{"id":85258,"date":"2026-01-22T01:47:53","date_gmt":"2026-01-22T06:47:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=85258"},"modified":"2026-01-22T01:47:54","modified_gmt":"2026-01-22T06:47:54","slug":"joseph-marquart-alman-uslubu-sukut","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=85258","title":{"rendered":"Joseph Marquart: ALMAN \u00dcSLUBU S\u00dcKUT"},"content":{"rendered":"\n


JOSEPH MARQUART (1864- 1930)\u00a0Alman do\u011fubilimci, Ermeni ara\u015ft\u0131r\u00admalar\u0131 uzman\u0131, dilbilimci ve co\u011frafyac\u0131. T\u00fcbingen \u00dcniversitesinden mezun olup, ard\u0131ndan orada, daha sonra da Leyden ve Berlin \u00fcniversitelerinde \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeli\u00ad\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1920de Berlin \u00dcniversitesi b\u00fcnyesinde Ermeni filoloji k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kurmu\u015ftur. \u0130ran, T\u00fcrk, Ermeni ve Kafkas ara\u015f\u00adt\u0131rmalar\u0131 dal\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da eseri mev\u00adcuttur. Viyana daki Mkhitarist Rahipler \u2019le s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fki\u015fler i\u00e7inde olup, \u201cHandes Amenorya\u201d dergisinde makaleler yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Maalesef, Marquart\u2019\u0131n Ermeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 konusundaki eserlerden bir\u00e7o\u011fu hala yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Onun eserleri aras\u0131nda \u201cYeran\u015fahr\u201d monografisi (1901) ile 1903 \u2019te Tovmas Ketikyan \u2019n\u0131n terc\u00fcmesiyle Ermenice olarak Venedik \u2019te yay\u0131nla\u00adnan \u2018Ermeni Derebeyleri\u201d ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ve \u2018Ermeni Alfabesinin Do\u011fu\u015fu ve St. Ma\u015ftots \u2019un Hayat\u0131 \u201d kitab\u0131 (A. Vardanyan taraf\u0131ndan terc\u00fcme edi\u00adlen bu kitap 1913 \u2019te Ermenice bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) \u00f6zel bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. Son kitap Marcjuart\u2019\u0131n 1902\u2019de \u00fcniversitedeki tedrisat\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermekte olup, 1905 \u2019te Mosova \u2019daki Lazaryan Enstitis\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f\u00adt\u00fcr Bilim adam\u0131n\u0131n \u201cDo\u011fu Avrupa ve Do\u011fu Asya Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 \u201d kita\u00adb\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan \u201cBagratun ilerin Ceddi\u201d ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 da bir hayli de\u011ferlidir Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma da 1915\u2019te M. Hapozyan \u2019\u0131n terc\u00fcmesi ve yazar\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcyle, ayr\u0131 bir kitap halinde bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu arada onun 1914 \u2019te \u2018Alman- Ermeni Cemiyetinde \u201d vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu konferans\u0131 ihtiva eden \u2018Ermeni Ulusunun Do\u011fu\u015fu ve Dirili\u015fi \u201cba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 eserinin de kayda de\u011fer oldu\u011funu belirtelim.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Onun Ermeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 dal\u0131nda yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu kayda de\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, biz \u201cYunan ve Arap Co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131na G\u00f6re Giiney Ermenistan ve Dicle Havzas\u0131\u201d (1911) ile 2009\u2019da Ermenice olarak Tahran da yay\u0131nlanan \u201cErmeni Piskoposlar\u0131n Men\u015fei \u201d (1932) eserlerini de sayabiliriz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu arada hemen belirtelim ki, J. Marguart da baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131\u00adlar gibi tarih\u00e7ilerimizin atas\u0131 Movses Khorenatsi \u2019nin (Horenli Movses) bir tarih\u00e7i olarak, be\u015finci de\u011fil de, daha ileriki as\u0131rlara ait oldu\u011fu yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131na kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu arada \u00fcnl\u00fc bilim adam\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 ve soyad\u0131n\u0131 Ermeniceye \u00e7evirerek Hovsep Bde\u015fkhyan imzas\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu da belirtelim.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc uzman\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda samimi bir Ermeni dostuydu, yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkiyesi \u2019nin Ermenileri hedef alan imha politikas\u0131n\u0131 defalarca k\u0131nam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan onun \u201cKuman Boylar\u0131na Dair\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesi (1914) bir hayli ilgin\u00e7tir. \u201cAlman \u00dcslubu S\u00fckut \u201d makalesini (Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funda Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m, Yerevan, \u201cHayastan\u201d bas\u0131mevi, 1991, s. 669-701) ve R. Sahakyan \u2019\u0131n \u201cMarquart ve Bat\u0131 Ermenilerinin Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u201d makalesin\u00adden al\u0131nan b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri dikkatinize sunuyoruz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ALMAN \u00dcSLUBU S\u00dcKUT<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201cErmeniler olmazsa, Ermeni Meselesi de olmaz\u201d d\u00fcsturu, Me\u015frutiyetin ilan\u0131ndan sonra da Osmanl\u0131 siyasetine y\u00f6n vermeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Korkun\u00e7 Adana katliam\u0131, liberal e\u011filimli olduklar\u0131 konu\u00adsunda Avrupa kamuoyunu \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ikna etmeyi ba\u015faran J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin, keyfiyet ve gaddarl\u0131kta B\u00fcy\u00fck cani Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019den hi\u00e7 de geri kalmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki komitesi 1910 tarihli Selanik kurultay\u0131nda alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu gizli kararla, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fumdaki di\u011fer etnik unsurlar\u0131, yani H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 bertaraf etmek suretiyle T\u00fcrk birli\u011fi olu\u015fturmay\u0131 hedefliyordu. Balkan sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu hedef yolunda sarfedilen gayretler, bizim Almanc\u0131lar\u0131n ve bunlar\u0131n, ordudaki H\u0131ristiyan unsurlar\u0131 bertaraf etmek suretiyle T\u00fcrk ordusunun muharebe kabiliyetini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek gerekti\u011fini vurgu\u00adlayan, genel kurmaydaki taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131rtkan talepleri ile yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015e\u00fcphesiz Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, yakla\u015fmakta olan Birinci Cihan Harbinin, \u00e7oktand\u0131r tertiplemeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri program\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koy\u00adma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en uygun f\u0131rsat oldu\u011funu daha o zaman farketmi\u015fti. Din u\u011fruna Alman h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin te\u015fviki, en az\u0131ndan r\u0131zas\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilan etti\u011fi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcmitler ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 cihat, yani katliam ve ya\u011fmay\u0131 esas alan kutsal sava\u015f, Do\u011fu H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle de Ermenilerin tamamen imhas\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen k\u0131y\u0131m program\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131nda T\u00fcrklere dayanak oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yegane su\u00e7u ulusal kimli\u011fini korumak, atalar\u0131n\u0131n dini H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131ktan d\u00f6n\u00fcp, \u0130slama ge\u00e7meyi reddetmek olan tebaa halklara, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n reva g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015feytani eylemleri hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in Alman bas\u0131n\u0131 sos\u00adyetenin beynini iftira ya\u011fmurlar\u0131yla y\u0131kad\u0131. \u0130ftiralardan bir k\u0131sm\u0131 T\u00fcrk kaynakl\u0131yd\u0131, di\u011feri ise ayn\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc. Bas\u0131n Ermenileri okurlara, sahtekar tacir ve tefeci g\u00fcruhu gibi en adi nitelemelere takdim ediyor\u00addu. Oysa Balkan sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda sanal kahramanl\u0131klar\u0131ndan dola\u00ady\u0131 \u201c\u015fayan\u0131 arzu Osmanl\u0131 m\u00fcttefikler\u201d g\u00f6klere \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tabi, b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar asl\u0131nda Abd\u00fclhamid katliamlar\u0131ndan y\u00fckselen feryatlar\u0131 bo\u011f\u00admak i\u00e7in tertiplenmi\u015f, uzaktan ho\u015f gelen davul sesiydi\u2026 Yaygarac\u0131l\u0131kta ve T\u00fcrklere dalkavukluk edebilmek i\u00e7in, onlar\u0131n kulu k\u00f6lesi olmada birincilik \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc ku\u015fkusuz mahut Deutschen Tageszeitung\u2019un talihsiz Yoka\u2019s\u0131na ait olsa gerek, zira bu zat Ermenilerin imhas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etme ve onaylama c\u00fcretini g\u00f6stermekle kalmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 zamanda kati suret\u00adte hakl\u0131 da \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekim 1918\u2019e kadar h\u00fck\u00fcmet, toplumun g\u00f6z\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, onun do\u011fru y\u00f6nde bilgilendirilmesini engellemek i\u00e7in, Ermeniler yarar\u0131na olan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc haberin yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131 (bro\u015f\u00fcr ve makale de dahil olmak \u00fczere), T\u00fcrk tahriflerinin ise her hangi bir \u015fekil\u00adde d\u00fczeltilmesini en sert \u00f6nlemlerle yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7ok nadir de olsa, Ermenilerin maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 canavarl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin bize ula\u015fan istis\u00adnai haberler ise d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetinden kaynaklanan tahrifat olarak nitelendirilmekteydi. Bir \u00e7e\u015fit Alman \u201cMaten\u2019i\u201d olan K\u00f6lnische Zeitung, hi\u00e7 \u00e7ekinmeden, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 infialle dikkat \u00e7eken \u201cAlman Halk\u0131n\u0131n Temsilcilerine \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n yazar\u0131 Dok. Martin Nipage diye birinin var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yazma k\u00fcstahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bile g\u00f6stermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askeriyenin bas\u0131n hizmetleri dairesine ba\u011fl\u0131 sans\u00fcr b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan 1917\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan bas\u0131nla ilgili tebligat ve talimatlar kitab\u0131nda, konuya ili\u015fkin olarak, \u015fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe yer verilmi\u015ftir: \u201cErmenilere uygulanan vah\u015fete de\u011finirken, bu t\u00fcr sorunlar\u0131n i\u00e7 sorun olmas\u0131 itibariyle s\u00f6z konusu \u00fclkenin tasarrufunda bulundu\u011fu, T\u00fcrkiye ile olan dostane ili\u015fkilerimizi zedeleyece\u011fi bilinciyle hareket etmemiz, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz \u015fu zor \u015fartlar\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulun\u00addurarak, bu konulan tart\u0131\u015fmaktan dahi ka\u00e7\u0131nmam\u0131z gerekir. Bu itibarla bizlerin g\u00f6revi s\u00fckutu korumakt\u0131r. E\u011fer Almanya do\u011frudan su\u00e7 orta\u011f\u0131 olmakla itham edilecek olursa, belki ilerde bu sorunu tart\u0131\u015fmak duru\u00admunda kalabiliriz, ama \u00e7ok temkinli davran\u0131p, ihtiyat\u0131 elden b\u0131rak\u00admaks\u0131z\u0131n, Ermenilerin T\u00fcrkleri durmadan tahrik ettiklerini s\u00fcrekli vurgulamak suretiyle. Ama yine de en uygun olan\u0131 Ermeni Meselesinde s\u00fckutun korunmas\u0131d\u0131r\u2026\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Alman bas\u0131n\u0131na Ermenilerin zarar\u0131na olan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc dedikoduyu, her \u00e7e\u015fit iftiray\u0131 yay\u0131nlama izni veriyordu. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n Ermenilere yararl\u0131 olabilecek t\u00fcm yay\u0131nlar veya Ermenistan\u2019da vuku bulan olaylara ili\u015fkin ger\u00e7ekleri yans\u0131tan haberler kati surette engelleniyordu\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ermeniler\u00een 1878\u2019e kadar T\u00fcrk hakimiyetinden g\u00fcya ho\u015fnut olup, T\u00fcrklerle huzur i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131na dair s\u0131k\u00e7a ileri s\u00fcr\u00fc\u00adlen iddialar tamamen mesnetsiz, bir o kadar da yanl\u0131\u015f ve ger\u00e7e\u00ad\u011fe tamamen ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. <\/strong>Bu konuda fikir edinmek, daha XVII. as\u0131rda Osmanhlarm Ermenilere ve genelde H\u0131ristiyanlara ne t\u00fcr muamelede bulunduklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in Ermeni Vardapet Arakel Davrijetsi\u2019nin \u201cTarih\u2019ine\u201d k\u0131saca g\u00f6z atmak yeterli olacakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrk amirlerin keyfi idarelerine, can, namus ve mal g\u00fcvenli\u011finin katiyen olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 19. as\u0131rda hala sa\u011f kalabilmi\u015f Ermenilere rastlanmas\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini mucize olarak alg\u0131lamak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurnaz tilki Abd\u00fclhamid Hamidiye K\u00fcrt atl\u0131 alaylar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015f\u00adturmak suretiyle \u015feytani y\u00f6ntemini devreye soktu. O bu y\u00f6ntemle, H\u0131ristiyanlara reva g\u00f6r\u00fclen istibdat\u0131 resmen, zirveye t\u0131rmand\u0131rman\u0131n temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n biz, yank\u0131lar\u0131 yeri g\u00f6\u011f\u00fc kaplayan cinayetlerin ceza\u00adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda koskoca H\u0131ristiyan Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n parma\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dahi oynatmay\u0131\u015fma utan\u00e7 duygulan i\u00e7inde, y\u00fcre\u011fimiz yanarak, tan\u0131k olmak durumunda kald\u0131k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O s\u0131ralarda katliam kurbanlar\u0131 yarar\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131\u015f toplamam\u0131z\u0131 engel\u00adleyen Alman h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131yla, silinmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan kara lekeyi kendi \u00fczerine s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u2026 Bu da yetmezmi\u015f gibi Caligula Wilhelm (1), olaylar\u0131n hemen sonras\u0131nda, kendi portresini dost bildi\u011fi K\u0131z\u0131l Sultana yollad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) Alman \u0130mparatoru Wilhelm II. (1888-1918), yazar onu Roma \u0130mparatotu bednam Caligula \u2019ya benzetmektedir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Joseph Marquart: ALMAN \u00dcSLUBU S\u00dcKUT<\/a><\/blockquote>