{"id":81861,"date":"2024-12-17T03:08:08","date_gmt":"2024-12-17T08:08:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=81861"},"modified":"2024-12-17T03:08:08","modified_gmt":"2024-12-17T08:08:08","slug":"abdulhamidin-sunni-islam-milliyetciligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=81861","title":{"rendered":"Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in S\u00fcnni \u0130slam milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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S\u00fcnni \u0130slam milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin en \u015fiddetli icraat\u0131, Anadolu\u2019nun \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\/T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi (ya da Anadolu\u2019dan H\u0131ristiyan milletlerin tasfiyesi) politi\u011finde, 1895-1896\u2019da Ermenilere yap\u0131lanlard\u0131r. O y\u0131llarda kalmad\u0131; H\u0131ristiyan milletlerin tasfiyesinin politi\u011fine 1923\u2019e kadar devam edildi; sonras\u0131nda da. Mustafa Kemal, Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in Dersim plan\u0131na 1938\u2019de \u2018devletin d\u00e2hili harbi\u2019yle(38) \u2018nokta\u2019y\u0131 koymu\u015ftur.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/header>\n

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Nevzat Onaran<\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
nevzatonaran@gmail.com<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/div>\n
\n

Selim Deringil\u2019in Abd\u00fclhamid d\u00f6nemiyle ilgili \u00fc\u00e7 kitab\u0131n\u0131(1)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0okudum.\u00a0Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in istibdat y\u0131llar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0<\/strong>Hocam\u0131z\u0131n eme\u011fine sa\u011fl\u0131k, analizi ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131.\u00a0\u0130ktidar\u0131n Sembolleri ve \u0130deoloji, II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909)<\/em>\u00a02001\u2019de ve\u00a0Simgeden Millete<\/em>\u00a02007\u2019de ve\u00a0\u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad<\/em>\u00a02012\u2019de yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk iki kitab\u0131n konusu \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birinci kitap, ikinci kitapta toparlanm\u0131\u015f 1990\u2019larda kaleme al\u0131nan baz\u0131 makalelerin derinle\u015ftirilmesiyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad<\/em>\u2019da 1895-1897\u2019de Ermenilerin \u0130slamla\u015f(t\u0131r\u0131l)mas\u0131n\u0131n incelendi\u011fi be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcmden (s. 281-341) anl\u0131yoruz ki,\u00a0Anadolu\u2019nun H\u0131ristiyanlardan temizlenmesinin politi\u011fini<\/strong>\u00a0temellendiren Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019dir. \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rmayla birlikte \u00fc\u00e7 fiil daha i\u015flenmi\u015ftir; 300 bin (Le Figaro)(2)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0veya 20 bin (Osmanl\u0131 evrak\u0131)(3)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ermeni \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, mala-m\u00fclke \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f (1911-1912\u2019de Sivas Mebusu\u00a0Dr. Nazaret Da\u011favaryan<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu komisyon y\u00fczlerce m\u00fclkle ilgili maddeler halinde d\u00f6rt rapor haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve Ermeni Patrikhanesi\u2019ne vermi\u015ftir) ve Ermeniler Rusya\u2019ya kovalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1910\u2019da Sadrazam \u0130brahim Hakk\u0131, 60-70 bin Ermeni\u2019nin(4)<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>Rusya\u2019ya kovaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1895\u2019ler Meclisi Mebusan\u2019da m\u00fczakere edilmi\u015f, ama sorunlara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zaten 1914 yaz\u0131ndan itibaren politik hava kararm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Selim Deringil,\u00a0\u0130ktidar\u0131n Sembolleri ve \u0130deoloji, II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), \u00e7eviren: G\u00fcl \u00c7a\u011fal\u0131 G\u00fcven, Do\u011fan Kitap, \u0130stanbul-2014.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011fi olarak devletlerin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131,\u00a0s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen milletlerin aya\u011fa kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve devletle\u015fti\u011fi<\/strong>\u00a019\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde, S\u00fcnni \u0130slam olmayana\/\u2018\u00f6teki\u2019ye \u00f6zel politikalar uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7 kitap, Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in bu t\u00fcr politikalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bilgilenme kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0Ermeni\/Arap H\u0131ristiyanlara, K\u00fcrt Ezidilere, T\u00fcrk\/K\u00fcrt K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flara, Arap\/T\u00fcrkmen \u015eiilere, Arap Nusayrilere<\/strong>\u00a0y\u00f6nelik S\u00fcnni \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma politikalar\u0131 ve kurumsal yap\u0131ya ilaveten yeni olu\u015fturulan Hamidiye Alaylar\u0131(5)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0ile A\u015firet Mektebi\u2019nin(6)<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>fonksiyonu analiz edilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6ylesine can pazar\u0131 yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, Ermeniler k\u00f6y k\u00f6y \u0130slamla\u015f(t\u0131r\u0131l)m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrdistan<\/em>\u00a0gazetesi<\/strong>\u00a0Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in, Ermenileri katledenleri affetti\u011fini ve onlar\u0131 Hamidiye Alaylar\u0131\u2019na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(7)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, pek \u00e7ok yerinde tespit edilmi\u015f ve vurgulanm\u0131\u015f olsa da d\u00f6neme karakterini veren kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmadan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O y\u0131llardaki Osmanl\u0131 politikas\u0131, \u2018Abd\u00fclhamid milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi<\/strong>\u2019 yani \u2018Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in S\u00fcnni \u0130slam milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Erik Jan Z\u00fcrcher<\/strong>, \u2018M\u00fcsl\u00fcman milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\u2019 kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 \u2018Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019 (1919-1922) d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(8)<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi,\u00a0\u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Hanio\u011flu<\/a>\u2019nun\u00a0Atat\u00fcrk\u00a0<\/em>kitab\u0131n\u0131n 6. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde incelenmektedir. Hanio\u011flu\u2019na g\u00f6re, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in \u201cideolojik motor g\u00fcc\u00fc M\u00fcsl\u00fcman milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\u201ddir.(9)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Resm\u00ee milliyet\u00e7ilik \u2018Osmanl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma\u2019n\u0131n, imparatorluk ve aile ad\u0131 \u2018Osmanl\u0131<\/strong>\u2019yla kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\/tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 \u2018ne yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u2019 anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. San\u0131yorum ki, benzer sorun imparatorlu\u011fun ad\u0131n\u0131n \u2018Rus\u2019 de\u011fil \u2018Romanov<\/strong>\u2019 ya da \u2018Avusturya\/Avusturya-Macaristan\u2019 de\u011fil \u2018Habsburg<\/strong>\u2019 olsayd\u0131, oralarda da ya\u015fan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda kimin devleti oldu\u011fu bilinmiyor de\u011fildir; Ahmed Cevdet(10)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0de\u00a0belirtmi\u015ftir ki,\u00a0Devlet-i T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong>\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Niye \u2018T\u00fcrk \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019 denmedi? Devlet-i Aliyye\u2019den Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya ne zaman, nas\u0131l ge\u00e7ildi? Uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmalarda devletin ad\u0131 diye ne yaz\u0131l\u0131yordu? 19\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde baz\u0131 eyaletler nas\u0131l \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131? \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1460\u2019larda Balkanlar\u2019da i\u015fgal edilen Bosna ile Hersek gibi. B\u00f6ylesi sorular\u0131m da var.<\/p>\n

\u0130SLAMLA\u015eTIRMA\/T\u00dcRKLE\u015eT\u0130RME POL\u0130T\u0130\u011e\u0130<\/h2>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u2018milletler hapishanesi\u2019 \u00fc\u00e7 imparatorlu\u011fun derdi ortakt\u0131; iktidar icras\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ili\u015fkisinin devam\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131yordu. S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen milletlere kar\u015f\u0131 Romanov iktidar\u0131n\u0131n icras\u0131na \u2018Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma<\/strong>\u2019 ve \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fcne \u2018Osmanl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma\u2019 denmesinin,\u00a0\u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131\/T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmeyi<\/strong>\u00a0maskeledi\u011fi ve ne yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m. Bu kadar y\u0131l\u0131n ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonras\u0131nda, neden \u2018Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma\u2019n\u0131n e\u015f anlam\u0131nda fikir birli\u011fi olmas\u0131n ki?<\/p>\n

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Selim Deringil,\u00a0Simgeden Millete, 5. bask\u0131, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2019.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Deringil, \u2018Osmanl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma<\/strong>\u2019dan kast\u0131n ne oldu\u011funun fark\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u2018Osmanl\u0131\u2019 olan Araplar, K\u00fcrtler ve Arnavutlar yaratmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan A\u015firet Mektebi, \u2018Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 a\u015f\u0131lamaya ve Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu da Rus olmayan haklar\u0131 \u2018Rusla\u015ft\u0131rmaya<\/strong>\u2019 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Yap\u0131lan, \u201cmerkezin de\u011fer sistemini \u00f6z\u00fcmsetme \u00e7abas\u0131yd\u0131.\u201d(11)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bunun, milli motiflerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Seton-Watson\u2019\u0131n adland\u0131rmas\u0131yla) \u2018resm\u00ee milliyet\u00e7ilik<\/strong>\u2019 oldu\u011funu belirten Deringil\u2019e g\u00f6re, Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in \u00e7abas\u0131, Habsburglar ve Romanovlar\u2019\u0131n siyasal giri\u015fimine benzemektedir.(12)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Elbette her merkezi iktidar\u0131n amac\u0131, egemenin \u2018ben\u2019i d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u2018\u00f6teki\u2019lere, \u2018ben\u2019i\u00a0kibar ifadeyle \u2018a\u015f\u0131lamak\u2019t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zamanla \u2018ben\u2019in kimli\u011fi \u2018mill\u00ee\u2019 unsurlar\u0131 da kapsam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; devlet egemenli\u011finde on y\u0131llard\u0131r, 1804\u2019te\u00a0S\u0131rplar\u0131n<\/a>\u00a0aya\u011fa kalkmas\u0131ndan ve 1829\u2019da\u00a0Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n<\/a>\u00a0Mora\u2019da devletle\u015fmesinden itibaren mevcut dine, dille, soyla, tarihle ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrle ilgili unsurlar da eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bunun i\u00e7indir ki T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn\u00a0ulus-devlet<\/strong>\u00a0yolculu\u011fu Deringil\u2019in belirtti\u011fi gibi, \u2018devletten ulusa modeli\u2019yle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve 19\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda devlet adamlar\u0131, \u201cOsmanl\u0131l\u0131k s\u00f6yleminde\u201d olsalar da \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck<\/strong>\u00a0ba\u011flam\u0131nda\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.(1<\/strong>3)<\/a><\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek, icran\u0131n ilk ad\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zaten T\u00fcrk, bilinmez de\u011fildir. 1850 sonras\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e dili ve T\u00fcrk tarihi \u00f6zelinde yay\u0131nlar artm\u0131\u015f ve \u015eerif Mardin, d\u00f6nemi de\u00a0\u2018K\u00fclt\u00fcr T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(14)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Analizi derinle\u015ftiren Fatma M\u00fcge G\u00f6\u00e7ek,\u00a0T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin<\/strong>, \u2018K\u00fclt\u00fcr T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sava\u015flar\u0131n, ticari ili\u015fkilerdeki de\u011fi\u015fimin, reformlar\u0131n, e\u011fitimin, gizli dernekler ve siyasal partilerin \u00f6rg\u00fctsel \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin etkile\u015fimiyle olu\u015ftu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir.(15)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, 1876 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0resm\u00ee dilidir<\/strong>\u00a0(madde 18).<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda gayri \u0130slam n\u00fcfus \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu yitiren Osmanl\u0131(16)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0gibi\u00a0\u0130stanbul kentinin<\/strong>\u00a0demografik yap\u0131s\u0131 da 1885\u2019te \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>. 1840-1880 aras\u0131nda \u0130stanbul kent n\u00fcfusunda y\u00fczde 50\u2019nin \u00fczerinde olan gayri \u0130slam n\u00fcfusu, 1885\u2019te tersine d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f y\u00fczde 45\u2019e inmi\u015ftir.(17)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Muhtemel ki, o\u00a0y\u0131llarda Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer \u00f6nemli ticaret merkezleri \u0130zmir\u2019de, Selanik\u2019te ve Trabzon\u2019da da benzer de\u011fi\u015fim ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2018Osmanl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ma\u2019 da denilse, resm\u00ee ideolojinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, o y\u0131llarda ne yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131r k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0Huri \u0130slamo\u011flu \u0130nan<\/strong>\u2019dan 19\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130slamiyetin \u2018ulusal ideolojiyi\u2019 ve hilafetin \u2018\u0130slam ulus\u00e7ulu\u011funu\u2019 simgeledi\u011fini aktaran Deringil\u2019e g\u00f6re, Abd\u00fclhamid h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u2018mezheb-i resmiyye\u2019 olan\u00a0Hanefili\u011fe dayanan \u2018yeni ortodoksluk\u2019 resm\u00ee ideoloji olarak bi\u00e7imlendirilmi\u015ftir<\/strong>.(18)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bunlara ra\u011fmen, T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin 1912-1913 Balkan Harbi\u2019yle ili\u015fkilendirilmesinde, \u00f6zetlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m Abd\u00fclhamid y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n resm\u00ee ideoloji, S\u00fcnni \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck\u00a0politi\u011finin\u00a0<\/strong>yeterince\u00a0dikkate al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Devlet, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 y\u0131llarda (1910\u2019larda) da \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n\/T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmenin aktif organ\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Balkanlarda\u00a01877-8\u2019de 1912-3\u2019ten daha fazla<\/strong>\u00a0topra\u011f\u0131n, n\u00fcfusun kaybedildi\u011fi ve K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye hediye edildi\u011fi o y\u0131llarda, ayr\u0131ca \u0130slam milletleri Araplar, K\u00fcrtler ve Arnavutlar da aya\u011fa kalkm\u0131\u015f; \u2018ben\u2019 demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

H\u0131ristiyan ve \u0130slam milletleri ayaktayken ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 devletini kurmu\u015fken, devlete egemen \u2018ben\u2019in (T\u00fcrklerin) h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u2018uyanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u2019 nas\u0131l iddia edebiliriz? Toplumsal hareket olarak yeterince g\u00f6r\u00fcnmese de devlete egemen olarak iktidar\u0131n politi\u011finde (resm\u00ee) milliyet\u00e7ilik, \u0130slam\u2019la i\u00e7selle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve ambalajlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zaten \u201cdini kimlik ile mill\u00ee kimlik aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131 bir ba\u011flant\u0131<\/strong>\u201d(19)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu, Deringil\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7 kitab\u0131nda detay\u0131n\u0131 okudu\u011fum \u2018Abd\u00fclhamid milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\u2019dir! Nitekim Londra\u2019da 1890\u2019da yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r(20)<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>ki Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in bilin\u00e7li faaliyeti, \u201c\u0130slamlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu\u00a0homojen bir imparatorluk<\/strong>\u201d yaratmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Deringil de g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: 1908 Devrimi anlam\u0131nda T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finden s\u00f6z etmek erken de olsa, 1890\u2019lardaki k\u0131r\u0131m ve \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n arka plan\u0131ndaki \u201ckritik mesele,\u00a0T\u00fcrk\/Osmanl\u0131 milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin<\/strong>\u00a0y\u00fckselmesiydi.\u201d(21)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

NEC\u0130P FAZIL\u2019IN \u2018ULU HAKAN\u2019I<\/h3>\n

Selim Deringil\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7 kitab\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131nda\u00a0S\u00fcnni \u0130slamc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcstad\u0131 Necip Faz\u0131l K\u0131sak\u00fcrek\u2019in\u00a0Ulu Hakan<\/em><\/strong>\u2019\u0131n\u0131(22)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0okuman\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015famad\u0131m de\u011fil. Kitap, S\u00fcnni \u0130slamc\u0131lar\u0131n ajitasyon-propaganda metnidir.<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kaynak g\u00f6stermenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn bilginin kayna\u011f\u0131 kendisiymi\u015f gibi yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bazen roman\u0131ms\u0131 dille ki\u015file\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130deolojik-politik tercihi, her ko\u015fulda Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in mutlak monar\u015fisinin yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 sahiplenmek ve g\u00fczelle\u015ftirmektir. Ona g\u00f6re Abd\u00fclhamid, \u201c36 T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 aras\u0131nda belki en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201dd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Necip Faz\u0131l K\u0131sak\u00fcrek, iktidar merkezine yak\u0131n olmay\u0131 sever.\u00a0Adnan Menderes<\/a>\u2019in yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan mektuplar\u0131, derdinin maddiyat oldu\u011funun delilidir. Nitekim Menderes\u2019in matbuata verdi\u011fi paran\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015fte birini (y\u00fczde 18,65) sadece o alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130ngilizlerle denge politikas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6telendi\u011fi gibi komik s\u00f6ylemden geri kal\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nas\u0131l dengeyse? \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin\u00a01878\u2019de K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131, d\u00f6rt y\u0131l sonra M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 almas\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0ve 1881\u2019de alacakl\u0131 \u00fclkelerin vergiye el koymas\u0131 ve te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131 (D\u00fcyun-\u0131 Umumiye \u0130daresi), \u201ceh can\u0131m, bu arada bunlar da oldu\u201d s\u00f6ylemiyle ge\u00e7i\u015ftiriliyor.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcnni \u0130slamc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcstad\u0131n\u0131n sahiplenmesi tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildir; Deringil\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7 kitab\u0131n\u0131n net sonucu, bug\u00fcn\u00fcn resm\u00ee ideolojisinin ge\u00e7mi\u015fi Abd\u00fclhamid y\u0131llar\u0131na gidiyor.<\/p>\n

Abd\u00fclhamid, dedesinden babas\u0131na ve amcas\u0131na 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son diktat\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Selim Deringil,\u00a0\u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad, \u00e7eviren: Ay\u015fen Anadol-Taciser Ula\u015f Belge, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2017.\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130HT\u0130DA VE TASH\u0130H-\u0130 AKA\u0130D HAREK\u00c2TI<\/h4>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n resm\u00ee dinsel kimli\u011finin\/ mezhebinin \u2018\u00f6teki\u2019sine y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131n iki \u00f6nemli kavram\u0131 vard\u0131r. Biri \u2018tashih-i akaid<\/strong>\u2019, [S\u00fcnni] \u0130slam olmayanlar\u0131n \u2018inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczeltilmesi<\/strong>\u2019dir. Deringil vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, tashih-i akaid, Abd\u00fclhamid rejiminin d\u00fcsturlar\u0131ndan biridir. Di\u011feri \u2018ihtida\u2019d\u0131r; H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n [S\u00fcnni] \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ar\u015fiv evraklar\u0131na g\u00f6re, H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n ihtidas\u0131 19\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde daha s\u0131k ya\u015fan\u0131r. Bunun \u2018b\u00fcrokratize edilmi\u015f\u2019 bir de\u00a0ihtida prosed\u00fcr\u00fc\u00a0<\/strong>vard\u0131r.(23)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca baz\u0131 ihtida vakalar\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ihtidas\u0131 da incelenmi\u015ftir.(24)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in S\u00fcnnile\u015ftirme politi\u011fini, \u00fc\u00e7 kitaptan \u00e7ok k\u0131sa aktarmaya gayret edece\u011fim. \u00dczerinde \u00f6nemle durulan misyonerlik meselesine de\u011finmeyece\u011fim.<\/p>\n

ERMEN\u0130LER<\/strong>: 1880\u2019ler ve sonras\u0131 Ermeni meselesinin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad<\/em>\u00a0kitab\u0131n\u0131n be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Ermenilerin ihtidas\u0131na ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131): \u201cCan\u0131n\u0131 Kurtarmak \u0130\u00e7in \u0130htida, Anadolu\u2019da Ermenilerin Kitlesel \u0130htidas\u0131 (1895-1897)\u201d (s. 281-340); b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Ermenilerin k\u00f6y k\u00f6y ihtidalar\u0131 aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sasun\u2019da, Trabzon\u2019da, Erzurum\u2019da, Bitlis\u2019te, Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da ve Bayburt\u2019ta kitlesel sald\u0131r\u0131lar olmu\u015ftur.\u00a02-5 Kas\u0131m 1895\u2019te Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019daki katliamlar<\/strong>\u00a0sonras\u0131nda devletin valiye yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fudur: \u201cErmenilerin ihtidas\u0131 iki sebebe meni olup (nedenden kaynaklan\u0131p) birisi K\u00fcrdlerin taarruz ve mazarratlar\u0131ndan kurtulmak, di\u011feri de bilahare ecanibe (yabanc\u0131lara) suret-i cebriyede (zorla) ihtida ettikleri surette ika-i fikir eylemekten ibaret [oldu\u011fu]\u2026\u201d (s. 305-306).<\/p>\n

Erzurum valisi Tercan kazas\u0131n\u0131n H\u0131z\u0131ri, Korikul ve Humlar k\u00f6y ahalisinin \u201cihtidas\u0131 K\u00fcrdlerin taarruzundan hayf ve ha\u015fyete m\u00fcbteni\u00a0<\/strong>oldu\u011funu [korku ve deh\u015fetten kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131]\u201d yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (s. 307).<\/p>\n

Sivas Divri\u011fi\u2019de 2000 K\u00fcrt\u2019\u00fcn sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla 23 Ermeni \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, 500 Ermeni ihtida etmi\u015f ve mallar\u0131 ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (s. 307-308).<\/p>\n

Mamuret\u00fclaziz\u2019de, Van\u2019da, Hizan\u2019da kitlesel ihtidalar olmu\u015ftur (s. 311-318).<\/p>\n

Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019daki\u00a0Britanya Konsolos vekili raporunda katliam bilan\u00e7osu \u015f\u00f6yledir\u00a0<\/strong>(17 Mart 1896): \u201cVilayette 8 bin ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, 25 bin ki\u015fi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmu\u015f ve 500\u2019\u00fc a\u015fk\u0131n kad\u0131n-k\u0131z ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu rakamlar d\u00fczeltmeye muhta\u00e7t\u0131r. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Vali Enis Pa\u015fa\u2019d\u0131r\u201d (s. 323-324).<\/p>\n

Birecik\u2019te(25)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a03\u00a0Mart 1895\u2019te 200 haneli Ermeni k\u00f6y halk\u0131n\u0131n ihtida etmesi diplomatik mesele haline gelmi\u015ftir; \u0130ngiliz Konsolos Vekili Fitzmaurice\u2019ye g\u00f6re, k\u0131r\u0131mlar ve ihtidalar merkezi ve yerel yetkililerin i\u015fidir (s. 326-329, 337-338).<\/p>\n

Ermenilerin ihtidas\u0131, \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle sa\u011f kalma takti\u011fiydi; nitekim tehlike ge\u00e7er ge\u00e7mez \u00e7o\u011fu eski inanc\u0131na d\u00f6nmesi buna i\u015faret ediyordu\u201d ve\u00a0Ermeniler g\u00f6z\u00fcnde, \u0130slamla\u015fma, T\u00fcrkle\u015fmeydi<\/strong>\u00a0(s. 331).<\/p>\n

\u0130htida meselesinde, \u201cH\u00fck\u00fcmetin su\u00e7a ortak oldu\u011fu ya da su\u00e7u telkin etti\u011fine i\u015faret eden kan\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu dolayl\u0131 olsa bile, az\u0131msanmayacak kadar \u00e7oktur\u201d ve k\u0131y\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (s. 332-333).<\/p>\n

1897\u2019de Abd\u00fclhamid, Britanya el\u00e7isine, \u2018Ermeni meselesi\u2019nin en sonunda \u201cnihayete erdi\u011fi<\/strong>\u201dni s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir (s. 335).<\/p>\n

EZ\u0130D\u0130LER:\u00a0<\/strong>Deringil\u2019in Osmanl\u0131 belgelerine g\u00f6re yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018Yezidiler\u2019 asl\u0131na \u2018Ezidiler\u2019dir. S\u00fcnni \u0130slam\u2019a g\u00f6re sapk\u0131n(26)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Ezidilerin S\u00fcnnile\u015ftirilmesi \u2018Osmanl\u0131 ihtida siyasas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rnek bir olay\u0131<\/em>\u2019 olarak incelenmi\u015ftir. Ezidiler, 1891\u2019den itibaren S\u00fcnni Hanefili\u011fin hedefindeki K\u00fcrtlerdir. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesiyle Ezidilerin \u015eeyhan\u2019daki inan\u00e7 merkezi, \u201cHanefi ulema i\u00e7in hoca yeti\u015ftiren bir medreseye\u201d d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.(27)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Abd\u00fclhamid,\u00a01826\u2019da Bekta\u015fili\u011fi yasaklayan\u00a0<\/strong>ve Hac\u0131 Bekta\u015f Veli (merkez) d\u00e2hil y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131lmayan Bekta\u015fi dergahlar\u0131na Nak\u015fi \u015feyhi atayan dedesi II. Mahmud\u2019u(28)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0izlemi\u015f, Ezidilerin inan\u00e7 merkezine Nak\u015fi \u015feyhi atam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Temmuz 1891\u2019de Musul\u2019da F\u0131rka-i Islahiye Kumandan\u0131 olarak atanan\u00a0\u00d6mer Vehbi Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma harek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0<\/strong>hedefinde Ezidiler ve \u015eiiler vard\u0131r; 80 Ezidi ve 30 \u015eii k\u00f6y\u00fc S\u00fcnni \u0130slamla\u015f[t\u0131r\u0131l]m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ezidi k\u00f6y\u00fcne camiler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130slam dinine ge\u00e7i\u015f t\u00f6renleri d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. 1892\u2019de Musul\u2019daki Ezidi k\u00f6ylerine yap\u0131lan harek\u00e2tla ilgili olu\u015fturulan komisyonun 6 \u015eubat 1893 tarihli raporuna g\u00f6re, Ezidi liderler, dayak yememek i\u00e7in \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 tercih etmi\u015ftir. Bunu yapanlar\u0131n yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 emri verilir. Sonunda Ocak 1914\u2019te n\u00fcfus c\u00fczdan\u0131n\u0131n dini b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne \u2018Yezidi\u2019 yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(29)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ezidi\u2019ye Yezidi demek, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ve Emevi Halifesi Yezidi\u2019yi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in sorunlu isimlendirmedir.\u00a0Ey\u00fcp Bur\u00e7<\/a>\u2019un anlat\u0131m\u0131 bilgilendiricidir; 1980, 12 Eyl\u00fcl darbesiyle de kimlikte \u2018Dini\u2019 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne \u2018Yezidi\u2019 yaz\u0131m\u0131 yasaklan\u0131r, bo\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r ya da \u2018XX\u2019 yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

KIZILBA\u015eLAR<\/strong>: Deringil, \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma hedefindeki K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flar\u0131n durumunu da incelemi\u015ftir: K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flar, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131zd\u0131ran topluluklardan biriydi. 1890-1891\u2019de\u00a0Sivas ve Tokat\u2019ta<\/strong>\u00a0ilgili mercilere \u201ccehaletten kurtarmak\u201d amac\u0131yla K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye hocalar, k\u00f6ylerde uzun s\u00fcre kalacak dan\u0131\u015fmanlar ve ilm-i hal g\u00f6nderilmesi talimat\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Sivas valisinin 2 A\u011fustos 1891\u2019de, K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flarla ilgili kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tezkireye g\u00f6re, kuru dallara tap\u0131nmak gibi \u201ccahil ve sapk\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde\u201d artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flar\u0131n inanc\u0131 onlar\u0131 g\u00fcvenilmez k\u0131l\u0131yordu ve bunlar\u0131n e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterilmeliydi.(30)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Alevi-K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f Dersimliler de S\u00fcnnile\u015ftirme politi\u011finin hedefindeydi.\u00a0Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in Dersim politikas\u0131<\/strong>, Deringil\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7 kitab\u0131n\u0131n plan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O y\u0131llarda Dersim\u2019le ilgili 16 layiha haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve askeri seferler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(31)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

NUSAYR\u0130LER VE \u015e\u0130\u0130LER:\u00a0<\/strong>Deringil, 1890\u2019larda S\u00fcnnile\u015ftirmenin hedefindeki Suriye\u2019nin Lazkiye b\u00f6lgesindeki Arap Alevileri olarak bilinen Nuseyriler\u2019le, Irak\u2019ta Arap \u015eiilerine kar\u015f\u0131 Abd\u00fclhamid politikas\u0131n\u0131 da incelemi\u015ftir.(32)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

G\u0130ZL\u0130 HIR\u0130ST\u0130YANLAR VE \u0130SLAMLA\u015eAN YAHUD\u0130LER<\/strong>: Deringil, Abd\u00fclhamid y\u0131llar\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyan kimli\u011fini gizleyen ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde \u0130slam, Pontos Rumlar\u0131 olan Kromlular\u0131n\/Kurumlular\u0131n, Akda\u011f\u2019da \u0130stavrilerin ve Arnavutluk\u2019ta Shaparatlar\u0131n neler ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da incelemi\u015ftir.(33)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Hatta o y\u0131llarda Balkanlar\u2019da \u0130slamla\u015fan Yahudilere de \u015f\u00fcpheyle bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(34)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

ABD\u00dcLHAM\u0130D, TAL\u00c2T VE MUSTAFA KEMAL<\/h5>\n

19\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrge milletleri ayaktad\u0131r; H\u0131ristiyan milletlerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu devletle\u015fmi\u015f, ulus devletini kurmu\u015ftur. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde \u0130slam milletlerinden Araplar, K\u00fcrtler ve Arnavutlar da \u2018ben\u2019 demi\u015ftir; \u00f6nce diyense Bosnal\u0131lar ve Hersekliler\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde geriye kalansa\u00a0T\u00fcrklerdir<\/strong>. Zaten o, i\u00e7selle\u015ftirilmi\u015f S\u00fcnni \u0130slam\u2019la devletin egemenidir.<\/p>\n

Milletler meselesine y\u00f6nelik, Tanzimat ve devam\u0131nda vatanda\u015flar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fiyle at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlar\u0131n durdurulmas\u0131, 1877-78\u2019de Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya yenilmesi ve me\u015fruti monar\u015finin \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131sa s\u00fcrmesi sonucunda iktidar\u0131n tek h\u00e2kimi\u00a0Sultan ve Halife Abd\u00fclhamid<\/strong>\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Deringil\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7 kitab\u0131, Sultan ve Halife Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in politi\u011fi hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bilgilenme kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131saca aktarmaya gayret ettim.<\/p>\n

Egemenli\u011findeki milletlere kar\u015f\u0131 Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in politi\u011fi, (Deringil\u2019in ifadesi) \u2018devletten ulusa modeli<\/strong>\u2019ne i\u015flerlik kazand\u0131ran S\u00fcnni \u0130slam milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcnni \u0130slam, T\u00fcrk devletinin iki kurucu unsurundan biridir; di\u011feriyse milleten T\u00fcrk\u2019t\u00fcr. O y\u0131llarda S\u00fcnni \u0130slam, T\u00fcrk\u2019e nazaran daha g\u00f6r\u00fcnendir. \u2018Devletten ulusa modeli\u2019nde ve milliyet\u00e7ilikte,\u00a01878\u2019lerden 1923\u2019e devaml\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong>\u00a0vard\u0131r; Tal\u00e2t ve Mustafa Kemal, Abd\u00fclhamid politi\u011finin takip\u00e7ileridir.<\/p>\n

\u2018Devaml\u0131l\u0131k\u2019ta iki noktay\u0131 hat\u0131rlataca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcnni \u0130slam milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin en \u015fiddetli icraat\u0131,\u00a0Anadolu\u2019nun \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\/T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi<\/strong>\u00a0(ya da Anadolu\u2019dan H\u0131ristiyan milletlerin tasfiyesi) politi\u011finde, 1895-1896\u2019da Ermenilere yap\u0131lanlard\u0131r. O y\u0131llarda kalmad\u0131; H\u0131ristiyan milletlerin tasfiyesinin politi\u011fine 1923\u2019e kadar devam edildi; sonras\u0131nda da.<\/p>\n

\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 Tal\u00e2t<\/strong>, 1915 Temmuz ortas\u0131nda \u2018ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131?\u2019 itiraf etmi\u015ftir. O, \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 ayda, Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in 33 y\u0131lda becerebildi\u011finden daha fazla Ermeni\u2019yi ezip ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmakla\u201d \u00f6v\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.(35)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Tasfiyeye\u00a01919-1920\u2019lerde de<\/strong>\u00a0devam edilmi\u015ftir. H\u0131ristiyan vatanda\u015flar, T\u00fcrk askeri 9 Eyl\u00fcl 1922\u2019de \u0130zmir\u2019e girdikten on g\u00fcn sonra da sahile kovalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(36)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Tasfiye politi\u011finin sonucu olarak, 1,2 milyon Rum m\u00fcbadilin,\u00a01 milyon 88 bini kovaland\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>i\u00e7in ancak 112 bini, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan M\u00fcbadele Anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131ktan sonra g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir.(37)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019nun \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\/T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi politi\u011finde hedef bir di\u011fer unsur, Alevi-K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f Dersimlilerdir.\u00a0Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>, Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in Dersim plan\u0131na 1938\u2019de \u2018devletin d\u00e2hili harbi\u2019yle(38)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u2018nokta\u2019y\u0131 koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Ezc\u00fcmle, 1878\u2019den 1923\u2019e aralar\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmaya ra\u011fmen, Abd\u00fclhamid, Tal\u00e2t ve Mustafa Kemal\u2019in program birli\u011fi vard\u0131r; \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc de T\u00fcrk devletinin kurucusudur!<\/p>\n

\n

NOTLAR:<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0\u0130ktidar\u0131n Sembolleri ve \u0130deoloji, II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), \u00e7eviren: G\u00fcl \u00c7a\u011fal\u0131 G\u00fcven, Do\u011fan Kitap, \u0130stanbul-2014; Selim Deringil,\u00a0Simgeden Millete, 5. bask\u0131, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2019; Selim Deringil,\u00a0\u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad, \u00e7eviren: Ay\u015fen Anadol-Taciser Ula\u015f Belge, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2017. Kitaplarla ilgili iki notum: 1-\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909)\u2019da teknik bir hata vard\u0131r; 3. b\u00f6l\u00fcmdeki 51 no\u2019lu dipnot, sondaki \u2018Notlar\u2019da yoktur, atlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (s. 90, 218). 2-\u00a0\u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad\u2019daki bilgi yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; 4. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn 124 no\u2019lu dipnotunda, Kozan Mebusu Hampartsum Boyac\u0131yan\u2019\u0131n (Murad) \u2018Da\u015fnaksutyun\u2019dan oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131 do\u011fru de\u011fildir, Sosyal Demokrat H\u0131n\u00e7ak Partisi \u00fcyesidir (s. 274\u2019te 124 no\u2019lu dipnot; Nesim Ovadya \u0130zrail,\u00a024 Nisan 1915 \u0130stanbul, \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131, Aya\u015f, Ankara, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2. bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2014, s. 243-247; Arsen Avagyan-Gaidz F. Minassian,\u00a0Ermeniler ve \u0130ttihat ve Terakki, \u00e7eviren: Ludmilla Denisenko, Aras Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul-2005, s. 40-44).<\/em><\/p>\n

(2)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Orhan Kolo\u011flu,\u00a0Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n K\u0131skac\u0131nda Abd\u00fclhamit, 7. bask\u0131, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2021, s. 181-183.<\/em><\/p>\n

(3<\/strong>)<\/a>\u00a0K\u00e2muran G\u00fcr\u00fcn,\u00a0Ermeni Dosyas\u0131, 3. bask\u0131, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara-1985, s. 168.<\/em><\/p>\n

(4)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Meclisi Mebusan Zab\u0131t Ceridesi (MMZC), devre: 1, sene: 3, cilt: 1, 8.12.1910, s. 457.<\/em><\/p>\n

(5)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), s. 84-85, 88, 115; Selim Deringil,\u00a0Simgeden Millete, s. 100-108; Selim Deringil,\u00a0\u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad, s. 290-293.<\/em><\/p>\n

(6)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), s. 115-118; Selim Deringil,\u00a0Simgeden Millete, s. 102.<\/em><\/p>\n

(7)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0K\u00fcrdistan, no: 26, 14.12.1900, aktaran Selim Deringil,\u00a0\u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad, s. 333.<\/em><\/p>\n

(8)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Aktaran M. \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Hanio\u011flu,\u00a0ATAT\u00dcRK,\u00a02. bas\u0131m, Ba\u011flam Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2023, s. 294.<\/em><\/p>\n

(9)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0M. \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Hanio\u011flu, age, s. 282.<\/em><\/p>\n

(10)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), s. 186.<\/em><\/p>\n

(11)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), s. 123.<\/em><\/p>\n

(12)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), s. 60.<\/em><\/p>\n

(13)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0Simgeden Millete, s. 265-266.<\/em><\/p>\n

(14)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u015eerif Mardin,\u00a0T\u00fcrk Modernle\u015fmesi, 28. bask\u0131, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2021, s. 94, 289.<\/em><\/p>\n

(15)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Fatma M\u00fcge G\u00f6\u00e7ek\u2019in makalesi,\u00a0Milliyet\u00e7ilik, cilt: 4, 6. bask\u0131, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2020, s. 63-76.<\/em><\/p>\n

(16)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0Simgeden Millete, s. 29.<\/em><\/p>\n

(17)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Kemal H. Karpat,\u00a0Osmanl\u0131 N\u00fcfusu, 1830-1914, \u00e7eviri: Bahar T\u0131rnakc\u0131, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2003, s. 122.<\/em><\/p>\n

(18)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), s. 61; Selim Deringil,\u00a0Simgeden Millete, s. 111-118.<\/em><\/p>\n

(19)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0\u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad, s. 25.<\/em><\/p>\n

(20)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0Simgeden Millete, s. 96.<\/em><\/p>\n

(21)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0\u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad, s. 288.<\/em><\/p>\n

(22)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Necip Faz\u0131l K\u0131sak\u00fcrek,\u00a0Ulu Hakan, B\u00fcy\u00fck Do\u011fu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 33. bas\u0131m, \u0130stanbul-2022.<\/em><\/p>\n

(23)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), s. 62, 89-95, 98, 105.<\/em><\/p>\n

(24)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0\u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad, s. 82-97.<\/em><\/p>\n

(25)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi 1876-1909), s. 100-102.<\/em><\/p>\n

(26)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0Simgeden Millete, s. 118.<\/em><\/p>\n

(27)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), s. 82, 114.<\/em><\/p>\n

(28)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0L\u00fcfti Kaleli,\u00a0Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Vurgunlar-K\u0131r\u0131mlar \u0130ftiralar-\u0130hanetler, Can Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1. bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, s. 313-314; Salih \u00c7\u0130FT,\u00a01826 Sonras\u0131nda Bekt\u00e2\u015filik ve Bu Alanla \u0130lgili Yay\u0131n Faaliyetleri, Uluda\u011f \u00dcniv. \u0130lahiyat Fak\u00fcltesi, cilt: 12, say\u0131:1, Bursa-2003, s. 250.<\/em><\/p>\n

(29)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), s. 81-88; Selim Deringil,\u00a0Simgeden Millete, s. 118-121.<\/em><\/p>\n

(30)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), s. 95-96, 104.<\/em><\/p>\n

(31)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Cihangir G\u00fcndo\u011fdu-Vural Gen\u00e7,\u00a0Dersim\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 Siyaseti, 1880-1913,\u00a0Kitap Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul-2013.<\/em><\/p>\n

(32)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), s. 96-97; Selim Deringil,\u00a0Simgeden Millete, s. 146-156.<\/em><\/p>\n

(33)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0\u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad, s. 167-228; Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), s. 91-94.<\/em><\/p>\n

(34)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil,\u00a0II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi (1876-1909), s. 94-95.<\/em><\/p>\n

(35)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Aktaran, Hans Lukas Kieser,\u00a0Talat Pa\u015fa, \u00e7eviren: Ayten Alkan, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2021, s. 219.<\/em><\/p>\n

(36)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Fevzi\u2019nin [\u00c7akmak] TBMM\u2019ye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 19.9.1922 tarihli harp raporu, ATASE, aktaran Kemal Yakut,\u00a0Eski\u015fehir\u2019in Kurtulu\u015fu, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2023, s. 566-567.<\/em><\/p>\n

(37)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0N\u00fcfus \u0130\u015fleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Raporu (1933), s. 1-2 ve \u0130li\u015fik say\u0131 8: Vil\u00e2yet dahilinde m\u00fcbadeleye tabi elyevm mevcut Rum miktar\u0131, BCA-F: 30.10\/K: 124, D: 885, S: 4;\u00a0TBMM ZC, devre: 3, cilt: 26, 19.3.1931, s. 60-67 ve zab\u0131t sonundaki 92 no\u2019lu raporda s. 4, 9.<\/em><\/p>\n

(38)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a09.6.1938 tarih ve 2\/8973 ile 2\/8974 say\u0131l\u0131 kararname, BCA-F: 30.18.1.2\/K: 83, D: 51, S: 13 ve BCA-F: 30.18.1.2\/K: 83, D: 51, S: 14; harek\u00e2t plan\u0131, 6.8.1938 tarih ve 2\/9409 say\u0131l\u0131 kararname, BCA-F: 30.18.01.02\/K: 84, D: 73, S: 8.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n

Nevzat Onaran Kimdir?<\/h2>\n

\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi \u0130ktisat Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nden mezun oldu. Bir s\u00fcre muhasebecilik yapt\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan ekonomi muhabiri olarak \u00d6zg\u00fcr G\u00fcndem, Evrensel d\u00e2hil bir\u00e7ok gazete ve dergide \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yak\u0131n d\u00f6nem okumalar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin ekonomi politi\u011finin analizinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. 1915-1940 d\u00f6nemini inceleyen d\u00f6rt kitab\u0131 yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.gazeteduvar.com.tr\/abdulhamidin-sunni-islam-milliyetciligi-makale-1742591\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S\u00fcnni \u0130slam milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin en \u015fiddetli icraat\u0131, Anadolu\u2019nun \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\/T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi (ya da Anadolu\u2019dan H\u0131ristiyan milletlerin tasfiyesi) politi\u011finde, 1895-1896\u2019da Ermenilere yap\u0131lanlard\u0131r. O y\u0131llarda kalmad\u0131; H\u0131ristiyan milletlerin tasfiyesinin politi\u011fine 1923\u2019e kadar devam edildi; sonras\u0131nda da. Mustafa Kemal, Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in Dersim plan\u0131na 1938\u2019de \u2018devletin d\u00e2hili harbi\u2019yle(38) \u2018nokta\u2019y\u0131 koymu\u015ftur. Nevzat Onaran nevzatonaran@gmail.com\u00a0 Selim Deringil\u2019in Abd\u00fclhamid d\u00f6nemiyle ilgili \u00fc\u00e7 kitab\u0131n\u0131(1)\u00a0okudum.\u00a0Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in istibdat y\u0131llar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Hocam\u0131z\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":81862,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,54,70,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-81861","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-kitaplar-elestiriler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"\nAbd\u00fclhamid\u2019in S\u00fcnni \u0130slam milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=81861\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in S\u00fcnni \u0130slam milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"S\u00fcnni \u0130slam milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin en \u015fiddetli icraat\u0131, Anadolu\u2019nun \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\/T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi (ya da Anadolu\u2019dan H\u0131ristiyan milletlerin tasfiyesi) politi\u011finde, 1895-1896\u2019da Ermenilere yap\u0131lanlard\u0131r. O y\u0131llarda kalmad\u0131; H\u0131ristiyan milletlerin tasfiyesinin politi\u011fine 1923\u2019e kadar devam edildi; sonras\u0131nda da. Mustafa Kemal, Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in Dersim plan\u0131na 1938\u2019de \u2018devletin d\u00e2hili harbi\u2019yle(38) \u2018nokta\u2019y\u0131 koymu\u015ftur. 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