{"id":84274,"date":"2025-09-01T03:12:04","date_gmt":"2025-09-01T08:12:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=84274"},"modified":"2025-09-01T03:12:04","modified_gmt":"2025-09-01T08:12:04","slug":"der-matossian-adana-katliamlarinda-ekonomik-boyut-ozellikle-onemliydi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=84274","title":{"rendered":"Der Matossian: Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019nda ekonomik boyut \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemliydi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Mehmet Polatel<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Tarih\u00e7i Prof. Dr. Bedross Der Matossian, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cAdana Katliamlar\u0131: 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015f\u0131nda Devrim ve \u015eiddet\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yeni kitab\u0131nda, 1909\u2019da ya\u015fananlar\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00f6lgede meydana gelen derin sosyo-ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere ve yerel dinamiklere odaklanan yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla inceliyor.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>1909\u2019un Nisan ay\u0131nda, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk Devrimi\u2019nin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 umut ve gerilim dolu atmosferin i\u00e7inde Adana vilayeti, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fiddet dalgas\u0131na sahne oldu. \u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fu mevsimlik tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ileri, yerel a\u015firetler, K\u00fcrtler, T\u00fcrkler, \u00c7erkesler ve \u00e7e\u015fitli muhacir gruplar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan kalabal\u0131klar taraf\u0131ndan Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik ba\u015flat\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131lar, on binlerce sivilin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesiyle ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u0131k\u0131mla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Nebraska \u00dcniversitesi, Lincoln\u2019den tarih\u00e7i Prof. Dr. Bedross Der Matossian, Adana Katliamlar\u0131 \u00fczerine kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cAdana Katliamlar\u0131: 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015f\u0131nda Devrim ve \u015eiddet\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yeni kitab\u0131nda, 1909\u2019da ya\u015fananlar\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00f6lgede meydana gelen derin sosyo-ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere ve yerel dinamiklere odaklanan yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla inceliyor. Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015f anlat\u0131lar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karak \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 dinamikleriyle ele alan bu \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Prof. Dr. Bedross Der Matossian ile konu\u015ftuk.<\/p>\n<p>Kitab\u0131n\u0131zda Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n genellikle Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir \u201cprovas\u0131\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ancak sizin kitab\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n bu anlat\u0131dan farkl\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sundu\u011funu belirtiyorsunuz. Bu \u201cprova\u201d anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n eksiklikleri nelerdir ve sizin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131z bu olay\u0131 anlamam\u0131z i\u00e7in bize ne gibi yeni pencereler a\u00e7\u0131yor?<\/p>\n<p>Pek \u00e7ok Ermeni ve Avrupal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i, Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (1915-1923) bir \u201cprovas\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlar. Vahakn N. Dadrian ve Raymond H. K\u00e9vorkian gibi \u00f6nde gelen ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti\u2019nin daha sonra uygulayaca\u011f\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m politikalar\u0131n\u0131n habercisi oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrer. \u201cProva\u201d kavram\u0131 Bat\u0131 akademik \u00e7evrelerinde ilk kez Dadrian taraf\u0131ndan, 1988\u2019de Armenian Review dergisinde yay\u0131mlanan \u201cThe Circumstances Surrounding the 1909 Adana Holocaust\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde dile getirilmi\u015ftir. Dadrian burada Adana olaylar\u0131n\u0131n, sonraki on y\u0131lda Ermenilerin sistematik olarak imha edilmesinin habercisi oldu\u011funu savunur. Benzer \u015fekilde, K\u00e9vorkian da Adana\u2019daki \u015fiddetten do\u011frudan \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019yi sorumlu tutar.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cProva\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesi, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 tarihyaz\u0131m\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a etkili olan daha geni\u015f bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olan \u201cs\u00fcreklilik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d ile yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bu perspektif, ge\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki \u015fiddeti, soyk\u0131r\u0131mda doru\u011fa ula\u015fan do\u011frusal bir s\u00fcrecin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak yorumlar. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 benimseyen yak\u0131n tarihli bir eser, Benny Morris ve Dror Ze\u2019evi\u2019nin The Thirty-Year Genocide (Harvard University Press, 2019) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Ben hem \u201cprova\u201d tezine hem de s\u00fcreklilik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131yorum. Zira bu yakla\u015f\u0131mlar, \u015fiddetin ge\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131 siyasi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ve do\u011fal bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir t\u00fcr tarihsel determinizmi ima eder. B\u00f6yle bir okuma, Osmanl\u0131-T\u00fcrk toplumunu \u00f6z\u00fcnde \u015fiddet yanl\u0131s\u0131 olarak \u00f6zselle\u015ftirme ya da \u015fiddeti do\u011frudan \u0130slam ile ili\u015fkilendirme riskini ta\u015f\u0131r ki bu t\u00fcr yakla\u015f\u0131mlar oryantalist varsay\u0131mlar\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r ve d\u00fcr\u00fcst bir akademik incelemeyi ilerletmez.<\/p>\n<p>Bunun yerine, ge\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda kitlesel \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131n ne tekd\u00fcze ne de \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f oldu\u011funu kabul etmeliyiz. Fail ve kurbanlar\u0131n kimlikleri zaman ve mek\u00e2na g\u00f6re \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steriyordu; \u00e7o\u011fu kez din\u00ee, etnik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 da a\u015f\u0131yordu. \u015eiddeti yaln\u0131zca tarihsel bir s\u00fcreklili\u011fin sonucu olarak a\u00e7\u0131klamak yeterli de\u011fildir; daha incelikli bir \u00e7er\u00e7eveye ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kitab\u0131mda ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm \u00fczere, Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki \u015fiddet yaln\u0131zca tarihsel a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda sosyal bilimlerin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla da incelenmelidir. Belirli \u015fiddet ba\u011flamlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendiren siyasi, sosyo-ekonomik ve din\u00ee bask\u0131lar\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, bu trajik olaylar\u0131n daha karma\u015f\u0131k, ele\u015ftirel ve nihayetinde daha do\u011fru bir yorumunu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>Katliamlar\u0131 sadece T\u00fcrk-Ermeni ya da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-H\u0131ristiyan ikili\u011fiyle a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n yetersiz kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurguluyorsunuz. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Adana\u2019n\u0131n ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi sosyoekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerin 1909\u2019daki patlamada ne gibi bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatabilir misiniz?<\/p>\n<p>Kitapta, katliamlar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcrk-Ermeni ya da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-H\u0131ristiyan ikili\u011fi \u00fczerinden yorumlaman\u0131n yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyorum. \u015eiddetin k\u00f6klerini anlamak i\u00e7in, Osmanl\u0131 toplumunu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimlerini incelememiz gerekir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda idari reformlar, ekonomik geli\u015fme, a\u015firetlerin isk\u00e2n\u0131 ve kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7men dalgalar\u0131yla artan n\u00fcfus ve toprak kanunlar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler bulunuyordu. T\u00fcm bu etkenler \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015f olsa da, ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn, etnik gruplar i\u00e7i ve gruplar aras\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin bozulmas\u0131nda en belirleyici unsur oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n<p>Kilikya\u2019n\u0131n 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimler, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun d\u00fcnya ekonomisine entegrasyonu ile yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. 1838 \u0130ngiliz-Osmanl\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131, ticaret tekellerini bitirdi, \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcccarlara g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131 ve Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n imparatorluk genelinde yerle\u015fmesine imk\u00e2n tan\u0131d\u0131. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, bir\u00e7ok M\u00fcsl\u00fcman t\u00fcccar\u0131 dezavantajl\u0131 duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrken, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n himayesinden ve vergi muafiyetlerinden yararlanan H\u0131ristiyanlar ve Yahudiler genellikle daha \u00e7ok kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flad\u0131. \u201cBeyaz alt\u0131n\u201d olarak bilinen pamuk, Kilikya\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015finde merkez\u00ee bir rol oynad\u0131. D\u00f6rt y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri ekilmekte olan pamuk, ancak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir ihracat \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc h\u00e2line geldi ve Mersin\u2019i, \u0130zmir\u2019i geride b\u0131rakarak imparatorlu\u011fun ba\u015fl\u0131ca pamuk liman\u0131 konumuna getirdi.<\/p>\n<p>Kilikya tar\u0131m\u0131 mevsimsel bir ritme g\u00f6re i\u015fliyordu: K\u0131\u015f tah\u0131llar\u0131 (arpa, bu\u011fday) yerini yaz mahsullerine (pamuk ve susam) b\u0131rak\u0131yordu. Her y\u0131l 60 bin ile 120 bin aras\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7i \u2013\u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu do\u011fu vilayetlerinden gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcler\u2013 hasatta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgeye geliyor, ard\u0131ndan k\u00f6ylerine geri d\u00f6n\u00fcyordu. Amerikan \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (1861-1865), ABD\u2019nin pamuk ihracat\u0131n\u0131 kesintiye u\u011fratmas\u0131 Kilikya\u2019daki pamuk \u00fcretimini daha da art\u0131rd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bu geni\u015flemeyi, makine ithalat\u0131n\u0131 vergiden muaf tutarak, Amerikan tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tarak ve tar\u0131msal risaleler yay\u0131mlayarak destekledi.<\/p>\n<p>1800\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131nda, Frans\u0131z m\u00fchendis Justin Daudet, Rum Trypani ailesi ve \u00f6nde gelen yerel toprak sahipleri gibi yabanc\u0131 ve yerli giri\u015fimciler modern makineler, buharl\u0131 de\u011firmenler ve \u00e7\u0131r\u00e7\u0131r fabrikalar\u0131 kurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1909\u2019a gelindi\u011finde Adana\u2019da y\u00fczlerce \u00e7\u0131r\u00e7\u0131r makinesi, iplik fabrikas\u0131, ya\u011fhane ve harman makinesi vard\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u0130ngiltere ve Almanya\u2019dan ithal edilmi\u015fti. Mekanizasyon, mevsimlik i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltarak bir\u00e7ok i\u015f\u00e7inin yerinden edilmesine ve toplumsal gerilimlerin artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme ise e\u015fitsizdi. Ermeniler ve Rumlar orant\u0131s\u0131z bi\u00e7imde daha fazla kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flad\u0131, bu durum M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fu art\u0131rd\u0131. Modernle\u015fme ve ihracat geni\u015flemesi b\u00f6ylece hem refah hem de topluluklar aras\u0131 gerginlik getirdi. \u00d6zellikle Ermenilere duyulan ekonomik k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131. Kaynaklar \u00fczerindeki rekabetin giderek artmas\u0131, etno-din\u00ee \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenlerinden biri h\u00e2line geldi.<\/p>\n<p>Bu gerginlikler \u00f6zellikle Adana\u2019n\u0131n Sal\u0131 pazar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr h\u00e2le geliyordu. Her hafta g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7iler, tarlalardan \u015fehre d\u00f6nerek \u00fccretlerini topluyor ve yeni s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler m\u00fczakere ediyordu. Katliamlar\u0131n kendisi, ekim mevsiminde, 13 Nisan 1909 Sal\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc (Paskalya Sal\u0131s\u0131) ba\u015flad\u0131. O g\u00fcn, bir\u00e7ok k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u2013Ermeni, K\u00fcrt ve T\u00fcrk\u2013 k\u00f6ylerine d\u00f6nmek yerine geceyi \u015fehirde ge\u00e7irdi. \u0130lk b\u00f6l\u00fcmde belirtildi\u011fi gibi, mevsimlik g\u00f6\u00e7, o s\u0131rada Adana\u2019da fazladan 60 ila 70 bin yoksul tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7isinin bulunmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Zorlu ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bu i\u015f\u00e7iler, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman toprak sahipleriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ve \u00f6zellikle mekanizasyonun i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne olan ihtiyac\u0131 azaltmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 modernle\u015fmeye tepki duyuyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Belgeler, bu g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u2013T\u00fcrkler, K\u00fcrtler, \u00c7erkesler, Giritli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman muhacirler ve ba\u015f\u0131bozuklarla birlikte\u2013 Ermenilere ve yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlere ait tar\u0131m aletlerini yok etmede \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6steriyor. Bu kas\u0131tl\u0131 sabotaj, makinelerin tar\u0131mda giderek emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yerini almas\u0131yla ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden modernite ara\u00e7lar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik do\u011frudan bir sald\u0131r\u0131 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p>Adana Valisi Cevad Bey, Cebel-i Bereket Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 Asaf Bey, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti\u2019nin yerel lideri \u0130hsan Fikri ve Ermeni ruhani lider Episkopos Mu\u015feg Seropyan gibi akt\u00f6rlerin rol\u00fcn\u00fc detayl\u0131ca inceliyorsunuz. Bu kilit fig\u00fcrlerin katliamlardaki sorumluluklar\u0131 ve olaylar\u0131n seyrine etkileri nelerdi?<\/p>\n<p>Savunmas\u0131z gruplara y\u00f6nelik kitlesel \u015fiddeti tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar genellikle kalabal\u0131klara, hareketlere ve \u00e7etelere odaklan\u0131r. Ancak, bu t\u00fcr kalabal\u0131klar nadiren kendili\u011finden harekete ge\u00e7er, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman provokat\u00f6rler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6nlendirilir ve k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bir provokat\u00f6r, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 normalde ak\u0131llar\u0131na getirmeyecekleri bir su\u00e7u i\u015flemeye kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak te\u015fvik eden ki\u015fidir, genellikle onlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmak veya tuza\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek amac\u0131yla hareket eder. Bu ki\u015filer bireyleri ya da gruplar\u0131 hedef alabilir ve komplonun su\u00e7 say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuk sistemlerinde, yaln\u0131zca tart\u0131\u015fma ya da planlama bile cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in yeterli olabilir. \u00d6nemli olan nokta, su\u00e7un fiilen i\u015flenmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n her zaman gerekli olmamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Adana \u00f6rne\u011finde provokat\u00f6rler, gerginli\u011fi t\u0131rmand\u0131rmada ve kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiddete y\u00f6nlendirmede belirleyici bir rol oynad\u0131. Ermenilerin silahl\u0131 bir ayaklanma haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu, bir Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u015fehirde M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 katletmeyi planlad\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde s\u00f6ylentiler yayd\u0131lar. \u015eiddet patlak verdi\u011finde, Adana Valisi Cevad Bey d\u00fczeni sa\u011flamada ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu. S\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim ilan edip kararl\u0131 \u00f6nlemler almak yerine pani\u011fe kap\u0131ld\u0131 ve duruma h\u00e2kim olamad\u0131. \u00dcstelik, Ermenilerin ayakland\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair s\u00f6ylentileri bizzat yayarak kendi yetersizli\u011fini daha da a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Di\u011fer Osmanl\u0131 yetkilileri de krize katk\u0131da bulundu. Cebel-i Bereket Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 ve Bah\u00e7e M\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fc \u0130smail Efendi, Ermenileri M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcren canavarca unsurlar olarak tasvir ederek halk\u0131 aktif bi\u00e7imde k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131lar. \u00d6zellikle Asaf Bey, uydurma bir Ermeni ayaklanmas\u0131 ve s\u00f6zde vah\u015fetleri hakk\u0131nda panik yaratan telgraflar g\u00f6ndererek korkuyu k\u00f6r\u00fckledi. Benzer \u015fekilde, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin gazetesi \u0130tidal\u2019in edit\u00f6r\u00fc ve parti lideri \u0130hsan Fikri de kamuoyunu \u015fekillendirmede kritik bir rol oynad\u0131. Ermenilerin Kilikya\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir krall\u0131k kurma komplosu hakk\u0131ndaki yalan s\u00f6ylentileri \u201cdo\u011frulayarak\u201d, k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmay\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Ermeni taraf\u0131nda ise Mu\u015feg Seropyan\u2019\u0131n durumu meselenin karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Onun kitlesel \u015fiddete kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair do\u011frudan bir kan\u0131t yoktur; aksine, olaylar s\u0131ras\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dayd\u0131 ve Adana\u2019da bir Ermeni sanayi okulu i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131\u015f topluyordu. Bununla birlikte, devrim sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Seropyan ve di\u011fer Ermeni liderler, olas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131-devrimci \u015fiddete kar\u015f\u0131 kendilerini savunabilmek i\u00e7in topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 silah sat\u0131n almaya te\u015fvik etmi\u015flerdi. Her ne kadar savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak \u00e7er\u00e7evelense de, bu t\u00fcr faaliyetler \u2013ve daha geni\u015f Ermeni siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel giri\u015fimleri\u2013 Adana\u2019daki bir\u00e7ok M\u00fcsl\u00fcman taraf\u0131ndan provokatif olarak alg\u0131land\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>1908 J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk Devrimi\u2019nden sonra tan\u0131nan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri, Ermeni partileri ve aktivistlerini cesaretlendirdi, ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda di\u011fer gruplar aras\u0131nda kayg\u0131lar\u0131 da art\u0131rd\u0131. Adana\u2019daki ho\u015fnutsuz unsurlar i\u00e7in Ermeni siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel iddialar\u0131, Ermenilerin Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019daki Kilikya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 yeniden kurmaya haz\u0131rland\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki uzun s\u00fcredir dola\u015fan \u201ckehaneti\u201d do\u011fruluyor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bu \u015fekilde s\u00f6ylentiler, korkular ve k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar birle\u015ferek 1909\u2019daki \u015fiddet sarmal\u0131n\u0131 ate\u015fledi.<\/p>\n<p>Katliamlara kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n homojen bir yap\u0131ya sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; mevsimlik i\u015f\u00e7iler, g\u00f6\u00e7menler, yerel a\u015firetler gibi farkl\u0131 gruplardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu belirtiyorsunuz. Bu farkl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n \u015fiddete kat\u0131lma motivasyonlar\u0131 nelerdi? Ya\u011fma ve ekonomik kazan\u00e7 fakt\u00f6r\u00fc ne kadar belirleyiciydi?<\/p>\n<p>Katliamlara kat\u0131lan kitlelerin tek bir siyasi, din\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya da sosyo-ekonomik ideoloji do\u011frultusunda hareket etti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrmek y\u00fczeysel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olurdu. Modern tarihteki di\u011fer kitlesel \u015fiddet \u00f6rneklerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli motivasyonlarla hareket etti. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fiddet, Hamidiye d\u00f6neminin stat\u00fckosunu yeniden tesis etme arzusunu temsil ediyordu; kimileri din\u00ee co\u015fku ile hareket etti; kimileri ise ger\u00e7ekten, Ermeniler onlara sald\u0131rmadan \u00f6nce \u00f6nleyici bir ad\u0131m atmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fine inand\u0131. Bu dinamik, tarih\u00e7i Ronald Grigor Suny\u2019nin \u201cduygusal y\u00f6nelim\u201d (affective disposition) olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131, insanlar\u0131 eyleme sevk eden duygular\u0131n \u015fekillendirilmesini yans\u0131t\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>Kitab\u0131mda, etnik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma anlar\u0131nda duygular\u0131n yaln\u0131zca artan \u015fiddetle yo\u011funla\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, ayn\u0131 zamanda provokat\u00f6rler taraf\u0131ndan siyasi ama\u00e7larla manip\u00fcle edildi\u011fine de dikkate de\u011fer bir \u015fekilde yer veriyorum. Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019na bir\u00e7ok etken katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f olsa da, ekonomik boyutun \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu savunuyorum. Ermeni evlerinin, kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ve fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131 yayg\u0131n h\u00e2le geldi. Modernle\u015fmenin sembollerine \u2013\u00f6zellikle Ermenilere ait pamuk dokuma ve hasat makinelerine\u2013 y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar da merkez\u00ee bir rol oynad\u0131. Pek \u00e7ok fail i\u00e7in katliamlar, modernle\u015fmenin belirli toplumsal gruplar\u0131n aleyhine bozdu\u011fu ekonomik dengeyi yeniden \u015fekillendirmek i\u00e7in bir f\u0131rsat sundu.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti\u2019nin katliamlardaki rol\u00fc en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konulardan biri. Siz, yerel \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n olaylarda rol\u00fc oldu\u011funu ancak katliamlar\u0131n do\u011frudan \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Merkez Komitesi taraf\u0131ndan planland\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kan\u0131t bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ifade ediyorsunuz. Bu konudaki bulgular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 biraz daha detayland\u0131rabilir misiniz?<\/p>\n<p>Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019nda \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti\u2019nin rol\u00fc en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konulardan biri olmaya devam ediyor. Yerel \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ku\u015fkusuz rol\u00fc olmakla birlikte, katliamlar\u0131n do\u011frudan \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Merkez Komitesi taraf\u0131ndan planland\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kesin bir kan\u0131t bulamad\u0131m.<\/p>\n<p>Baz\u0131 \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar \u2013\u00f6zellikle \u0130hsan Fikri, Burhan Nuri ve \u0130smail Sefa\u2013 halk\u0131 Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmada etkili olmu\u015f ve ikinci dalga katliamlar\u0131n patlak vermesinde sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin merkez\u00ee liderli\u011fini do\u011frudan Adana\u2019daki olaylara ba\u011flayan yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir belgeye rastlayamad\u0131m.<\/p>\n<p>Ermeni kaynaklar\u0131, Merkez Komite\u2019yi su\u00e7lamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken genellikle iki temel noktay\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Birincisi, Adana Valisi ile \u0130stanbul aras\u0131ndaki telgraf yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Vali yakla\u015fan bir tehdit konusunda uyard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Dahiliye Nezareti M\u00fcste\u015far\u0131 Adil Bey \u015fu yan\u0131t\u0131 vermi\u015ftir: \u201cM\u00fcesses\u00e2t-\u0131 m\u00e2liye ile em\u00e2kin-i ecneb\u00eeyyenin muh\u00e2fazas\u0131 ve i\u00e2de-i \u00e2s\u00e2yi\u015fe dikkat olunmas\u0131\u201d. Bir\u00e7ok Ermeni yorumcu, bu ifadeyi Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik katliamlar\u0131n g\u00f6rmezden gelinmesi, hatta te\u015fvik edilmesi; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yabanc\u0131 ve mali \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6rt\u00fck bir talimat olarak yorumlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130kinci nokta ise katliamlar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00fczere meclis taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revlendirilen Tekirda\u011f mebusu Hagop Babigyan ile Kastamonu mebusu Yusuf Kemal Bey\u2019in y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc soru\u015fturmad\u0131r. Babigyan, bulgular\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ortaya koyan uzun bir raporu Osmanl\u0131ca kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, raporunu Meclis\u2019te sunmadan yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce, Babigyan gizemli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. Raporun Osmanl\u0131ca asl\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Babigyan\u2019\u0131n ani \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve raporunun kaybolmas\u0131 o d\u00f6nemde ciddi \u015f\u00fcphelere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. Pek \u00e7ok Ermeni, Babigyan\u2019\u0131n, Merkez Komite\u2019yi katliamlar\u0131n as\u0131l planlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 olarak if\u015fa etmesini engellemek amac\u0131yla \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Babigyan\u2019\u0131n ak\u0131betine dair bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz sorular, Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ve gizemli y\u00f6nlerinden biri olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Katliamlar sonras\u0131 Divan-\u0131 Harb-i \u00d6rfi ve yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcreci nas\u0131ld\u0131? Bu mahkemeler adaleti sa\u011flamada ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olabildi mi?<\/p>\n<p>Adana Katliamlar\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaki hukuk s\u00fcreci birka\u00e7 a\u015famada geli\u015fti. \u015eiddetin hemen ard\u0131ndan, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tarafl\u0131 olan bir soru\u015fturma komisyonu ve mahkeme kuruldu; bu organlar, sonu\u00e7ta \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 olan ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyor ve \u201ckar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara\u201d kat\u0131lmakla su\u00e7lananlar\u0131 yarg\u0131l\u0131yordu. Yarg\u0131lamalar d\u00fczensiz ve adaletsizdi: Y\u00fczlerce Ermeni hapsedildi ve bir\u00e7o\u011fu i\u015fkence alt\u0131nda, yerel yetkililerin arzu etti\u011fi anlat\u0131y\u0131 do\u011frulayan sahte ifadeler vermeye zorland\u0131, yani Ermenilerin Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019daki Kilikya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 yeniden kurmak i\u00e7in bir ayaklanma planlad\u0131klar\u0131 iddias\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Ermenilerden gelen \u015fik\u00e2yetler \u00fczerine merkez\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmet, Kenan Bey ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir Divan-\u0131 Harb\u2019i Adana\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdi. Ancak, bu mahkeme soru\u015fturmay\u0131 en ba\u015ftan ba\u015flatmad\u0131. Bunun yerine, yerel soru\u015fturma komisyonu taraf\u0131ndan toplanan, \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 tan\u0131kl\u0131klara ve delillere b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde dayand\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece ayn\u0131 tarafl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 devrald\u0131. Hem meclis hem de h\u00fck\u00fcmet, Divan-\u0131 Harb\u2019in yan\u0131nda Adana\u2019ya kendi soru\u015fturma komisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti, ancak bu komisyonlar\u0131n mahkeme s\u00fcreci \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ek bir yetkisi yoktu. Yine de \u00f6zellikle Hagop Babigyan, Kenan\u2019\u0131n mahkemesinin tarafl\u0131 i\u015fledi\u011fini fark etti. Babigyan, katliamlar\u0131n as\u0131l k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 olan yerel M\u00fcsl\u00fcman e\u015fraf\u0131n adaletten ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, mahkemenin ise su\u00e7suzlu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f baz\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve Ermenileri yarg\u0131lamaya odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>Babigyan\u2019\u0131n tavr\u0131, Kenan\u2019\u0131n mahkemesinin istifas\u0131na ve katliamlar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctleyenleri yarg\u0131lamakla g\u00f6revlendirilen, \u0130stanbul\u2019dan Faz\u0131l Pa\u015fa ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yeni bir mahkemenin g\u00f6nderilmesine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Bu durum mecazi bir soruyu g\u00fcndeme getirir: As\u0131l su\u00e7lu mermi miydi, yoksa teti\u011fi \u00e7eken mi? Katliamlar\u0131 ve ya\u011fmay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, a\u015firet mensuplar\u0131, m\u00fclteciler ve i\u015f\u00e7iler \u2013yani \u201ckalabal\u0131k\u201d\u2013 \u00e7e\u015fitli ama\u00e7larla harekete ge\u00e7tiler. Ancak, eylemleri, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan te\u015fvik edildi, hatta baz\u0131 durumlarda do\u011frudan k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131ld\u0131. Kitlesel \u015fiddet, ya\u011fma ve tahribat anlar\u0131nda insanlar, \u00fcst d\u00fczey otoritelerin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 onaylad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n hukuki sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissettiklerinde harekete ge\u00e7meye \u00e7ok daha yatk\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Buna ra\u011fmen, Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca faillerine verilen cezalar son derece kusurluydu. Neredeyse hepsi hafif cezalar ald\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fu sonunda affedildi. Bu sonucun birka\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 vard\u0131r. 1908 Temmuz\u2019undaki J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk Devrimi\u2019ne ra\u011fmen, eski rejimin unsurlar\u0131 Adana d\u00e2hil baz\u0131 vilayetlerde h\u00e2l\u00e2 b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 sahibiydi. Ba\u011fdadizade ailesi ve m\u00fcttefikleri yerelde muazzam bir n\u00fcfuz sahibiydi ve onlar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde yarg\u0131lamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak b\u00f6lgeyi istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma riski ta\u015f\u0131yordu. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki liderli\u011fi, bu t\u00fcr b\u00f6lgelerdeki kendi zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131ndayd\u0131; bu nedenle, su\u00e7lulu\u011fu daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan n\u00fcfuzlu e\u015frafla y\u00fczle\u015fmek yerine, birka\u00e7 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc idama g\u00f6ndermeyi daha kolay buldu.<\/p>\n<p>Kenan\u2019\u0131n mahkemesi ayr\u0131ca alt\u0131 Ermeni\u2019yi idama mahk\u00fbm etti. Birincil kaynaklara g\u00f6re \u2013Babigian\u2019\u0131n etkili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri d\u00e2hil\u2013 bu Ermenilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 masumdu. \u0130ki yorum m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Birincisi, Kenan\u2019\u0131n Ermenileri mahk\u00fbm etme konusundaki gayreti, Babigyan\u2019\u0131n idamlar\u0131 erteleme \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, yerel soru\u015fturma komisyonunun g\u00fcvenilmez kan\u0131tlar\u0131na dayanmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f olabilir. \u0130kincisi ise siyasidir: Yaln\u0131zca M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n idam edilmesi, yerel M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk aras\u0131nda \u00f6fke yaratabilirdi; bu nedenle Ermenilerin de idam edilmesi, bir t\u00fcr \u201cdenge\u201d yaratmak ve potansiyel huzursuzlu\u011fu yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla eklenmi\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Katliamlar\u0131n \u00fczerinden y\u00fcz y\u0131ldan fazla zaman ge\u00e7ti. Bu olay\u0131n bug\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye toplumu i\u00e7in ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam ve miras hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz? Kitab\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n bu mirasla y\u00fczle\u015fmeye nas\u0131l bir katk\u0131 sunmas\u0131n\u0131 umuyorsunuz?<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de akademik ve kamusal ilgi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015fken, Hamidiye Katliamlar\u0131 (1894\u20131896) ve 1909 Adana Katliamlar\u0131 gibi di\u011fer kitlesel \u015fiddet dalgalar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tarihsel g\u00fcndemin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kitab\u0131n temel ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri, s\u00f6z konusu olaylar\u0131 yeniden tart\u0131\u015fmaya d\u00e2hil etmek ve hem kurbanlar\u0131n hem de faillerin perspektiflerinden incelendi\u011finde katliamlar\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Amac\u0131m, \u201cT\u00fcrklerin Ermenilerden nefret etmesi\u201d ya da tam tersi gibi klasik bir ikili\u011fe dayal\u0131 basitle\u015ftirici bir anlat\u0131y\u0131 yeniden \u00fcretmek de\u011fildir. Aksine, kitlesel \u015fiddetin ne yaln\u0131zca Osmanl\u0131lara ya da Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya \u00f6zg\u00fc bir olgu oldu\u011funu ne de yaln\u0131zca din ya da etnik kimli\u011fe indirgenebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermek istiyorum. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel, dinsel ya da etnik bile\u015fimlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerindeki toplumlar kitlesel \u015fiddetin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 dinamiklerine a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu nedenle kitab\u0131n sonunda, 1905 Odessa Katliamlar\u0131 ve 1984 Sih Katliamlar\u0131 gibi kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 \u00f6rneklere y\u00f6neliyorum. Bu \u00f6rnekler, korku, s\u00f6ylenti, siyas\u00ee manip\u00fclasyon ve ekonomik gerilimlerin farkl\u0131 ba\u011flamlarda tekrar tekrar birle\u015ferek k\u0131r\u0131lgan gruplara y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddeti nas\u0131l tetikledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye ba\u011flam\u0131nda bu daha geni\u015f modeli kabul etmek kritik \u00f6nemdedir. T\u00fcrk toplumu, atalar\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca tarihin kurbanlar\u0131 olarak savunma e\u011filimine kap\u0131lmamal\u0131; aralar\u0131nda, yaln\u0131zca Ermenilere de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda S\u00fcryanilere, Keldanilere, Rumlara, Aleviler ve K\u00fcrtlere kar\u015f\u0131 da korkun\u00e7 eylemlerde bulunan faillerin oldu\u011funu kabul etmelidir. Bu ge\u00e7mi\u015fle y\u00fczle\u015fmek, kendini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemek anlam\u0131na gelmez; aksine, korku, g\u00fcvensizlik ve manip\u00fclasyon ko\u015fullar\u0131nda s\u0131radan insan\u0131n \u015fiddete y\u00f6nelme kapasitesini tan\u0131mak demektir.<\/p>\n<p>Demokratik bir toplumun temelleri ink\u00e2r ya da se\u00e7ici haf\u0131za ile de\u011fil, ge\u00e7mi\u015fle ele\u015ftirel bir bi\u00e7imde y\u00fczle\u015fmekle g\u00fc\u00e7lenir. Tarihsel \u015fiddetle hesapla\u015fmak, failleri yaln\u0131zca \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d, \u201cAlman\u201d ya da \u201cHutu\u201d gibi ulusal ya da etnik kategoriler i\u00e7inde g\u00f6rmekten \u00f6teye ge\u00e7meyi ve onlar\u0131 belirli tarihsel ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda \u015fiddetin u\u00e7urumuna s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen s\u0131radan insanlar olarak g\u00f6rebilmeyi gerektirir. Toplumlar ancak bu rahats\u0131z edici ger\u00e7e\u011fi kabul ederek daha d\u00fcr\u00fcst, \u00f6z-ele\u015ftirel ve diren\u00e7li bir demokratik k\u00fclt\u00fcr in\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flayabilirler.<\/p>\n<p>Adana Katliamlar\u0131, 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015f\u0131nda Devrim ve \u015eiddet, Bedross Der Matossian, \u00c7eviri: Renan Akman, Haziran 2025, 372 sayfa<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.agos.com.tr\/tr\/yazi\/35515\/der-matossian-adana-katliamlarinda-ekonomik-boyut-ozellikle-onemliydi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Agos<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mehmet Polatel Tarih\u00e7i Prof. Dr. Bedross Der Matossian, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cAdana Katliamlar\u0131: 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015f\u0131nda Devrim ve \u015eiddet\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yeni kitab\u0131nda, 1909\u2019da ya\u015fananlar\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00f6lgede meydana gelen derin sosyo-ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere ve yerel dinamiklere odaklanan yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla inceliyor. 1909\u2019un Nisan ay\u0131nda, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk Devrimi\u2019nin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 umut ve gerilim dolu atmosferin i\u00e7inde Adana [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":84275,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,1,54,70,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-84274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-kitaplar-elestiriler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Der Matossian: Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019nda ekonomik boyut \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemliydi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=84274\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Der Matossian: Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019nda ekonomik boyut \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemliydi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mehmet Polatel Tarih\u00e7i Prof. Dr. Bedross Der Matossian, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cAdana Katliamlar\u0131: 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015f\u0131nda Devrim ve \u015eiddet\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yeni kitab\u0131nda, 1909\u2019da ya\u015fananlar\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00f6lgede meydana gelen derin sosyo-ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere ve yerel dinamiklere odaklanan yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla inceliyor. 1909\u2019un Nisan ay\u0131nda, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk Devrimi\u2019nin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 umut ve gerilim dolu atmosferin i\u00e7inde Adana [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=84274\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-09-01T08:12:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2025\/09\/Adana.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1090\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"789\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=84274#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=84274\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e\"},\"headline\":\"Der Matossian: Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019nda ekonomik boyut \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemliydi\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-09-01T08:12:04+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=84274\"},\"wordCount\":4001,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=84274#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/6\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/Adana.webp\",\"articleSection\":[\"Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\",\"Haberler\",\"Kitaplar-Ele\u015ftiriler\",\"Makaleler\",\"Tarih Sayfalar\u0131\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=84274#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=84274\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=84274\",\"name\":\"Der Matossian: Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019nda ekonomik boyut \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemliydi - 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Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=84274","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Der Matossian: Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019nda ekonomik boyut \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemliydi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","og_description":"Mehmet Polatel Tarih\u00e7i Prof. Dr. Bedross Der Matossian, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cAdana Katliamlar\u0131: 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015f\u0131nda Devrim ve \u015eiddet\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yeni kitab\u0131nda, 1909\u2019da ya\u015fananlar\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00f6lgede meydana gelen derin sosyo-ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere ve yerel dinamiklere odaklanan yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla inceliyor. 1909\u2019un Nisan ay\u0131nda, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk Devrimi\u2019nin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 umut ve gerilim dolu atmosferin i\u00e7inde Adana [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=84274","og_site_name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","article_published_time":"2025-09-01T08:12:04+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1090,"height":789,"url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2025\/09\/Adana.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"13 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=84274#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=84274"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"headline":"Der Matossian: Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019nda ekonomik boyut \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemliydi","datePublished":"2025-09-01T08:12:04+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=84274"},"wordCount":4001,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=84274#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2025\/09\/Adana.webp","articleSection":["Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131","Haberler","Kitaplar-Ele\u015ftiriler","Makaleler","Tarih Sayfalar\u0131"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=84274#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=84274","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=84274","name":"Der Matossian: Adana Katliamlar\u0131\u2019nda ekonomik boyut \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemliydi - 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