet Umum M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn levaz\u0131m ve lojistik i\u015flerle ilgili 8. \u015eubesi\u2019nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan polis memuru Bahaaddin\u2019i Yahudi \u015fehri Yafa\u2019ya Mutasarr\u0131f olarak atam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Cihan Harbine girdikten sonra kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fc\u015fman devletlerin (\u00f6zellikle Rusya\u2019n\u0131n) vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman yabanc\u0131lar\u201d ilan etmi\u015fti. Bu karara istinaden 19 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Rusya\u2019dan Filistin\u2019e g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Yahudilerin s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 emredildi. Uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin devreye girmesiyle \u201ce\u011fer Osmanl\u0131 tabiyetine toplu halde (en bloc<\/em>) ge\u00e7erlerse Rus Yahudilerini kovmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131nca sadece Yafa\u2019da 5 bin Yahudi \u201ccan havliyle\u201d vatanda\u015fl\u0131k ba\u015fvurusunda bulunmu\u015ftu. Binlerce ki\u015fi tela\u015fla bu i\u015f i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lan b\u00fcrolara ko\u015fmu\u015f, sokaklarda uzun kuyruklar olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n plan\u0131, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta vatanda\u015fl\u0131k almayanlar\u0131 i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgeler s\u00fcrmekti. Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u201cbu, Musevi alemini aleyhimize \u00e7evirir\u201d demesine ra\u011fmen i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgeler fikrinden de vazge\u00e7erek 17 Aral\u0131k 1914 g\u00fcn\u00fcnden itibaren 4 bin ila 7 bin aras\u0131 \u201cyabanc\u0131\u201d Yahudi\u2019yi \u201ckovma\u201d operasyonunu ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yahudi tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131na \u201cKara Per\u015fembe\u201d olarak ge\u00e7mi\u015fti bu olay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bahaaddin\u2019in zalimlikleri ve terfii<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD Sefareti\u2019nin yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 raporlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Almanya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130stanbul Sefiri Wangenheim\u2019in Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n huzuruna \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p diplomatik nezaket s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan bir \u015fekilde neler olup bitti\u011fini sormas\u0131 \u00fczerine Talat Pa\u015fa \u201cCemal Pa\u015fa ile mutab\u0131k olarak\u201d Yahudilerin kovulmas\u0131na son verildi\u011fini, daha \u00f6nceki be\u015f y\u0131l ikamet \u015fart\u0131 aranmadan 10 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde vatanda\u015fl\u0131k i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuranlar\u0131n (40 frank da \u00fccret \u00f6demeleri laz\u0131md\u0131) kesinlikle s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmeyece\u011fi garantisini vermi\u015fti. Talat Pa\u015fa iyi niyetinin \u201cni\u015fanesi\u201d olarak Yafa Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 Bahaaddin\u2019i g\u00f6revinden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Halbuki Bahaaddin, bundan b\u00f6yle Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olarak daha da geni\u015f bir alanda \u201cg\u00f6rev yapmaya\u201d (!) ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Devletin en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde verdi\u011fi s\u00f6ze ra\u011fmen Cemal Pa\u015fa vatanda\u015fl\u0131k ba\u015fvurusu i\u00e7in tan\u0131nan 10 g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u00fcreye dahi uymadan \u201cyabanc\u0131 Yahudileri\u201d tehcire devam etti. Fuat D\u00fcndar\u2019dan \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimize g\u00f6re s\u00fcr\u00fclen 2700 ki\u015finin ilk partisi 1.600 ki\u015fi idi, bunlar\u0131n da 600\u2019\u00fc M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Port Said ve \u0130skenderiye limanlar\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ula\u015fan Yahudiler Daily Mail<\/em> ve Chicago Daily News<\/em> gibi Amerikan gazetelerine verdikleri deme\u00e7lere bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, Arap k\u00f6kenli polislerin Yafa\u2019daki Yahudilere sadece el \u00e7antalar\u0131n\u0131 yanlar\u0131na al\u0131p kendilerini takip etmelerini emretmi\u015fler, ard\u0131ndan \u0130talyan band\u0131ral\u0131 bir vapura zorla bindirmi\u015flerdi. Bu nakil s\u0131ras\u0131nda yerel M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk ve polis taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015flar ve gemiye varana kadar para ve m\u00fccevher gibi varl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Geminin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcklenmesinden dolay\u0131 da birka\u00e7\u0131 denize d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp kaybolmu\u015ftu. Eski Yafa Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 Bahaaddin ve yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Hasan\u2019\u0131n bu s\u00fcre\u00e7teki tav\u0131rlar\u0131 o kadar ac\u0131mas\u0131zd\u0131 ki, sonunda Talat Pa\u015fa Almanya Sefiri Wangenheim ve ABD Sefiri Morgenthau\u2019nun talebi \u00fczerine Bahaadden\u2019i \u0130stanbul\u2019a \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmak zorunda kalacakt\u0131. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n bu \u201cde\u011ferli\u201d (!) eleman\u0131n\u0131n yeni g\u00f6revi EUM\u2019un yabanc\u0131lar ve \u201caz\u0131nl\u0131klar\u201dla ilgili 4. \u015eubesi\u2019nin m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr! Yani terfi etmi\u015ftir\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n plan\u0131: \u201cK\u00f6k\u00fcnden \u00e7\u00f6zmek\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konunun uluslararas\u0131 camian\u0131n ilgili alan\u0131na girmesi \u00fczerine Cemal Pa\u015fa neden Yahudilerin tehcirine son verilmemesi gerekti\u011fini Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019ya Kud\u00fcs\u2019ten yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 15 Mart 1915 tarihli telgraf\u0131nda (sadele\u015ftirilmi\u015f dille) \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetleyecektir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBunlar [Siyonist Hareket \u00fcyeleri] Arz-\u0131 Filistin [Filistin topraklar\u0131] i\u00e7in ciddi bir felakettir. \u2026 Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bir dini mahkeme kurulmas\u0131na kadar geni\u015flettiler. Kanaatimce, en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bir mevzuata ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r ve bu mevzuat \u015funlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermelidir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Bundan b\u00f6yle, Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etseler bile, hi\u00e7bir Yahudi g\u00f6\u00e7menin Filistin\u2019e yerle\u015fmesine izin verilmeyecektir.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Sadece Yahudilerin yerle\u015fti\u011fi bir koloni asla kurulmayacak ve bundan sonra koloni olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmayan mevcut koloniler, uygun isimlerin Devlet taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmesi ko\u015fuluyla k\u00f6y olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Yabanc\u0131 uyruklu ki\u015filerin ve vekillerinin, bu k\u00f6ylerin meselelerine ve bu k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ki\u015fisel sorunlar\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etmelerine izin verilmeyecektir.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Yahudi g\u00f6\u00e7menleri Filistin\u2019e getirip yerle\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla kurulan t\u00fcm siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik dernekler la\u011fvedilmi\u015ftir. Bu derneklere \u00fcye olan yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n Filistin\u2019de ikamet etmelerine izin verilmeyecek ve b\u00f6yle gizli bir dernek kuranlar Memalik-i Osmaniye\u2019den [Osmanl\u0131 Devleti] s\u00fcr\u00fclecektir.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Yahudi g\u00f6\u00e7menleri Osmanl\u0131 anavatan\u0131na yerle\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla kurulan hay\u0131rsever topluluklar\u0131n Filistin\u2019de memur \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma yetkisi olmayacakt\u0131r. Bunu gizlice yapanlar Osmanl\u0131 vatan\u0131ndan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilecektir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. Filistin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinin ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerine hicret etmek isteyen Yahudilere kolayl\u0131klar sa\u011flanacakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 Yahudilerinin tahliyesi ba\u015fl\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Dikkat edilirse daha \u00f6nce Osmanl\u0131 tabiyetinde olmayan (\u201cd\u00fc\u015fman yabanc\u0131\u201d) Yahudilerin \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusuydu. Art\u0131k hedef, Osmanl\u0131 tabiyetinde olan Yahudiler idi. Talat Pa\u015fa 8 Nisan 1915 tarihinde Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019ya Emniyet Umum M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (EUM) antetli ka\u011f\u0131tla \u00e7ok acil notlu bir telgraf \u00e7ekti. Buna g\u00f6re Kud\u00fcs, Akka ve Nablus livalar\u0131yla Sayda, Sur ve Merciyun kazalar\u0131na Yahudilerin yerle\u015fmeleri engellenmeli, Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131 olanlar dahil Yahudilerin emlak ve arazi edinmeleri kesinlikle yasaklanmal\u0131yd\u0131. Beyrut, Kud\u00fcs ve Yafa\u2019daki yabanc\u0131 Yahudilere Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u015fvurmak i\u00e7in may\u0131s ay\u0131na kadar s\u00fcre verilecek, bu s\u00fcrenin sonunda Yahudi karyeleri zab\u0131ta taraf\u0131ndan tek tek kontrol edilecek, Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131na ba\u015fvurmayanlardan d\u00fc\u015fman \u00fclke tebaas\u0131 olanlar\u0131n derhal Filistin\u2019den ihra\u00e7 edilmesine, d\u00fc\u015fman tebaas\u0131 olmayanlar\u0131n ise g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 emredilecekti. Bu arada posta idaresi g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, mektuplar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeki dile, pula, ka\u015feye \u00e7e\u015fitli yasaklar konmu\u015ftu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4 May\u0131s 1915\u2019te EUM, Beyrut ve Kud\u00fcs yetkililerinden Siyonistler hakk\u0131nda teferruatl\u0131 bilgi ve foto\u011fraf istedi. Filistin Yahudi Ajans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Berlin do\u011fumlu temsilcisi Lichtheim, Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019ya Filistin\u2019deki 100 bin Yahudi\u2019nin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bir tehlike arz etmedi\u011fini yazd\u0131, \u201cZaten fazla olsalard\u0131 da Arap n\u00fcfus i\u00e7inde az\u0131nl\u0131k olarak kalacaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 devletine zorunlu olarak ba\u011fl\u0131 olacaklard\u0131r\u201d<\/em>diyordu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Urfa, \u00c7orum se\u00e7enekleri konu\u015fuluyor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ancak Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n durmaya niyeti yoktu. 24 Haziran 1915 tarihli \u0130ttihad-\u0131 Osmani<\/em>gazetesinde yer alan talimatnameye g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeyen \u201cdin ve millet d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Yahudiler\u201d Urfa\u2019ya s\u00fcr\u00fclecekti. Talat bir s\u00fcre sonra Kud\u00fcs ve Beyrut valilik ve mutasarr\u0131fl\u0131klar\u0131na Yahudilerin Urfa\u2019ya s\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Filistin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131n, Beyrut ve \u015eam\u2019a s\u00fcr\u00fclmelerinin yeterli oldu\u011funu yazd\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda Yafa, Hayfa, Kud\u00fcs ve Beyrut\u2019ta ikamet eden 1140 \u201cyabanc\u0131 uyruklu\u201d Yahudi\u2019nin di\u011fer \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmemeleri halinde i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere s\u00fcr\u00fclecekleri belli olmu\u015ftu. 25 A\u011fustos\u2019ta Talat Pa\u015fa yine fikir de\u011fi\u015ftirdi ve Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019ya gizli bir \u015fifre ile Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya d\u00fc\u015fman duygular besleyen yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke tebaas\u0131 Yahudileri \u00c7orum\u2019a s\u00fcrmelerini, Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131n\u0131 yeni kabul edenlerin Filistin merkezi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda herhangi bir yere s\u00fcr\u00fclmelerini yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bunlar olurken \u0130stanbul\u2019da Sultan V. Mehmed Re\u015fat, Prens Yusuf \u0130zzeddin, Enver Pa\u015fa, Talat Pa\u015fa ve Hariciye Vekili Halil (Mente\u015fe) ile \u0130TC (\u00f6nce Selanik, 1914\u2019ten itibaren) \u0130stanbul Mebusu Emanuel Karasu toplanm\u0131\u015f ve Polonyal\u0131 Yahudilerin Anadolu ve Ermeni b\u00f6lgelerine g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc \u00fczerine konu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Eyl\u00fcl 1915\u2019in sonuna gelindi\u011finde, \u201cyabanc\u0131\u201d Yahudiler i\u00e7in vatanda\u015fl\u0131k s\u00fcreci tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeyenler veya ba\u015fvurular\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan reddedilenler 20 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Filistin\u2019den s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildi. Ekim ay\u0131nda Halil (Mente\u015fe) Bey T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yeterince Yahudisinin oldu\u011funu ve art\u0131k fazlas\u0131n\u0131 istemedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. 1915 sonuna gelindi\u011finde 11.300 Yahudi yani b\u00f6lgedeki Yahudi n\u00fcfusun 1\/8\u2019i Filistin\u2019den \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 tabiyetine ge\u00e7en Yahudi say\u0131s\u0131 ise 20 bin idi. Bu merkezde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u201cba\u015far\u0131\u201d olarak sevince neden oldu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Filistin\u2019in T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi ba\u015fka bahara<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1916 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Talat Pa\u015fa ve Cemal Pa\u015fa, Yahudilerden bo\u015falan yerlere kimlerin yerle\u015ftirilece\u011fi \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcler. Cemal Pa\u015fa b\u00f6lgenin \u201cT\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi\u201d i\u00e7in iyi bir f\u0131rsat oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerken, Talat Pa\u015fa \u00f6nceli\u011fin Ermenilerden bo\u015falan yerlerin \u201cT\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Ancak \u201celdeki T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusun son derece s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131nca Talat Pa\u015fa 3 A\u011fustos 1916 tarihli \u015fifre ile Halep\u2019ten \u00f6tesinin (K\u00fcrt ve) T\u00fcrklerin iskan\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikli b\u00f6lge olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesin bir dille belirtti, \u00f6ncelik Anadolu\u2019da bo\u015falan yerlerdeydi. B\u00f6ylece Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Filistin\u2019i T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131rma projesi akim kald\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Siyonist liderlerin s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cemal Pa\u015fa, de\u011fi\u015fik tarihlerde de\u011fi\u015fik kaynaklara g\u00f6re 12 (baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re 30) Siyonist lideri de Filistin\u2019den s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bunlardan Albert Antebi Kud\u00fcs\u2019teki Yahudi cemaatinin \u00f6nemli bir temsilcisi, Alliance Isra\u00e9lite Universelle\u2019in temsilcisiydi. Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131yla Filistin Yahudi cemaati ile Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimiyle ili\u015fkilerde arabulucu rol\u00fc oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bizzat Cemal Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan sorguya \u00e7ekilmi\u015f, sorgu sonunda Cemal Pa\u015fa dahi Antebi\u2019nin masum oldu\u011funa inanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yine de Antebi\u2019yi, metnini kendi adamlar\u0131na yazd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir bildiriyi Kud\u00fcs Yahudilerince \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Haachdut<\/em> adl\u0131 gazetede yay\u0131mlamaya mecbur edecekti. 25 Ocak 1915\u2019te bas\u0131lan ama da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmayan metinde \u201cNe yaz\u0131k ki Eretz Israil Yahudileri Siyonisttirler, yani T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131d\u0131rlar. Kimin evinde Siyonist dok\u00fcman\u0131 bulunursa \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r\u201d ifadeleri vard\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Gelece\u011fin \u0130srail Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 David Ben-Gurion ve gelece\u011fin \u0130srail Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Yitzhak Ben-Zvi de Mart 1915\u2019te tutukland\u0131lar, sorguland\u0131lar ve Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a gittiler. (Bu iki \u015fahsiyetin hikayesini ayr\u0131 bir yaz\u0131da ele alaca\u011f\u0131m.) 1915 A\u011fustos ortas\u0131nda, Siyonist kolonilerin \u00f6nde gelen liderleri Dr. Mossinsohn, Aronotiz, Haham Fishmann, Ridnik, Fein ve Yafa\u2019daki \u0130brani Lisesi m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Dr. Bogratoschof Filistin\u2019i terk etmek zorunda kald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Siyonist b\u00fcronun y\u00f6neticisi Dr. Arthur Ruppin\u2019in s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmesi ise \u00e7ok ses getirecekti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ruppin Alman vatanda\u015f\u0131yd\u0131 ve Amerika\u2019daki Yahudi \u00e7evrelerinde iyi bir \u00fcne sahipti. Bu nedenle, Filistin\u2019deki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Filistin\u2019deki Siyonist \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin devam\u0131 i\u00e7in kilit bir \u00f6neme sahipti. Cemal Pa\u015fa, Ruppin\u2019i ilk olarak Nisan 1915\u2019te Filistin\u2019den \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Alman B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi\u2019nden, \u015eam Konsolosu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, s\u00f6z konusu Siyonist liderin geri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etti. Ancak, Alman H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin m\u00fcdahalesiyle ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 engellendi. Ekim 1915\u2019te talebini yeniledi. Ancak, Alman B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Ruppin\u2019in geri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmas\u0131na yine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Cemal Pa\u015fa, Ruppin\u2019in g\u00f6revini bir Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015f\u0131na devretmesi \u015fart\u0131yla kalmas\u0131na izin verdi. Bunun \u00fczerine, Avusturya vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip bir di\u011fer Siyonist lider Dr. Jacob Thon, Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u015fvurmak ve Filistin\u2019deki Alman Yahudilerinin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devralmak zorunda kald\u0131. 11 Eyl\u00fcl 1916\u2019da Cemal Pa\u015fa, Dr. Ruppin\u2019i makam\u0131na \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131 ve kendisinden kibar ama kesin bir dille 10 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde Filistin\u2019i terk etmesini istedi. Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 imalar\u0131 \u00fczerine Filistin\u2019deki Siyonist \u00f6rg\u00fcte zarar vermemek i\u00e7in, Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n karar\u0131n\u0131 itirazs\u0131z kabul eden Ruppin Almanya\u2019ya g\u00f6nderilmeyip \u0130stanbul\u2019da tutuldu. B\u00f6ylece faaliyetleri g\u00fcya kontrol edilecekti ama Ruppin \u0130stanbul\u2019dan Yishuv<\/em>\u2019a (Filistin Yahudi cemaatine) para ve yard\u0131m organizasyonu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ruppin\u2019den kurtulduktan sonra Cemal Pa\u015fa, halefi Dr. Thon ve yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 David Yellin\u2019i Filistin\u2019den uzakla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 arad\u0131. Yellin ve Thon, Ruppin\u2019in s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcnden sonra Filistin\u2019deki Siyonist faaliyetlerin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinden sorumluydu. 30 Ocak 1917\u2019de Cemal Pa\u015fa, Yellin\u2019i ailesiyle birlikte \u015eam\u2019a \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131 ve daha sonra 4 \u015eubat\u2019ta Thon\u2019un \u015eam\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesini emretti. Ancak bu sefer Cemal karar\u0131n\u0131 geri \u00e7ekti ve bu iki lideri Filistin\u2019den kovma fikrinden vazge\u00e7ti. Bu eylemleriyle Cemal, Siyonist faaliyetleri bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kontrol alt\u0131na almay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve Siyonizm konusundaki endi\u015feleri, Filistin\u2019e y\u00f6nelik \u0130ngiliz askeri tehdidi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kana kadar sakin bir a\u015famaya girmi\u015fti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Sene 1917, Gazze ve Yafa\u2019n\u0131n bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    D\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 25\/26 Mart 1917 gecesi \u0130ngilizlerin Gazze-Bir\u00fcssebi hatt\u0131nda mevzilenen Osmanl\u0131 birliklerine sald\u0131rmas\u0131 (Birinci Gazze Sava\u015f\u0131) oldu. 4. Ordu Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcya \u201cs\u0131rf esbab-\u0131 askeriyeden dolay\u0131 yani muhtemel bir d\u00fc\u015fman taarruzuna kar\u015f\u0131 bir m\u00fcdafaa hatt\u0131 icra etmek ve gayri muhariplerin zarardar olmas\u0131na meydan vermemek maksad\u0131yla\u201d, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 veya yabanc\u0131 ayr\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n Gazze ve Yafa\u2019n\u0131n harp alan\u0131ndaki mahallelerinde ya\u015fayan t\u00fcm M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, H\u0131ristiyan ve Yahudi sakinlerinin\u201d yerlerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p Gazze ve Yafa\u2019n\u0131n \u201charp alan\u0131 olmayan\u201d k\u00f6ylerine yerle\u015ftirilmelerine karar verdi. \u201cG\u00fcya\u201d dedim \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 \u201ckalben tam bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve T\u00fcrk vatanperveri\u201d olarak nitelendiren Osmanl\u0131 4. Ordusunda g\u00f6revli Alman komutan Kress von Kressenstein\u2019a (Kress Pa\u015fa) g\u00f6re o askeri gerek\u00e7elerin arkas\u0131da \u201cgizli politik hedefler\u201d vard\u0131r. Kressentein, tahliyenin aksine zaafiyet getirece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteydi. \u201cBu miktardaki n\u00fcfusun transferi ac\u0131l\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilirdi. Ermeni trajedisi tekrarlanabilirdi. Yerle\u015fik durumda bile ia\u015fe sorunu ciddi bir sorundu. Nas\u0131l t\u00fcm sevkiyat boyunca onlar\u0131 besleyebiliriz? Sevkiyat nedeniyle, binlerce insan hastal\u0131k ve salg\u0131nlardan \u00f6lebilir ve hatta Osmanl\u0131 askeri g\u00fc\u00e7leri bile bundan etkilenebilirdi.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ancak Cemal Pa\u015fa ve (\u0130stanbul\u2019daki di\u011fer pa\u015falar) bunlara kulak asmad\u0131 ve Gazze, 28 Mart\u2019ta tahliye edilerek kontrol\u00fc askeri makamlara devredildi. Gazze\u2019deki Yahudi n\u00fcfusunun azl\u0131\u011f\u0131, konuyu uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131. Ancak Yahudilerin Yafa ve Kud\u00fcs\u2019te yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, o d\u00f6nemde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki Yahudi \u00e7evrelerinde, bu \u015fehirlerin tahliyesinin hedefleri konusunda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir endi\u015feye yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Yafa\u2019daki Alman Konsolosu bu karar\u0131n gerisinde \u201cT\u00fcrklerin Yahudileri yok etme amac\u0131 yatmakta\u201d diye yazd\u0131. Kress Pa\u015fa da \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Alman b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fini uyard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n duruma m\u00fcdahale ederek Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 tahliyeden vazge\u00e7irdi\u011fini belirtiyordu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cAntisemit de\u011filim, antisiyonistim\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tehciri durdurmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kendisini Kud\u00fcs\u2019teki karargah\u0131nda ziyaret eden heyete \u201cAntisemit de\u011filim ama antisiyonistim\u201d (baz\u0131 kaynaklarda \u201cYahudi dostuyum, Siyonizm d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131y\u0131m\u201d \u015feklinde ge\u00e7iyor bu ifade ancak ilki do\u011fru) diyen Cemal Pa\u015fa hakikaten de Yafa\u2019n\u0131n bo\u015faltma tarihi dokuz g\u00fcn geriye att\u0131, ayr\u0131ca Alman ve Yahudi \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Yafa, 9 Nisan\u2019da Kud\u00fcs Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 M\u00fcnir Bey\u2019in nezaretinde tahliye edildi. D\u00e2hiliye Nezareti, 12 Nisan 1917 tarihinde Kud\u00fcs Mutasarr\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi telgrafta tahliye edilenlerin nerelerde isk\u00e2n edildi\u011fi, bunlar hakk\u0131nda uygulanan ia\u015fe, nakil, s\u0131hhiye ve konaklama i\u015flemleri hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi istedi\u011finde Cemal Pa\u015fa, Yafa\u2019dan tahliye edilen hi\u00e7bir ahalinin iadesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn dolmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulayarak \u201cbaz\u0131 m\u00fclahazat-\u0131 askeriye yeni k\u00f6ylerin tahliyesini bile icap ettirmektedir\u201d bilgisini verecekti.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osmanl\u0131 ar\u015fiv belgelerine g\u00f6re, Gazze\u2019den tahliye edilenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok az\u0131 Yahudi olmak \u00fczere 30 bin civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Yafa\u2019dan ise 7 bini Yahudi olmak \u00fczere 40 bin ki\u015fi tahliye edilmi\u015fti. (Isaiah Friedman\u2019a g\u00f6re ise Yafa\u2019dan 9 bin Yahudi \u201cihra\u00e7\u201d edilmi\u015fti.) Stanford J. Shaw\u2019a g\u00f6re, tahliye edilen Yahudilerin yar\u0131s\u0131 kom\u015fu Yahudi yerle\u015fim merkezleri Petah Tikva ve Kfar Saba\u2019ya ge\u00e7ti. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131, Galile\u2019deki \u00f6zellikle Taberiye ve Safed\u2019te k\u00f6kl\u00fc Yahudi cemaatlerine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. Di\u011fer bir k\u0131sm\u0131, Kud\u00fcs ve \u015eam\u2019a ge\u00e7ti. Cemal bununla yetinmedi, Kud\u00fcs\u2019teki t\u00fcm konsoloslar\u0131 toplayarak onlara kendi tebaas\u0131 olan Yahudileri de \u015fehirden \u00e7\u0131karmaya zorlad\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Almanlar techir hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Kud\u00fcs Konsolosu Brode, Siyonizm\u2019e sempati duymas\u0131na ve \u201cYahudi kolonizasyonu Almanya i\u00e7in muazzam ticari potansiyel ta\u015f\u0131yor\u201d, \u201cSiyonizm, Rusya\u2019daki Yahudileri Bat\u0131\u2019ya de\u011fil Filistin\u2019e y\u00f6nlendirerek \u2018Yahudi sorununu\u2019 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur\u201d, \u201cSiyonizm, \u2018\u015eark Kan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Almanya\u2019ya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 n\u00fcfuzunu \u00f6nleyecektir\u201d \u015feklindeki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine ra\u011fmen Cemal\u2019in tahliye eyleminin esas olarak askeri kayg\u0131lardan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Ona g\u00f6re Birinci Gazze Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019yla birlikte tahliyenin askeri a\u00e7\u0131dan faydal\u0131yd\u0131. Gazze tahliye edilmeseydi, \u0130ngiliz ku\u015fatmas\u0131 \u015fehir sakinleri aras\u0131nda pani\u011fe yol a\u00e7acak ve bu da askerler aras\u0131nda olumsuz bir etki yaratacakt\u0131. Dahas\u0131, Yafa halk\u0131 \u0130ngilizlere sempati duyuyordu. Bu nedenle, bir sava\u015f durumunda, \u015fehrin yerel halk\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d ad\u0131na casusluk faaliyetlerinde bulunulabilirdi. Kud\u00fcs ziyaretinden sonra Alman General Falkenhayn da tahliyenin askeri nedenlerle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fine ikna olmu\u015ftu. Kud\u00fcs Konsolosu ve Falkenhayn\u2019\u0131n tam tersine, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Alman B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi, askeri durumun Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n siyasi hedeflerine katk\u0131da bulundu\u011fu ve bu nedenle tahliyenin ilk nedeninin siyasi oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde \u0131srar ediyordu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Avrupa bas\u0131n\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck tepki<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Yahudi tehciri 1917 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n may\u0131s ay\u0131 boyunca Avrupa ve ABD gazetelerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck haber oldu. Frans\u0131z L\u2019agence Havas<\/em>, Yafa ve Gazze\u2019den tahliye edilenlerin yaln\u0131zca Yahudiler oldu\u011fu, kendilerine ula\u015f\u0131m imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve evsiz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia ediliyordu. G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u00f6zel e\u015fyalar\u0131 ve Hristiyan mabetleri ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ngiliz gazetesi The Times<\/em> yollarda \u201ca\u00e7 susuz\u201d kalan binlerce Yahudiye dikkat \u00e7ekti. The Manchester Guardian<\/em> Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n so\u011fukkanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde Yahudileri a\u00e7l\u0131kla, susuzlukla ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klarla imha etti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Britanya\u2019da The Daily Telegraph<\/em> ve The Morning Post<\/em>; Fransa\u2019da Le Temps<\/em> \u0130talya\u2019da Corriere della Sera<\/em>, Il Cittadino<\/em> ve L\u2019unita Cattolica<\/em>; \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de La Tribune de Genevre<\/em> gazetesi Kud\u00fcs\u2019te H\u0131ristiyanlara ait kilise, manast\u0131r ve di\u011fer kutsal mek\u00e2nlar\u0131n J\u00f6nt\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmeti memurlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ya\u011fmaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, de\u011ferli mal ve e\u015fyalar\u0131n ba\u015fka mahallere nakledildi\u011fini, tahliye edilen Yahudilerin evlerinin T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan tamamen tahrip edildi\u011fi ve ya\u011fmaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ya\u011fmalamaya kar\u015f\u0131 direnen Yahudilerin idam edildi\u011fini yaz\u0131yordu. \u0130dam say\u0131s\u0131 1000\u2019e \u00e7\u0131karan gazeteler bile vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    N\u0130L\u0130 casusluk \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc bahanesi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lahey Matbuat B\u00fcrosu taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanan ve sonradan Gazette de Lausanne<\/em>\u2019nin 17 Aral\u0131k 1917 tarihli n\u00fcshas\u0131nda \u201cT\u00fcrk despotu\u201d Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n gittik\u00e7e hastal\u0131kl\u0131 hale gelen antisemit uygulamalarla T\u00fcrk-Yahudi dostlu\u011funu baltalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Gazeteye g\u00f6re Cemal Pa\u015fa, Filistin\u2019de ya\u015fayan b\u00fct\u00fcn Yahudileri birer casus ve hain olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor, Yahudileri takip ettiriyor ve T\u00fcrk askerini Yahudilere kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaktan \u00e7ekinmiyordu. T\u00fcrk istihbarat\u0131n\u0131n yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 N\u0130L\u0130 casuslar\u0131na da de\u011finen gazete, \u00f6rg\u00fct liderlerinden Sarah Aaronsohn ve Reuven Schwartz\u2019\u0131n soru\u015fturmada maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fkenceden dolay\u0131 intihar etti\u011fini ve Sarah\u2019\u0131n babas\u0131 Efrahim Aaronsohn\u2019un da akl\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi\u011fini yaz\u0131yordu. Osmanl\u0131 istihbarat \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne g\u00f6re Botanik bilimci Aaron Aaronsohn\u2019un liderli\u011finde Hayfa\u2019da kurulan N\u0130L\u0130 casusluk \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc 23 \u00fcst d\u00fczey \u00fcye ve ya\u015flar\u0131 24-27 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen y\u00fczlerce g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc gen\u00e7ten olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Aaron, 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Ortado\u011fu cephelerine ait savunma planlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7alarak \u0130ngilizlere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, ard\u0131ndan \u0130ngilizlerin M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki istihbarat te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n Yahudi b\u00fcrosunun ba\u015f\u0131na getirilmi\u015fti. Aaron\u2019un firar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan N\u0130L\u0130\u2019nin Filistin\u2019deki faaliyetlerini karde\u015fi Sarah Aaronsohn \u00fcstlenmi\u015fti. Yossef Lishansky ve Naaman Belkind gibi uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte faaliyet g\u00f6steren casuslar\u0131n da N\u0130L\u0130 b\u00fcnyesinde faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Hakikaten de Lozan gazetesinin haberindeki gibi Sarah Aronsohn, soru\u015fturma s\u0131ras\u0131nda intihar etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Kar\u015f\u0131 propaganda ata\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cemal Pa\u015fa bu yay\u0131nlar\u0131 Filistin\u2019deki Yahudi ve Hristiyan ruhanileri, Avrupa\u2019daki Yahudi m\u00fcnevverleri seferber ederek tekzip etme yoluna gitti. \u00d6rne\u011fin Dr. Thon, 13 Siyonist gazeteye iddialar\u0131 yalanlayan telgraflar g\u00f6nderdi. Kud\u00fcs Hahamba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 Danon Efendi, ba\u015fta \u0130stanbul\u2019da bulunan Hahamba\u015f\u0131 Haim Nahum Efendi olmak \u00fczere Viyana, Budape\u015fte, Frankfurt ve Roterdam\u2019da bulunan ki\u015fi ve gazetelere \u00e7ekti\u011fi telgrafta Yahudilere y\u00f6nelik k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele iddialar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131. Haim Nahum Efendi, Alman gazetesi Frankfurter Zeitung<\/em>\u2019a bir r\u00f6portaj verdi, Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin m\u00fcltecilerin masraflar\u0131 i\u00e7in 100 bin lira tahsisat ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. (Haim Nahum Efendi hakk\u0131nda geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in: https:\/\/www.avlaremoz.com\/olumunun-65-yildonumunde-ittihatcilarin-ve-kemalistlerin-hahambasisi-haim-nahum-ayse-hur\/)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Muhtemelen Haim Nahum Efendi\u2019nin arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Avrupa\u2019daki Yahudi \u00e7evreleri de \u201ctekzip\u201d furyas\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Alman ve Flemenk Filistin Dostlar\u0131 Cemiyeti Kud\u00fcs Murahhas\u0131 M\u00f6sy\u00f6 Horovi\u00e7, Baron Rotschild\u2019in vekili Amerikal\u0131 Yahudi Beril, Yafa Ziraat Mektebi M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc M\u00f6sy\u00f6 Zadsi, Rishon Le-Zion kolonisinin m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc gibi etkili ki\u015filer Avrupa\u2019daki ve ABD\u2019deki \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fah\u0131slara, kurumlara ve merkezlerde mektuplar yazarak, telgraflar g\u00f6ndererek, Yahudilerin k\u00f6t\u00fc muameleye u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddialar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirttiler. \u0130ttihat Terakki h\u00fck\u00fcmeti de Filistin\u2019deki tahliye alanlar\u0131n\u0131n Yahudi gazetecilerine a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funu, e\u011fer isterlerse gelip kendi g\u00f6zlemlerini yapabileceklerini duyurdu. Bu ba\u011flamda Dr. Finkelt, Haham Dr. Horovi\u00e7, Dr. Alfons Sonitsky ve Dr. Saki Rozenblot adl\u0131 d\u00f6rt tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Yahudi doktorun incelemeler yapmak \u00fczere olay mahalline g\u00f6nderilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Hariciye Nezareti, Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi bir telgrafta gazetecilerin Filistin\u2019e askeri trenle seyahat edecekleri bilgisini vererek kendilerine her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6sterilmesini istedi. Ama bu ziyaret ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi. Bunun yerine Almanlar\u0131n tavsiyesi \u00fczerine muhtemelen Gazette de Fos<\/em> (veya benzer bir Frans\u0131zca\/Almanca gazete) yazar\u0131 Dr. Beka Filistin\u2019e davet edildi. Dr. Beka\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye gitti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ama bir rapor haz\u0131rlay\u0131p haz\u0131rlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyoruz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Yeni bir Siyonist takibat\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Talat Pa\u015fa, 16 Haziran 1917\u2019de Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Yafa\u2019dan tahliye edilen Yahudilerin ve di\u011fer ahalinin geri d\u00f6nmelerine m\u00fcsaade edilmesi hususunda fikrini sordu\u011funda Cemal Pa\u015fa, askeri nedenleri gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek Yahudilerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerine s\u0131cak bakmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Dahas\u0131 12 Temmuz\u2019da k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki Yahudilerin i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere s\u00fcr\u00fclmesine karar verdi. Hatta tek tek Yahudi ailelerin bile pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu. 1917\u2019nin Ekim ay\u0131nda Zikhron Ya\u2019akov adl\u0131 Yahudi kolonisi Osmanl\u0131 birlikleri taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131, sakinleri \u015fiddete maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan yeni bir Siyonist takibat\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Y\u00fczlerce ki\u015fi \u00f6nce Petah Tikva, Kfar Saba, Hayfa ve Taberiye gibi merkezlerde topland\u0131, sonra \u00dcrd\u00fcn \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu yakas\u0131na ve Kuzey Suriye\u2019ye nakledildi. Lishansky ve Belkind gibi iki \u00f6nemli Siyonist lider idam edilirken, bir grup Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131 ve yabanc\u0131 tebaal\u0131 Yahudi i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Tarih\u00e7i Freidmann\u2019a g\u00f6re Cemal Pa\u015fa o g\u00fcnlerde t\u00fcm Yahudileri \u201cSiyonizmin ajan\u0131\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Yani \u201cantisemitizm ile antisiyonizm\u201d aras\u0131ndaki makas neredeyse kapanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tehcirin insani bilan\u00e7osu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yerlerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lanlar, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kalabal\u0131k \u015fehirlerden yiyecek kayna\u011f\u0131 bol olan kolonilere g\u00f6nderildikleri i\u00e7in k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine de olsa rahat ya\u015fad\u0131lar. Ne var ki sonradan imparatorlu\u011fu kas\u0131p kavuran a\u00e7l\u0131k ve k\u0131tl\u0131k salg\u0131n\u0131 onlar\u0131 da etkiledi. Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin uluslararas\u0131 bask\u0131lar sayesinde \u201cg\u00f6stermelik\u201d \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 1918 y\u0131l\u0131 boyunca \u00e7ok say\u0131da Yahudi a\u00e7l\u0131ktan ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc. Tehcir sonras\u0131 defin kay\u0131tlar\u0131na g\u00f6re Kfar Saba\u2019da 224, Taberiye\u2019de 321, Safed\u2019de 104, \u015eam\u2019da 75, Hayfa\u2019da 15 Yahudi g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Defin kay\u0131tlar\u0131na dayal\u0131 olarak \u00f6l\u00fcm say\u0131s\u0131 1.500 olarak hesapland\u0131. Yani tehcir edilen her aile en az bir \u00fcyesini kaybetmi\u015fti. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Yahudi Tehciri 9 Aral\u0131k 1917\u2019de Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin eline ge\u00e7mesiyle fiilen sona erdi. Geriye kalanlar ancak Osmanl\u0131 birliklerinin 19-25 Eyl\u00fcl 1918 tarihleri aras\u0131ndaki Megiddo (veya Nablus) Muharebesi\u2019nde yenilip Filistin\u2019i tamamen terk etmesinden sonra geriye d\u00f6nebildi\u2026 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Ermenilerin \u201c\u015fansl\u0131\u201d kaderda\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cemal Pa\u015fa \u201cYahudi politikalar\u0131n\u0131\u201d elbette \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin di\u011fer pa\u015falar\u0131yla birlikte \u015fekillendirmi\u015fti. Bu politikalar, 8 Nisan 1915 tarihinde, (Mara\u015f) Zeytun Ermenilerinden ilk kafile M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n yo\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu Konya Ovas\u0131\u2019ndaki Sultaniye ve Karap\u0131nar\u2019a tehciriyle fiilen ba\u015flayan, 24 Nisan 1915 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130stanbul\u2019da ya\u015fayan Ermeni entelekt\u00fcellerinin, kanaat \u00f6nderlerinin, siyasi liderlerinin Aya\u015f ve \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131\u2019ya s\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle sembolik olarak ba\u015flayan, nihayet 27 May\u0131s 1915 tarihinde \u201cGe\u00e7ici Tehcir Kararnamesi\u201d ile resmen ba\u015flayan \u201cErmeni Tehciri\u201d ile ayn\u0131 mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 izliyordu. Nas\u0131l ki Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesindeki t\u00fcm Ermeniler, kad\u0131n-erkek, ya\u015fl\u0131-gen\u00e7, politik-apolitik, Gregoryan-Protestan-Katolik, sava\u015f b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayan-d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan demeden, Osmanl\u0131 meclislerinde y\u0131llarca Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru temsilcileri olarak yer alan Ta\u015fnak ve H\u0131n\u00e7ak partilerinin, az say\u0131daki radikal unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7o\u011fu \u015eark vilayetlerinde, \u00e7o\u011fu etkisiz, \u00e7o\u011fu \u201c\u015fuyuu vukuundan b\u00fcy\u00fck\u201d \u00e7etecilik faaliyetlerini bahane edilerek Suriye\u2019nin Der Zor \u00e7\u00f6llerine do\u011fru kanl\u0131 bir yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015flarsa, Filistin\u2019de ya\u015fayan Yahudiler (ki o d\u00f6nemde 100 bin ila 120 bin aras\u0131nda bir n\u00fcfusa sahip olduklar\u0131 biliniyor), \u00f6nce \u201cyabanc\u0131\u201d denilerek sonra Siyonist olmakla itham edilerek, nihayet sava\u015f b\u00f6lgesinde hem zarar verecekler, hem zarar g\u00f6recekler denilerek ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131ndan zorla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacaklar, baz\u0131s\u0131 Filistin\u2019in i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerine, baz\u0131s\u0131 kom\u015fu devletlere, baz\u0131s\u0131 Anadolu topraklar\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fclecekler, baz\u0131s\u0131 da Avrupa, ABD, G\u00fcney Amerika gibi \u00e7ok uzak \u00fclkelere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmak zorunda kalacaklard\u0131. Tek fark, Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerin tehciri, 1948 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nde tarif edilen t\u00fcrden \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m\u201d ile bitmi\u015fken, Osmanl\u0131 Yahudilerin tehciri 1500 can kayb\u0131yla bitecek, sa\u011f kalanlar\u0131n sava\u015ftan sonra eski yerlerine d\u00f6nmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bilmem ilgin\u00e7 bulacak m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z, Cemal Pa\u015fa, bizzat kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve 1922\u2019de bas\u0131lan Hat\u0131rat<\/em>\u2019\u0131nda \u00f6rne\u011fin David Ben-Gurion, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi\u2019yi tevkif ettirdi\u011fini, baz\u0131 \u201czararl\u0131\u201d unsurlar\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019a veya hudut d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etti\u011fini, kolonizasyon faaliyetlerini engelledi\u011fine de\u011finirken, merkezle yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda bol bol kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sion, Siyonizm, Siyonist terimlerini hi\u00e7 kullanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde 1915 ve 1917\u2019deki kitlesel tehcirden de s\u00f6z etmemi\u015fti. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca Filistinli Yahudilere verdi\u011fi \u0131zd\u0131rap ile ilgili olarak herhangi bir gerek\u00e7e, pi\u015fmanl\u0131k, savunma veya \u00f6z\u00fcr duymad\u0131k kendisinden. Sanki bu yaz\u0131da anlat\u0131lanlar onun i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hahamba\u015f\u0131 Haim Nahum Efendi ise 1919\u2019da \u015f\u00f6yle diyecekti: \u201cY\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm politika sayesinde T\u00fcrkiye ve Filistin Yahudilerinin Ermeni ve Rumlarla ayn\u0131 kaderi payla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelledim.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00d6zet Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong>: Fuat D\u00fcndar, Modern T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u015eifresi, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin Etnisite M\u00fchendisli\u011fi (1913-1918), \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2008, Isiah Freidman, Germany, Turkey and Zionism, 1897-1918, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1977; Ben-Bassat, Yuval and Eyal Ginio, Late Ottoman Palestine: The Period of Young Turk Rule<\/em>, London, I.B. Tauris, 2011; Jerusalem in world war I : the Palestine diary of a European diplomat \/ Conde de Ballobar<\/em>, ed.: Eduardo Manzano Moreno, Roberto Mazza, London, I. B. Tauris, 2011, M. Talha \u00c7i\u00e7ek, Cemal Pasha\u2019s Governorate in Syria, 1914-1917, Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilmi\u015f doktora tezi, Nevzat Artu\u00e7, Cemal Pa\u015fa, Askeri ve Siyasi Hayat\u0131<\/em>, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2008. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    https:\/\/www.avlaremoz.com\/tarih-1915-1917-yer-filistin-olay-cemal-pasanin-yahudi-tehciri-ayse-hur<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    AY\u015eE H\u00dcR Cihan Harbi patlak verdi\u011finde, Harbiye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Enver Pa\u015fa, Ni\u015fanta\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki evine davet etti\u011fi Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019dan hem M\u0131s\u0131r seferini icra hem de Suriye ve Filistin\u2019deki asayi\u015fi temin etmesini istemi\u015fti. Teklif kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fa\u015f\u0131ran ama teklifi memnuniyetle kabul eden Cemal Pa\u015fa 18 Kas\u0131m 1914 tarihli emirle, Bahriye Naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 uhdesinde kalmak \u015fart\u0131yla IV. Ordu Kumandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Suriye, Filistin, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":86162,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70,20,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-86161","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\nTarih: 1915-1917, Yer: Filistin, Olay: Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Yahudi Tehciri - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=86161\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tarih: 1915-1917, Yer: Filistin, Olay: Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Yahudi Tehciri - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"AY\u015eE H\u00dcR Cihan Harbi patlak verdi\u011finde, Harbiye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Enver Pa\u015fa, Ni\u015fanta\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki evine davet etti\u011fi Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019dan hem M\u0131s\u0131r seferini icra hem de Suriye ve Filistin\u2019deki asayi\u015fi temin etmesini istemi\u015fti. 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