{"id":81496,"date":"2024-11-12T04:12:06","date_gmt":"2024-11-12T09:12:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=81496"},"modified":"2024-11-12T04:12:06","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T09:12:06","slug":"ayrimci-vatandaslik-pratiklerinde-bir-donum-noktasi-ekonominin-turklestirilmesi-ve-varlik-vergisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=81496","title":{"rendered":"Ayr\u0131mc\u0131 Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k Pratiklerinde bir D\u00f6n\u00fcm Noktas\u0131: Ekonominin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi ve Varl\u0131k Vergisi"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u00d6ZG\u00dcR KAYMAK<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cBenim babam B\u00fcy\u00fckada\u2019da kalfayd\u0131. Biz fakirdik k\u0131z\u0131m. Varl\u0131k Vergisi zaman\u0131nda\u2026 Bah\u00e7ede bir mangal\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131 gelip onu ald\u0131lar.\u201d[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Ulus devletin kurulu\u015funda siyasi elitin \u00f6zellikle ekonomiye y\u00f6nelik ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasi \u00f6nlemler, T\u00fcrk etnik kimli\u011finin cumhuriyetin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 unsuru oldu\u011funu belirgin bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda ard\u0131 ard\u0131na kabul edilen, iktisadi ve toplumsal hayat\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen kanunlar\u0131n hepsinde yer alan asgari \u015fartlardan biri\u00a0T\u00fcrk olmak<\/em>\u2019t\u0131. R\u0131fat Bali\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi gibi (2005), sadece Kas\u0131m 1922-Mart 1923 aras\u0131nda, \u0130stanbul\u2019un ekonomisinde \u00f6nemli yer tutan 110 Rum ve 21 Ermeni firmas\u0131 kapand\u0131. Ekonominin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesine y\u00f6nelik bu uygulamalar\u0131n bir di\u011feri de T\u00fcrk mallar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcketilmesine d\u00f6n\u00fck kampanyalard\u0131. Yerli mal\u0131 kullanmaya y\u00f6nelik devlet propagandas\u0131n\u0131n izlerine gazete ilanlar\u0131nda da rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc: \u201cHer i\u015fte ve her yerde T\u00fcrk mal\u0131 kullan! T\u00fcrk ma\u011fazalar\u0131ndan al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f et! T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmayana cevap verme! T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de herkesten fazla hakk\u0131n oldu\u011funu unutma\u201d. T\u00fcm bu kanunlarda yer alan \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d olmak \u015fart\u0131, dar bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede, \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmak\u201d \u015feklinde anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve uyguland\u0131. 1 Ocak 1927\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren, 805 say\u0131l\u0131 kanun ile iktisadi m\u00fcesseselerde mecburi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u015fart k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131. Bu yapt\u0131r\u0131m bir yerde, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u201cyeterince\u201d hakim olmayan gayrim\u00fcslimlerin i\u015flerine son verilmesi anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu uygulamalar\u0131n hi\u00e7bir yasal dayana\u011f\u0131 olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, pratikte T\u00fcrk ve yabanc\u0131 uyruklu gayrim\u00fcslimler yerine T\u00fcrklerin ikame edilmeleri karar\u0131 uygulanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. 1924 Anayasa\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n 92. Maddesine g\u00f6re, devlet memuru olma hakk\u0131n\u0131 \u201csiyasi haklar\u0131 olan her T\u00fcrk\u201d kullanabilecekti. 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise 788 say\u0131l\u0131 Memurin kanunu ile, memuriyete giri\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131nda vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan hi\u00e7 s\u00f6z edilmeyip, T\u00fcrk olmak \u015fart\u0131 konuldu. Bu kanun 1965\u2019de, \u201cdevlet memuru olmak i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 olma \u015fart\u0131\u201d, olarak d\u00fczenlenene kadar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kalacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

R\u0131fat Bali, Ayhan Aktar, Soner \u00c7a\u011faptay, Ahmet Y\u0131ld\u0131z, Dilek G\u00fcven gibi alan\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fc akademisyenlerin-ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n da detaylar\u0131yla aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi gibi ulus devletin in\u015fas\u0131nda ekonomi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinde toplumdaki yayg\u0131n beklenti, Ermenilerin 1915 soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\/tehciri ile ya\u015fanan b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfus kayb\u0131 ve Rumlar\u0131n m\u00fcbadele ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131ndan sonra ticaret alan\u0131nda do\u011fan bu bo\u015flu\u011fun T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan doldurulaca\u011f\u0131 idi. R\u0131fat Bali, beklenenin aksine, do\u011fan bu bo\u015flu\u011fu Yahudilerin doldurmas\u0131yla, toplumda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6fkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek bir hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Cumhuriyetin erken y\u0131llar\u0131nda gayrim\u00fcslim cemaatler aras\u0131nda Yahudiler lehine i\u015fleyen sermaye birikimindeki bu el de\u011fi\u015ftirme, Varl\u0131k Vergisi uygulamas\u0131yla birlikte Yahudileri de i\u00e7ine alacak bi\u00e7imde geni\u015fleyerek ekonominin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi s\u00fcreci devam edecekti. 11 Kas\u0131m 1942\u2019de TBMM\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclerek kabul edilen 4305 say\u0131l\u0131 Varl\u0131k Vergisi Kanunu T\u00fcrk t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n az\u0131nl\u0131k t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n yerlerini almalar\u0131n\u0131 tercih ve te\u015fvik eden bir yasad\u0131r. Arus Yumul\u2019a g\u00f6re, verginin amac\u0131, gayri-milli olarak alg\u0131lanan gayrim\u00fcslimleri ekonomik hayattan silmekti.<\/p>\n

1931\u2019de Sava\u015f, ekonomik hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131na devlet m\u00fcdahalesini getiriyordu. Bu m\u00fcdahaleler 27 Ocak 1940 tarihli Milli Korunma Kanunu ile me\u015fru k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00f6nceleri fiyatlar\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda tutarak enflasyonla m\u00fccadele etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fsa da karaborsay\u0131 \u00f6nleyemedi. Karaborsa ortam\u0131ndan istifade eden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, t\u00fcccarlar ve devlet ihaleleri ile ruhsat i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fcten memurlar \u00f6nemli karlar sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda hala ithalat a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak gayrim\u00fcslimlerin elinde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in onlar da b\u00fcy\u00fck getiriler elde etmi\u015flerdi (\u00d6kte, 1951, Aktoprak, 2010). Karaborsa i\u015finde olan t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n daha \u00e7ok gayrim\u00fcslimler oldu\u011funa dair yayg\u0131n bir karalama kampanyas\u0131 1942 yaz aylar\u0131 boyunca devam etti ve \u00f6zellikle az\u0131nl\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 karikat\u00fcrlerde Yahudiler karaborsac\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterildi (Aktar, 2012, Bali, 2005). Bas\u0131nda gayrim\u00fcslimlere kar\u015f\u0131 karalama kampanyalar\u0131 devam ederken, 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1942\u2019de defterdarl\u0131klara g\u00f6nderilen bir genelgeyle sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flayanlar\u0131n belgelenmesi ve az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n ayr\u0131 bir cetvelde g\u00f6sterilmesi talep edildi ve buna g\u00f6re d\u00f6rt kategori haz\u0131rland\u0131. M M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131, G Gayrim\u00fcslimler kategorisi Yahudi, Ermeni, Rumlar\u0131, D d\u00f6nmeleri, E ise ecnebileri temsil ediyordu (\u00d6kte, 1951). Gayrim\u00fcslimlerin cemaat temsilcileri Ba\u015fbakan Sara\u00e7o\u011flu\u2019nu Ankara\u2019da ziyaret ederek, vergiden vazge\u00e7ilmesini, kendi aralar\u0131nda devletin ihtiyac\u0131 olan miktar\u0131 toplayabileceklerini iletmelerine kar\u015f\u0131n, Sara\u00e7o\u011flu, bu \u00f6neriyi reddetti.<\/p>\n

Kanun \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan hemen sonra \u0130stanbul ili dahilinde \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 komisyon kuruldu. Vergi miktar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyecek bu komisyon \u00fcyeleri \u00e7o\u011funluk olarak CHP \u00fcyesi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrklerden olu\u015fuyordu. Vergi oranlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde belli bir \u00f6l\u00e7ek konulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. M\u00fclki memurlar kendi kanaatlerine g\u00f6re m\u00fckelleflere vergi takdir ediyorlard\u0131 (Levi, 2010). Kanunun 12. Maddesi verginin 15 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u00f6denmesini h\u00fckme ba\u011fl\u0131yordu. Kanunda belirtilen s\u00fcreler i\u00e7inde vergisini \u00f6deyemeyen m\u00fckelleflerin \u00f6nce mallar\u0131 haciz ediliyor, daha sonra da vergileri tahsil edebilmek i\u00e7in e\u015fyalar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131yordu. Vergisini bir ay i\u00e7inde \u00f6deyemeyen m\u00fckelleflerin bedenen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve vergilerini \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak \u00f6demeleri amac\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yerlerine yollanmalar\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 27 Ocak 1943\u2019de 32 ki\u015filik ilk kafile A\u015fkale\u2019ye do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ticaret burjuvazisinin en yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu kent olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Varl\u0131k Vergisi esasen \u0130stanbul merkezli idi ve de Varl\u0131k Vergisinin %70\u2019i \u0130stanbullu m\u00fckelleflerden tahsil edildi. Gayrim\u00fcslim m\u00fckelleflerin toplam m\u00fckellefler i\u00e7indeki oran\u0131 ise %87 idi (Aktar, 2012). Varl\u0131k vergisini \u00f6demek i\u00e7in gayrimenkul satanlar\u0131n %39\u2019nu Yahudiler, %29\u2019nu Ermeniler, %12\u2019ni Rumlar olu\u015fturuyordu (Levi, 2010). Bu d\u00f6nemde en fazla vergi \u00f6deyen iki ki\u015fiden biri Yahudi di\u011feriyse Sabetayc\u0131 k\u00f6kenli idi (Baer, 2010). Gayrim\u00fcslimlerin sat\u0131\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kan mallar\u0131n\u0131n %67\u2019si M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrkler, %15,3\u2019\u00fc Kamu \u0130ktisadi Te\u015fekk\u00fclleri, Milli bankalar, Milli Sigorta \u015eirketleri, \u0130stanbul Belediyesi ve %14,7 oran\u0131nda Vak\u0131flar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nd\u0131 (Aktar, 2012). Bu rakamlar birikimin, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrklerin lehine zora dayanarak el de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finin bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

Sesleri susturulan, bellekleri sessizle\u015ftirilen, resmi tarih tezinde-s\u00f6ylemlerinde yer al(a)mayan az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n mikro tarihlerine, son 20-25 sene i\u00e7erisinde \u00fcretilen ve az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00fczeri \u00f6rt\u00fclen hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lan de\u011ferli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, art\u0131k ula\u015fabiliyoruz. Varl\u0131k Vergisi uygulamas\u0131, cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren uygulanan T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme politikalar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan gayrim\u00fcslimler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan umutlar\u0131n ve g\u00fcvenlerin y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. E\u015fit vatanda\u015fl\u0131k pastas\u0131ndan e\u015fit pay alacaklar\u0131na dair inan\u00e7lar\u0131 kaybolmu\u015ftu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, topluma entegrasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 da olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015ftir. Haf\u0131zalarda bug\u00fcn de -\u00f6zellikle o d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fayanlar i\u00e7in- hala net bir bi\u00e7imde bu an\u0131lar saklanmaktad\u0131r. Rum toplumuyla ilgili yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir Rum g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmecim \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: \u201cBiz 10 y\u0131lda bir darbe yedik, kabak hep bizim ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131za patlad\u0131. Bunun de\u011fi\u015fmeyece\u011fini anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda art\u0131k hep kirada oturmaya ba\u015flad\u0131k. Ev almak, yerle\u015fmek kendi \u015fehrimize \u2026 o g\u00fcven bizde kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, hala da var diyemem\u2026<\/em>\u201d. Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen \u2013 bu pratikler sonraki y\u0131llarda da devam edecektir \u2013 e\u015fitsiz vatanda\u015fl\u0131k uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu al\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n alt sat\u0131rlar\u0131nda okunabiliyor asl\u0131nda. Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 topraklara, \u015fehirlerine g\u00fcvenleri kalmad\u0131, \u201cher an gitmeleri gerekebilece\u011fi\u201d duygusuyla ev sat\u0131n almaya bile cesaret edemediler.<\/p>\n

Varl\u0131k Vergisi 15 May\u0131s 1944\u2019te 4530 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla hukuken ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Verginin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede 315 milyon TL tahsil edildi, bu tutar\u0131n 280 milyon TL\u2019si gayrim\u00fcslimler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6dendi (\u00d6kte, 1951). (1943-1944) aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Filistin\u2019e 4.000 Yahudi vatanda\u015f\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesi ve 5.000 kadar\u0131n\u0131n da h\u00fck\u00fcmete g\u00f6\u00e7 talebiyle ba\u015fvuruda bulunmas\u0131 Varl\u0131k Vergisi\u2019nin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 travman\u0131n etkisini g\u00f6stermektedir (Benbassa, Rodrigue, 2010). Varl\u0131k Vergisi\u2019nden sonra Tek Parti d\u00f6neminin gayrim\u00fcslim b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015f adamlar\u0131 art\u0131k piyasadan silinmi\u015fti. 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130srail\u2019in kurulmas\u0131yla birlikte ise 30.000 ki\u015filik Yahudi grubu iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u0130srail\u2019e g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. (1927-1955) y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131 dini gruplar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 olarak incelendi\u011finde 1955 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle T\u00fcrkiye, n\u00fcfusun %99\u2019u T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir \u00fclke haline gelmi\u015fti ve gayrim\u00fcslim az\u0131nl\u0131klar sahneden fiili olarak silinmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

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Varl\u0131k Vergisi hakk\u0131nda haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z dosyan\u0131n i\u00e7inde yer alan\u00a0yaz\u0131lara\u00a0buradan<\/a>\u00a0ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baer, Marc David: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The D\u00f6nme, Jewish Converts, Muslim Revolutionaries<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 and Secular Turks<\/strong>, California, Stanford University Press,<\/p>\n

2010.<\/p>\n

Bali, R\u0131fat, N.: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Cumhuriyet Y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye Yahudileri: Bir \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme Ser\u00fcveni (1923-1945)<\/strong>, 7. bs., \u0130stanbul,<\/p>\n

\u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2005.<\/p>\n

Benbassa, Esther, Aron Rodrigue: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye ve Balkan Yahudileri Tarihi<\/strong>, 3. bs., \u0130stanbul,<\/p>\n

\u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2010.<\/p>\n

Levi, Avner: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde Yahudiler<\/strong>, 3. bs., \u0130stanbul,<\/p>\n

\u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2010.<\/p>\n

\u00d6kte, Faik:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Varl\u0131k Vergisi ve T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme Politikalar\u0131<\/strong>, 11. bs.,<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2012.<\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0\u00d6zg\u00fcr Kaymak doktora tezi saha g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesinden bir al\u0131nt\u0131: Rum, Erkek, 84.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.avlaremoz.com\/2024\/11\/11\/ayrimci-vatandaslik-pratiklerinde-bir-donum-noktasi-ekonominin-turklestirilmesi-ve-varlik-vergisi-ozgur-kaymak\/<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda ard\u0131 ard\u0131na kabul edilen, iktisadi ve toplumsal hayat\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen kanunlar\u0131n hepsinde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":81497,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70,20,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-81496","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\nAyr\u0131mc\u0131 Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k Pratiklerinde bir D\u00f6n\u00fcm Noktas\u0131: Ekonominin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi ve Varl\u0131k Vergisi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=81496\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ayr\u0131mc\u0131 Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k Pratiklerinde bir D\u00f6n\u00fcm Noktas\u0131: Ekonominin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi ve Varl\u0131k Vergisi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00d6ZG\u00dcR KAYMAK \u201cBenim babam B\u00fcy\u00fckada\u2019da kalfayd\u0131. 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