Nikolaos Stelya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\nBu makalenin yazar\u0131, hen\u00fcz \u00e7ocuk ya\u015flardayken \u00fclkesi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u2018farkl\u0131 bir yurtta\u015f\u2019 kategorisine ait oldu\u011fu hissiyat\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ilk deneyim, 1980\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131nda, Taksim Meydan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kalbinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Taksim An\u0131t\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki me\u015fhur bir tatl\u0131c\u0131dan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra, Kurtulu\u015f\u2019a do\u011fru giden bir taksiye bindiklerinde Niko, \u2018farkl\u0131\u2019 oldu\u011funu anlatan bir durumla y\u00fczle\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Az evvel yedi\u011fi enfes krem \u015fokola h\u00e2l\u00e2 dama\u011f\u0131ndayken, Niko takside annesine Rumca neden bu tatl\u0131ya b\u00f6ylesine \u2018ilgin\u00e7\u2019 bir isim verildi\u011fini sordu. Niko sorusunu bitiremeden, annesi tela\u015fla m\u00fcdahale etti: \u201cEvde de\u011filiz, d\u0131\u015far\u0131day\u0131z, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015f!\u201d \u0130ronik bir \u015fekilde, \u00e7ocu\u011funu \u2018korumak\u2019 i\u00e7in bu s\u00f6zleri sarf eden annenin T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, Niko\u2019nun aksine, \u0130stanbul Rumcas\u0131 \u015fivesindeydi.<\/p>\n
Bu tecr\u00fcbeden birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, Sirkeci-Adalar vapurunda Galatasaray\u2019daki Zo\u011frafyon Lisesi\u2019nden Heybeliada\u2019ya do\u011fru yol alan Niko, daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi g\u00fczellikte ya\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir k\u0131z \u00f6\u011frenciyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. K\u0131z, arkada\u015flar\u0131yla birlikte Kad\u0131k\u00f6y \u0130skelesi\u2019nde vapura binmi\u015f ve Niko\u2019nun kitap okudu\u011fu yere do\u011fru ilerlemi\u015fti. Gen\u00e7 k\u0131z\u0131n dikkatini ilk \u00e7eken, Niko\u2019nun elindeki Aziz Nesin imzal\u0131 \u201cSalk\u0131m Salk\u0131m As\u0131lacak Adamlar\u201d kitab\u0131 ve ceketine ili\u015ftirilmi\u015f Zo\u011frafyon Lisesi armas\u0131 oldu. Merak\u0131, pe\u015f pe\u015fe sorulara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc: \u201cBu kitap ne anlat\u0131yor?\u201d, \u201c\u0130stanbul\u2019da h\u00e2l\u00e2 Rumlar m\u0131 var?\u201d, \u201cZo\u011frafyon da ne? T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de b\u00f6yle bir isim mi olur?\u201d Anla\u015f\u0131lan gen\u00e7 k\u0131z\u0131n, \u00fclkesinin yak\u0131n tarihine dair pek \u00e7ok eksi\u011fi vard\u0131. Niko, bu sorular kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendisini bir kez daha \u00f6z vatan\u0131nda, bildi\u011fi, tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 insanlar aras\u0131nda \u2018yabanc\u0131\u2019 hissetse de bu t\u00fcr sorular y\u00f6neltenlere tarih bilinci a\u015f\u0131laman\u0131n \u00f6nemini gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta kavram\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n
Modern T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin siyasi ve toplumsal tarihinde derin bir yara olan 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl olaylar\u0131, kolektif haf\u0131zada h\u00e2l\u00e2 kanayan bir yara olmaya devam ediyor. Bu olay\u0131n yank\u0131lar\u0131, makalenin yazar\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok gayrim\u00fcslim yurtta\u015f\u0131n \u2018farkl\u0131 bir yurtta\u015f\u2019 deneyimi ya\u015famas\u0131na sebep olurken, cumhuriyetin karanl\u0131k sayfalar\u0131na da \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutuyor. 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcn y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde, bir zamanlar \u0130stanbul\u2019un en b\u00fcy\u00fck cemaatlerinden biri olan Rumlar\u0131n, bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de nas\u0131l 1500 ki\u015filik k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir toplulu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc mercek alt\u0131na al\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n
CUMHUR\u0130YET\u0130N RUM ORTODOKSLARI NASIL BABA YAD\u0130GARI YURTLARINDA KALDI?<\/h2>\n
Aleksis Aleksandris\u2019in \u201c\u0130stanbul\u2019daki Yunan Az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Yunan-T\u00fcrk \u0130li\u015fkileri 1918-1974\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ortaya koydu\u011fu gibi, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulu\u015f d\u00f6neminde Rum Ortodoks toplulu\u011funun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zorluklar, K\u0131br\u0131s sorununun \u00e7ok \u00f6ncesine dayan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Yunanistan ordusunun K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi (TBMM) kuvvetleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yenilginin ve ard\u0131ndan gelen Lozan m\u00fczakerelerinin g\u00f6lgesinde, \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir belirsizlik ve zorlu bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcrecine girdi. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin zaferi, Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019nun siyasi, askeri ve demografik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 derinden etkiledi. 1922 sonbahar\u0131nda, Anadolu\u2019daki Rum n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kal\u0131rken, Yunanistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kalan \u00e7ok say\u0131da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nemde, Lozan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri \u00f6ncesinde TBMM\u2019nin \u0130stanbul \u00fczerindeki egemenli\u011fini peki\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla General Refet Bele \u015fehre g\u00f6nderildi. Aleksandris\u2019in aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, Bele\u2019nin geli\u015fi milliyet\u00e7i duygular\u0131n y\u00fckselmesine ve organize g\u00f6sterilerin artmas\u0131na neden oldu. Olas\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lardan endi\u015fe duyan 50 binden fazla gayrim\u00fcslim, \u0130stanbul\u2019u terk etme karar\u0131 ald\u0131. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131, yeni do\u011fmakta olan cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan en b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfus hareketlerinden biriydi.<\/p>\n
Lozan\u2019da T\u00fcrk heyeti, \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131n\u0131n da m\u00fcbadele anla\u015fmas\u0131na dahil edilmesini talep etti. Yunanistan ise b\u00f6yle bir ad\u0131m\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ekonomik ve sosyal sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda uyar\u0131larda bulundu. M\u00fcttefikler de \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgulayarak Ankara\u2019n\u0131n talebine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakereler sonucunda bu konuda bir uzla\u015fmaya var\u0131ld\u0131. Anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 Trakya M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131, atalar\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131nda kalma hakk\u0131na sahip oldular.<\/p>\n
Ankara, ayn\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7te Patrikhane\u2019nin \u0130stanbul\u2019dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 fikrini ortaya att\u0131. Bu \u00f6neri, Atina taraf\u0131ndan Patrikhane\u2019nin dini ve tarihi \u00f6nemi gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6sterilerek \u015fiddetle reddedildi. M\u00fcttefikler ve Balkan devletleri de Atina\u2019ya destek verdi. Yo\u011fun m\u00fczakereler sonucunda Ankara geri ad\u0131m atmak zorunda kald\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Patrikhane, 4\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri yurt ve merkez olarak kabul etti\u011fi \u0130stanbul\u2019da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131n\u0131 korudu.<\/p>\n
M\u0130LL\u0130YET\u00c7\u0130L\u0130\u011e\u0130N G\u00d6LGES\u0130NDE \u0130STANBUL RUMLARI: CUMHUR\u0130YET\u0130N \u0130LK YILLARI<\/h3>\n
Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun k\u00fcllerinden do\u011fan T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 i\u00e7in zorlu bir d\u00f6nemin de ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu. Yeni devletin milliyet\u00e7i politikalar\u0131, Rumlar\u0131 sistematik bask\u0131 dalgalar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rakt\u0131. Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrkleri kay\u0131ran ve gayrim\u00fcslimleri ekonomik ve sosyal hayatta gerileten uygulamalara imza att\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nemde Rumlar, m\u00fclklerini de\u011ferinin alt\u0131nda satmaya ve Yunanistan veya ba\u015fka \u00fclkelere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye zorland\u0131. Rum profesyoneller i\u015flerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak yerlerine M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrkler getirildi. E\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr kurumlar\u0131 da bu bask\u0131lardan nasibini ald\u0131. Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131 koruma alt\u0131na almas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bu h\u00fck\u00fcmleri s\u0131k s\u0131k g\u00f6rmezden geldi.<\/p>\n
1925-26 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk-Yunan m\u00fczakereleri, bu gergin atmosferde bir umut \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi belirdi. Ancak anla\u015fmalar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131, b\u00fcrokratik engeller ve y\u00fckselen milliyet\u00e7ilik dalgas\u0131 nedeniyle sekteye u\u011frad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul\u2019da 30 Ekim 1918 \u00f6ncesinde ya\u015fayan \u2018yerli halk\u0131n\u2019 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de tart\u0131\u015fmalara neden oldu. Ankara, 1922-23 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki kaotik d\u00f6nemde \u015fehri terk eden Rumlar\u0131n geri d\u00f6nmesine \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, 1922\u2019den sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019da bulunmayan Rumlar\u0131n m\u00fclklerine el konulmas\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. Ankara\u2019n\u0131n stratejisi, \u2018Papa Eftim\u2019 olarak bilinen ve T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fini destekleyen eski bir Rum papaz arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u2018T\u00fcrk Ortodoks Patrikhanesi\u2019ni\u2019 te\u015fvik etmeyi de i\u00e7eriyordu. Bu durum, Patrikhane ile ciddi s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmelere yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n
1942\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Varl\u0131k Vergisi ise, \u00f6zellikle \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rumlar ve di\u011fer gayrim\u00fcslimler \u00fczerinde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir etki yaratt\u0131. Bu vergi, bir\u00e7ok gayrim\u00fcslim aileyi ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe s\u00fcr\u00fcklerken, m\u00fclklerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatlarla el de\u011fi\u015ftirmesini ve bir nevi \u2018T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesini\u2019 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcm bu zorluklara ra\u011fmen, 1930\u2019larda \u0130talyan fa\u015fizminin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehdit, T\u00fcrk-Yunan ili\u015fkilerinde bir yumu\u015famaya neden oldu. Bu durum, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki gayrim\u00fcslimler i\u00e7in k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli de olsa bir rahatlama sa\u011flad\u0131. Ancak Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fananlar, \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131n\u0131n haf\u0131zas\u0131nda derin izler b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n
KIBRIS MESELES\u0130 VE SONUN BA\u015eLANGICI<\/h4>\n
Modern literat\u00fcrde, K\u0131br\u0131s sorununun 1954-1964 d\u00f6neminde \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rum n\u00fcfusu \u00fczerinde derin etkiler yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yo\u011fun bir Yunan\/Rum kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 duygular ile \u015fiddet ortam\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu vurgulan\u0131yor. \u00d6zellikle 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl 1955 tarihlerinde meydana gelen pogrom, etnik \u015fiddetin \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak, Rum m\u00fclkleri ile kutsal alanlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte tahrip edilmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nemde milliyet\u00e7i ak\u0131m ile kitle ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 propaganda, gerilimi daha da art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve Rum toplumuna kar\u015f\u0131 sistematik ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 beslemi\u015ftir. D\u00f6nemin gazeteleri ve dergileri, Yunan kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 mesajlar\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kararak g\u00fcvensizlik ve nefret atmosferini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p>\n
Patrik Athenagoras\u2019\u0131n gerilimlerin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc diplomatik \u00e7abalara ra\u011fmen, sosyal ve politik ortam, Rum az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki konumunu zay\u0131flatmaya devam etti. Patrik\u2019in tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan EOKA ve Makarios\u2019a destek olarak alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f ve tepki toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
K\u0131br\u0131s sorununun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gergin ortam, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Yunan az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 artan bir d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k ortam\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te T\u00fcrkiye kamuoyu, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rumlar\u0131n K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 Rumlar\u0131 destekledi\u011fine ve K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n Yunanistan ile birle\u015ftirilmesi \u00e7abalar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131na dair derin \u015f\u00fcpheler ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Patrikhane ise Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile belirlenen tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ilkesine ra\u011fmen, \u2018Terc\u00fcman\u2019 ve \u2018H\u00fcrriyet\u2019 gibi gazetelerin hedefi haline geldi.<\/p>\n
Patrik Athenagoras\u2019\u0131n diplomatik \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rum az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n durumu sosyal ve politik iklimin olumsuz etkisiyle daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti; sistematik ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ve ekonomik zorluklar bir\u00e7ok cemaat \u00fcyesinin zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Rum toplumu kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 atmosfer, 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl 1955 tarihlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen pogrom ile doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu olay, Selanik\u2019teki Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn evine bomba at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair as\u0131ls\u0131z haberlerin tetiklemesiyle ba\u015flad\u0131. Olaylar, K\u0131br\u0131s ile ilgili Londra \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Konferans\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 d\u00f6neme denk gelmesiyle gerilimi daha da t\u0131rmand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Pogrom s\u0131ras\u0131nda kalabal\u0131klar, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Yunan i\u015fletmelerini, konutlar\u0131, kiliseleri ve mezarl\u0131klar\u0131 hedef ald\u0131. Yetkililer ya m\u00fcdahale etmekte gecikmi\u015f ya da isteksiz kalm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece Rum Ortodoks m\u00fclklerinin geni\u015f \u00e7apta tahrip edilmesine olanak tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Demokrat Parti iktidar\u0131 olaylar\u0131 kom\u00fcnistlerin \u00fczerine atmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsa da bir\u00e7ok yabanc\u0131 g\u00f6zlemci polisin ve ordunun pasif tavr\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015f ve gerekli m\u00fcdahalenin zaman\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Pogromun ma\u011fdurlar\u0131, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 zararlar i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir tazminat ald\u0131. Bu durum, Rum toplumunun ekonomik durumunu daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirdi ve belirsizlik ile korku atmosferini peki\u015ftirdi. Yass\u0131ada Davas\u0131\u2019nda, Ba\u015fbakan Adnan Menderes ve kabinesinin olaylar\u0131n olas\u0131 organizat\u00f6rleri olarak yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekiciydi. San\u0131klar su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 reddetmi\u015f olsa da, davalarda sunulan tan\u0131kl\u0131klar, pogromun organizasyonuna h\u00fck\u00fcmetin kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu. Bu durum, kitlesel lin\u00e7 giri\u015fiminin Rum toplulu\u011funu zay\u0131flatma ve K\u0131br\u0131s konusundaki T\u00fcrk tutumunu peki\u015ftirme amac\u0131 g\u00fcden kas\u0131tl\u0131 bir politik eylem oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p>\n
\u0130STANBUL RUMLARININ SON G\u00d6\u00c7\u00dc: ELVEDA \u0130STANBUL<\/h5>\n
\u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rum toplumunun 1964-1974 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki son g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc, temelinde K\u0131br\u0131s meselesi ve T\u00fcrk-Yunan ili\u015fkilerine dayanan bir dizi olay\u0131n sonucuydu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Fener Rum Patrikhanesi, sadece dini bir kurum de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019taki Yunan politikalar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir nevi bask\u0131 arac\u0131 olarak da \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130ki toplumlu K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 atan 1959 Z\u00fcrih ve Londra Antla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Yunanistan ve T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda bir uzla\u015fma aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Yunanistan Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Konstantinos Karamanlis\u2019in Ankara\u2019y\u0131 ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda az\u0131nl\u0131k meseleleri ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, ancak somut bir ilerleme kaydedilememi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
1962 sonras\u0131 K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta yo\u011funla\u015fan kriz, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Makarios\u2019un \u00f6nerdi\u011fi yeni anayasa ile birlikte, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131 daha da t\u0131rmand\u0131rd\u0131. Aral\u0131k 1963\u2019te, siyasi ve yasal anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar \u015fiddete ve kan d\u00f6k\u00fclmesine yol a\u00e7an \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 1964\u2019te T\u00fcrk jetlerinin K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131 bombalamas\u0131 gerilimi t\u0131rmand\u0131rd\u0131 ve Ankara\u2019ya \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rum az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131rgan politikalar\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yeni bir bahane sundu.<\/p>\n
Bu ortamda, 16 Mart 1964\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130stanbul\u2019da ya\u015fayan Rum vatanda\u015flar\u0131na belirli haklar ve koruma sa\u011flayan 1930 tarihli \u0130k\u00e2met, Ticaret ve Seyrisefainet Mukavelesini tek tarafl\u0131 olarak feshetti. Bu karar, yeni d\u00f6nemde herhangi bir hak ve korumadan yoksun kalan 10 binden fazla Yunanistan vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi. 24 Mart 1964\u2019te ilk s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etmelerin duyurusu yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve Rum toplumunun ekonomik olarak zay\u0131flat\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla m\u00fclkiyet ve vergilendirme konular\u0131nda kat\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar getirildi.<\/p>\n
S\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etmeler artan bir yo\u011funlukla devam etti ve \u00f6zellikle Rum toplumunun profesyonel ve \u00f6nde gelen isimlerini hedef ald\u0131. Bu durum, toplumda korku ve g\u00fcvensizlik atmosferi yaratt\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, Fener Rum Patrikhanesi de T\u00fcrk yetkililerin bask\u0131lar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131. Din insanlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edildi ve kilisenin dini ve idari i\u015fleyi\u015fine k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar getirildi.<\/p>\n
Patrik Athenagoras\u2019\u0131n 1972\u2019deki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, halefi Patrik I. Dimitrios\u2019un se\u00e7imi, Ankara\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131 denetimi alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bask\u0131 ve artan zorluklar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rum az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi giderek zorla\u015ft\u0131. Belirsizlik, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fiyi ba\u015fka \u00fclkelere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmaya zorlad\u0131. Bu ko\u015fullar, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rum az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n son toplu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcregelen bir varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sona erdi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n
Alper Kaliber, 1964\u2019te T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan 1930 tarihli \u0130kamet, Ticaret ve Seyrisefainet Mukavelesi\u2019nin feshedilmesinin, yakla\u015f\u0131k 12 bin 500 Rum\u2019un \u0130stanbul\u2019dan s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. Yine 1964 y\u0131l\u0131 boyunca, s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etmeler ve di\u011fer bask\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemler nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Rum n\u00fcfusunun 80 binde 30 bine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tahmin ediliyor. On y\u0131l sonra, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rum n\u00fcfusu d\u00f6rt haneli rakamlara (d\u00f6nemin tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 bine) kadar geriledi.<\/p>\n
K\u0131br\u0131s sorununun doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131, sadece \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rumlar i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda G\u00f6k\u00e7eada ve Bozcaada\u2019daki Rumlar i\u00e7in de benzer dramatik sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu. 1955-1974 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Ankara\u2019n\u0131n sistematik milliyet\u00e7i politikalar\u0131 sonucunda bu adalardaki Rum varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azald\u0131. Adalar\u0131n \u00f6zerk stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc hi\u00e7e sayan cumhuriyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri, \u0130mvros (G\u00f6k\u00e7eada) ve Tenedos\u2019a (Bozcaada) asker ve mahkum yerle\u015ftirdi. Rumlar, atalar\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve adalar\u0131n Rum k\u00f6yleri hayalet kasabalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Metinde bahsi ge\u00e7en akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\nAlexandris, Alexis. \u0130stanbul\u2019un Helen Az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk-Yunan \u0130li\u015fkileri 1918-1974. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Merkezi, Atina:1992<\/em><\/p>\nKaliber, Alper. \u201cRe-engaging the self\/other problematic in post-positivist international relations: the 1964 expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul revisited.\u201d\u00a0Southeast European and Black Sea Studies\u00a019.3 (2019): 365-386.<\/em><\/p>\nhttps:\/\/www.gazeteduvar.com.tr\/istanbul-rumlari-yurtlarindan-nasil-kopartildi-haber-1718363<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Modern T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tarihinde derin bir yara olan 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl olaylar\u0131, kolektif haf\u0131zada kanayan bir yara olmaya devam ediyor. Bu olay\u0131n yank\u0131lar\u0131, cumhuriyetin karanl\u0131k sayfalar\u0131na da \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutuyor. Nikolaos Stelya Bu makalenin yazar\u0131, hen\u00fcz \u00e7ocuk ya\u015flardayken \u00fclkesi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u2018farkl\u0131 bir yurtta\u015f\u2019 kategorisine ait oldu\u011fu hissiyat\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ilk deneyim, 1980\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131nda, Taksim Meydan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kalbinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Taksim […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":80871,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70,20,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-80870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\n
\u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 yurtlar\u0131ndan nas\u0131l kopart\u0131ld\u0131? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 yurtlar\u0131ndan nas\u0131l kopart\u0131ld\u0131? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Modern T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tarihinde derin bir yara olan 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl olaylar\u0131, kolektif haf\u0131zada kanayan bir yara olmaya devam ediyor. Bu olay\u0131n yank\u0131lar\u0131, cumhuriyetin karanl\u0131k sayfalar\u0131na da \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutuyor. 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- Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 yurtlar\u0131ndan nas\u0131l kopart\u0131ld\u0131? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","og_description":"Modern T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tarihinde derin bir yara olan 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl olaylar\u0131, kolektif haf\u0131zada kanayan bir yara olmaya devam ediyor. Bu olay\u0131n yank\u0131lar\u0131, cumhuriyetin karanl\u0131k sayfalar\u0131na da \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutuyor. Nikolaos Stelya Bu makalenin yazar\u0131, hen\u00fcz \u00e7ocuk ya\u015flardayken \u00fclkesi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u2018farkl\u0131 bir yurtta\u015f\u2019 kategorisine ait oldu\u011fu hissiyat\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ilk deneyim, 1980\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131nda, Taksim Meydan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kalbinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Taksim […]","og_url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870","og_site_name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","article_published_time":"2024-09-06T09:19:45+00:00","og_image":[{"width":700,"height":394,"url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2024\/09\/Istanbul-Rumlari.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"8 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"headline":"\u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 yurtlar\u0131ndan nas\u0131l kopart\u0131ld\u0131?","datePublished":"2024-09-06T09:19:45+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870"},"wordCount":2561,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2024\/09\/Istanbul-Rumlari.webp","articleSection":["Haberler","Makaleler","Tarih Sayfalar\u0131","T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Az\u0131nl\u0131klar"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870","name":"\u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 yurtlar\u0131ndan nas\u0131l kopart\u0131ld\u0131? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2024\/09\/Istanbul-Rumlari.webp","datePublished":"2024-09-06T09:19:45+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2024\/09\/Istanbul-Rumlari.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2024\/09\/Istanbul-Rumlari.webp","width":700,"height":394},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=80870#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 yurtlar\u0131ndan nas\u0131l kopart\u0131ld\u0131?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/","name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e","name":"admin","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?author=7"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80870","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=80870"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80870\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":80872,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/80870\/revisions\/80872"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/80871"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=80870"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=80870"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=80870"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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