{"id":83434,"date":"2025-05-29T04:28:49","date_gmt":"2025-05-29T09:28:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=83434"},"modified":"2025-05-29T04:28:49","modified_gmt":"2025-05-29T09:28:49","slug":"lozanin-kurt-sorunuyla-ne-alakasi-var","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=83434","title":{"rendered":"Lozan\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcrt sorunuyla ne alakas\u0131 var?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Ba\u015fl\u0131ktaki soru, bilinen geli\u015fmeler nedeniyle bir anda siyasi g\u00fcndemde yer i\u015fgal etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. K\u00fcrt ulusal sorununun tarihi hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olmayan ya da bildi\u011fi halde unutan veya bilmezden gelen kesimler, bu soruyu daha ziyade bir tepki ifadesi olarak dile getiriyorlar. \u201cRetorik soru\u201d denilen t\u00fcrde, yani yan\u0131ta almaktan ziyade h\u00fck\u00fcm bildirmek amac\u0131yla sorulan soru bir soru bu. Ama ayn\u0131 zamanda bu soru, K\u00fcrt sorununun kimi tarihsel \u00f6zelliklerini ve \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini an\u0131msatmak i\u00e7in de bir imk\u00e2n sunuyor.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00fcrt Sancaklar\u0131 D\u00f6nemi<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 idaresi alt\u0131na Safevilerle sava\u015f\u0131n \u00f6zel ko\u015fullar\u0131nda giren K\u00fcrt mirleri, beyleri ve h\u00e2kimleri, bunun getirdi\u011fi geni\u015f bir \u00f6zerklik ile kendi sancaklar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nettiler. \u00c7ald\u0131ran Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (1514) ard\u0131ndan, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Diyarbekir ve Mardin\u2019i fethetti\u011fi 1515-1516 d\u00f6neminde K\u00fcrt beyleri Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya itaat bildirdiler. Ayr\u0131ca I. (Yavuz) Selim\u2019in \u015eii inanc\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrkmenlere y\u00f6nelik katliamlar\u0131, T\u00fcrkmen a\u015firetlerinin Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019yu terk ederek \u0130ran\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. K\u00fcrt sancaklar\u0131 d\u00fczeni bu \u015fartlarda kuruldu. Her bir sancak bir K\u00fcrt beyine \u201cyurtluk \u2013 ocakl\u0131k\u201d olarak verilirdi; kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise sefer zaman\u0131nda asker yollamas\u0131 gerekirdi. K\u00fcrt sancaklar\u0131 t\u0131mar sisteminin hi\u00e7 uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ch\u00fck\u00fcmet\u201d tipi sancaklar ile t\u0131mar sisteminin (\u00e7o\u011fu durumda sadece \u015feklen) uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cl\u00eeva\u201d tipi sancaklar olmak \u00fczere iki t\u00fcrl\u00fcyd\u00fc.(1) K\u00fcrt beyleri, kendi adlar\u0131na para bast\u0131rmak da dahil sancaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde tam egemendi. Yaln\u0131z, ba\u015fka sancaklarla, birle\u015fmeleri imkans\u0131zd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, K\u00fcrt co\u011frafyas\u0131nda, Osmanl\u0131 emirlerine ait sancaklar da vard\u0131.(2) Yine, K\u00fcrt sancaklar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, saraydan atanan bir beylerbeyi bulunurdu. Sefere giderken, K\u00fcrt beylerinin askeri y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getirip getirmedi\u011fini o denetlerdi.<\/p>\n

Bu sancak beylerinin alt\u0131nda, her biri kendi a\u015fireti \u00fczerinde \u0131rs\u00ee m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na sahip olan 400\u2019den fazla a\u015firet reisi (m\u00eer-i a\u015firet) bulunurdu. Tarih boyunca say\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte, K\u00fcrt sancaklar\u0131 ise 31 ila 36 sancak olup,(3) bunlar Diyarbekir, Van, \u015eehrizar, Halep ve Musul beylerbeyliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 idiler.(4)<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrt sancaklar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 bitmek bilmez sava\u015flar\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131ca dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. Ayr\u0131ca k\u0131smi halk isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda da K\u00fcrt beylerinin askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131ld\u0131.(5) Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise Osmanl\u0131 saray\u0131, \u201cK\u00fcrdistan \u00fcslubu\u201d olarak resmi belgelerde ifade edilen \u00e7er\u00e7evede,(6) K\u00fcrt beylerinin i\u015fine kar\u0131\u015fmad\u0131.(7)<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk \u2013 K\u00fcrt ittifak\u0131\u201d olarak belirtilen bu d\u00f6nem, \u00c7ald\u0131ran\u2019dan Tanzimat\u2019a kadar, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. K\u00fcrt sancaklar\u0131 d\u00fczeni ancak Tanzimat\u2019tan sonra, Osmanl\u0131 devletinin K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a y\u00f6nelik merkezile\u015fme ad\u0131mlar\u0131 atmas\u0131 ve K\u00fcrt beylerinin otoritesini zay\u0131flatmas\u0131 ile bozuldu. Ki, bu d\u00f6nemde \u201cK\u00fcrdistan eyaletinin\u201d kurulmas\u0131 da bu merkezile\u015fme ad\u0131mlar\u0131ndan birisidir. 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren g\u00f6r\u00fclen Ubeydullah, Bedirhan gibi isyanlar, K\u00fcrt sancaklar\u0131 d\u00fczeninin sars\u0131lmas\u0131na ilk tepkilerdir. K\u00fcrt sancaklar\u0131 d\u00fczeni, K\u00fcrtlerin a\u015firetsel par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k i\u00e7inde tutarak, K\u00fcrt ulusla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6nledi. K\u00fcrt ulusla\u015fmas\u0131 ancak, \u00f6zerk sancaklar d\u00fczeni sars\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Avrupa\u2019daki topraklar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmeye ba\u015flayan sultan, y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc Do\u011fu\u2019daki topraklar\u0131na d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca art\u0131k \u0130ran sava\u015flar\u0131 da son bulmu\u015ftur. Tanzimat Ferman\u0131, Islahat Ferman\u0131, 1. ve 2. Me\u015frutiyet T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck tarihsel ilerlemeler ve modernle\u015fme hamleleridir. Ancak ayn\u0131 s\u00fcrecin K\u00fcrtlere yans\u0131mas\u0131 \u00f6zerkliklerinin giderek artan m\u00fcdahalelerle ihlal edilmesi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Sevr\u2019den Lozan\u2019a<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Emperyalist Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda kaybeden tarafta yer alan Osmanl\u0131 hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sava\u015f sonucunda son derece a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar i\u00e7eren Sevr Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 do\u011fusunda Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6zerk bir K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n da kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Sevr anla\u015fmas\u0131na K\u00fcrt beyleri \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Zira K\u00fcrtlerin ve Ermenilerin birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fehirler \u00fczerinde kurulacak bir Ermenistan, bu yerlerdeki K\u00fcrt \u2013 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusun (Balkanlar\u2019daki T\u00fcrk \u2013 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfus gibi) yerinden edilmesine yol a\u00e7abilecekti. B\u00f6ylesine a\u011f\u0131r bir tehlikenin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u201c\u00f6zerk bir K\u00fcrdistan\u201d vaadi ise pek de yeni bir kazan\u0131m say\u0131lmazd\u0131; zira her ne kadar ihlal edilse de, Osmanl\u0131\u2019da K\u00fcrt sancaklar\u0131 d\u00fczeni halen ortadan kalkmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sevr Konferans\u0131\u2019nda K\u00fcrt temsilcisi s\u0131fat\u0131 ile yer alan \u015eerif Pa\u015fa aleyhinde, onun K\u00fcrtleri temsil etmedi\u011fine y\u00f6nelik pek \u00e7ok telgraf K\u00fcrt illerinden g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u201cErmeni tehlikesi\u201d K\u00fcrt beylerini padi\u015faha tav\u0131r almaya y\u00f6neltirken, Ankara\u2019da Mustafa Kemal liderli\u011finde olu\u015fan Kuvva-i Milliye hareketine destek verdiler. 1921 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda yer alan \u201cher liva kendisini \u00f6zerk bi\u00e7imde idare edecektir\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc, K\u00fcrt beylerine verilmi\u015f bir g\u00fcvence idi. Hatta, Kuvva-i Milliye ordusu \u0130stanbul yolunda iken, 1923\u2019te Mustafa Kemal \u0130zmit\u2019te gazetecilere verdi\u011fi r\u00f6portajda da K\u00fcrtlerin kendi y\u00f6relerini \u00f6zerk bi\u00e7imde idare edece\u011fi vaadi yineleniyordu.(8) Ancak, Milli M\u00fccadele\u2019nin zaferinden sonra bu s\u00f6zler unutuldu, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u00e7i\u011fnendi.<\/p>\n

    Lozan Anla\u015fmas\u0131, iki y\u00f6nden K\u00fcrtler i\u00e7in hasar verici oldu. \u0130lkin, Misak-\u0131 Milli\u2019nin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfuslu b\u00f6lgelerin neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131 (El-Cezire ve Musul-Kerk\u00fck) T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Bu y\u00f6reler Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Bununla, yeni devlette K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusunun s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve K\u00fcrtlerin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczle\u015ftirilmesi ama\u00e7land\u0131. Zira yeni devletin kurucular\u0131 sadece T\u00fcrklerden olu\u015fan bir \u00fclke tasarl\u0131yorlard\u0131. Di\u011fer uluslar asimile edilecekti. Yine, Lozan\u2019da hi\u00e7bir milli az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tan\u0131nmamas\u0131, sadece dini az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 da buna zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece 1924 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda \u201cherkesin T\u00fcrk\u201d ilan edilmesine uluslararas\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturuldu. Y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r \u201cK\u00fcrdistan\u201d olarak an\u0131lan y\u00f6renin ad\u0131 bile art\u0131k yasakl\u0131yd\u0131. K\u00fcrt diye bir \u015fey yoktu. K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015fmak su\u00e7tu. 1924 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, b\u0131rak\u0131n K\u00fcrtlerin kendi y\u00f6relerini \u00f6zerk olarak idare etmesini; bu b\u00f6lgedeki belediyeler bile vali ve kaymakamlar eliyle y\u00f6netildi. Belediye ba\u015fkan\u0131 olamad\u0131 K\u00fcrtler. K\u00fcrt illerinin \u201cmilletvekilleri\u201d Ankara\u2019daki erk\u00e2n\u0131n i\u00e7inden atama usul\u00fc ile belirlendi. Genellikle de b\u00f6lgeye hi\u00e7 gitmezlerdi. Bu durum 1950\u2019ye kadar b\u00f6yle s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    1921 Anayasas\u0131 \u00dczerine An\u0131msatmalar<\/p>\n

    Son d\u00f6nemde, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 cenahta 1921 Anayasas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00f6zel bir kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k geli\u015ftiriliyor. Maalesef bu kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sosyalist sola da sirayet etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleyebiliyoruz. Daha 1. Maddesinde \u201cHakimiyet kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z milletindir\u201d belirlemesi ile Osmanl\u0131 teokratik saltanat\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k ve kesin bi\u00e7imde kopan 1921 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201claikli\u011fi i\u00e7ermedi\u011fi\u201d yalan\u0131 ortaya at\u0131labiliyor. Do\u011frusu, 1920 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131n\u0131n da, halifesinin de fiilen hi\u00e7bir yetkisinin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, hatta Anadolu\u2019daki devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131 ile irtibat\u0131n\u0131n dahi kesildi\u011fidir. Taktik nedenlerle, saltanat\u0131n ve hilafetin resmen ilga edilmemesi, bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirmez. 1921 Anayasas\u0131 d\u00fcnyevidir, sek\u00fclerdir, laiktir. \u201cDin maddesi\u201d de i\u00e7ermez. Bu madde 1924 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda vard\u0131r.(9)<\/p>\n

    Di\u011fer yandan, 1921 Anayasas\u0131, Meclis\u2019teki sol muhalefetin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eken N\u00e2z\u0131m beyin (Resmar) liderli\u011finde haz\u0131rlanan \u201cHalk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k Program\u0131\u201dna dayanmaktad\u0131r. Sovyet esinli bu program, 1921 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda da yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur. \u0130llerdeki \u00f6zerklik, \u00f6rne\u011fin, yerel meclislere dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine, h\u00fck\u00fcmet modeli, a\u00e7\u0131k bir Sovyet esinlenmesi ile \u201cMeclis h\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u201ddir. Tek tek her bakan Meclis\u2019te se\u00e7ilmektedir. Bu sayede kom\u00fcnist milletvekili N\u00e2z\u0131m (Resmar) \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 se\u00e7ilebilmi\u015ftir (her ne kadar Mustafa Kemal\u2019in vetosu sebebiyle istifa etmek zorunda kalsa da).(10) Buna mukabil, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6zdesi olan 1924 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Ba\u015fbakan\u0131, o da b\u00fct\u00fcn bakanlar\u0131 atamaktad\u0131r. Meclis\u2019in rol\u00fc \u00e7ok daha zay\u0131ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    1921 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi her vilayetin idari \u00f6zerkli\u011fi form\u00fcl\u00fc ve yerel idarenin (atanm\u0131\u015f valiyle de\u011fil) yerel meclislere dayand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, hem kayyumcu zihniyete, hem de vali \u2013 kaymakamlar\u0131n merkezden atanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sosyalist solun savunmas\u0131 gereken, demokratik ve Sovyet-esinli bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. K\u00fcrt sorununa demokratik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir tarihsel referanst\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    (1) K\u00fcrt sancaklar\u0131na dair daha detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz.: Kumika Saito, 16. ve 17. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019sunda Timarlar\u0131n \u00c7e\u015fitli Bi\u00e7imleri: Farkl\u0131 Uygulamalara Tek isim Koymak, Osmanl\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, LI (2018) ss. 63-113<\/p>\n

    (2) Sofyal\u0131 Ali \u00c7avu\u015f\u2019un 1653 tarihli risalesine g\u00f6re; Diyarbekir eyaletindeki 22 sancaktan 12\u2019si K\u00fcrt beylerine ait yurtluk \u2013 ocakl\u0131k sancak iken, 10\u2019u Osmanl\u0131 emirlerine aitti. Van eyaletindeki 13 sanca\u011f\u0131n 5\u2019i emirlerin, 8\u2019i K\u00fcrt beylerini; \u015eehrizar eyaletindeki 19 sanca\u011f\u0131n 6\u2019s\u0131 emirlerin 13\u2019\u00fc K\u00fcrt beylerinin; Musul eyaletindeki 5 sanca\u011f\u0131n 3\u2019\u00fc emirlerin 2\u2019si K\u00fcrt beylerinin sancaklar\u0131 idi. Ayr\u0131ca Halep eyaletinde de 1 K\u00fcrt sanca\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. (Ne\u015freden: A.S. Tveritinova, Agran\u0131y stroy osmanskoy imperii, ss. 95-98, Moskva 1963, Akademiya Nauk SSSR.)<\/p>\n

    (3) Kumiko Saito 16. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda 31 K\u00fcrt sanca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 listeliyor; Sofyal\u0131 Ali \u00c7avu\u015f\u2019a g\u00f6re ise 1653\u2019te 36 K\u00fcrt sanca\u011f\u0131 mevcuttu.<\/p>\n

    (4) Diyarbekir\u2019de 12, Van\u2019da 8, \u015eehrizar\u2019da 13, Musul\u2019da 2, Halep\u2019te 1 sancak olmak \u00fczere. (1653 itibariyle)<\/p>\n

    (5) Osmanl\u0131 devleti, Safevi \u0130ran devleti ile, Anadolu\u2019da patlak veren ve \u00e7o\u011fu durumda \u015eii inanc\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan halk isyanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yapmazd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1526\u2019da \u0130\u00e7el\u2019de S\u00fckl\u00fcn Koca adl\u0131 bir k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nderli\u011finde ba\u015flayan isyan, \u0130\u00e7el beylerbeyi taraf\u0131ndan bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc bast\u0131r\u0131lamay\u0131nca, Diyarbekir beylerbeyi H\u00fcsrev Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi K\u00fcrt beylerine ait birlikler, k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyan\u0131n\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Pe\u00e7evi\u2019den aktaran; A.M. Valuyski, Feodal\u2019n\u0131y stroy turtsii, s.59, Moskva 1939)<\/p>\n

    (6) \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1575 tarihli bir belgedeki \u015fu ifade; \u201cGirdik\u00e2n sanca\u011f\u0131 Kurdistan olma\u011fla icmallu\u0131 sancak olmayup\u2026\u201d Keza \u00c7emi\u015fgezek sanca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Pir H\u00fcseyin Bey\u2019in o\u011fullar\u0131na verilen beratta yer alan \u201cKurdistan \u00fcsl\u00fbb\u0131 \u00fczre tasarruf ol\u0131na\u201d ifadesi. ( Kumika Saito, age, s.79 ve 81)<\/p>\n

    (7) Ayn\u00ee Ali, risalesinde; Diyabak\u0131r\u2019daki K\u00fcrt sancaklar\u0131 \u201cher ne kadar sancak olarak verilmi\u015f olsa da, asl\u0131nda yurtluk ve ocakl\u0131k vasf\u0131nda olup ne m\u00fcdahaleye ne de [bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na] tahsis edilmesine imk\u00e2n tan\u0131r\u201d demektedir (akt. Valuyski, age, s. 23)<\/p>\n

    (8) 16-17 Ocak 1923 tarihli \u0130zmit bas\u0131n toplant\u0131s\u0131nda Mustafa Kemal \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201cK\u00fcrtl\u00fck nam\u0131na bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izmek istersek T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi mahvetmek laz\u0131md\u0131r. \u2026 Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir k\u00fcrtl\u00fck tasavvur etmekten ise, bizim Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu\u201d [yani 1921 Anayasas\u0131, bn.] \u201cgere\u011fince zaten bir t\u00fcr mahalli muhtariyetler te\u015fekk\u00fcl edecektir. O halde hangi livan\u0131n ahalisi K\u00fcrt ise onlar kendilerini muhtar olarak idare edeceklerdir.\u201d (Aktaran: Ate\u015f Uslu, E. Atilla Aytekin, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Siyasal Hayat, s. 171, Yorfam Kitap, 3. Bas\u0131m, \u0130stanbul 2019)<\/p>\n

    (9) 1924 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda yer alan \u201cT\u00fcrkiye devletinin dini, din-i \u0130slamd\u0131r\u201d maddesi, 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir de\u011fi\u015fiklikle anayasadan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    (10) Tokat mebusu N\u00e2z\u0131m\u2019\u0131n (Resmar) \u00f6nceleri Halk\u00e7\u0131 Z\u00fcmre i\u00e7inde, sonras\u0131nda ise kurdu\u011fu \u201cT\u00fcrk Halk \u0130\u015ftirakiyyun F\u0131kras\u0131\u201d i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc faaliyetlerin detay\u0131n\u0131 Emel Akal\u2019\u0131n \u201cKom\u00fcnistler, \u0130\u015ftirakiyyuncular ve Pa\u015fa Hazretleri\u201d eserinde (\u0130leti\u015fim Yay.) okuyabilirsiniz. Mustafa Kemal\u2019in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi adaya kar\u015f\u0131 aday olup \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 se\u00e7ilmek N\u00e2z\u0131m Resmar\u2019a pahal\u0131ya patlam\u0131\u015f, dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p \u0130stiklal Mahkemesi\u2019nde yarg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f ve k\u00fcrek cezas\u0131na mahkum edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    \n

    Art\u0131 Ger\u00e7ek<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Ba\u015fl\u0131ktaki soru, bilinen geli\u015fmeler nedeniyle bir anda siyasi g\u00fcndemde yer i\u015fgal etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. K\u00fcrt ulusal sorununun tarihi hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olmayan ya da bildi\u011fi halde unutan veya bilmezden gelen kesimler, bu soruyu daha ziyade bir tepki ifadesi olarak dile getiriyorlar. \u201cRetorik soru\u201d denilen t\u00fcrde, yani yan\u0131ta almaktan ziyade h\u00fck\u00fcm bildirmek amac\u0131yla sorulan soru bir soru […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":83435,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-83434","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\nLozan\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcrt sorunuyla ne alakas\u0131 var? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=83434\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lozan\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcrt sorunuyla ne alakas\u0131 var? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ba\u015fl\u0131ktaki soru, bilinen geli\u015fmeler nedeniyle bir anda siyasi g\u00fcndemde yer i\u015fgal etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 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