{"id":79363,"date":"2024-05-08T05:02:57","date_gmt":"2024-05-08T10:02:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79363"},"modified":"2024-05-08T05:04:19","modified_gmt":"2024-05-08T10:04:19","slug":"apartheid-kavrami-ve-uluslararasi-hukuk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79363","title":{"rendered":"Apartheid kavram\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 hukuk"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cEk\u015figil, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki rejimin Apartheid olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyor ve baz\u0131 endi\u015felerini dile getiriyor. Ek\u015figil\u2019in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki rejimin ni\u00e7in Apartheid olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 konusundaki tezlerini ve endi\u015felerini tart\u0131\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in ama \u00f6nce hakk\u0131nda fazla bilgiye sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Apartheid kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinde durmak gerekiyor.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

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TANER AK\u00c7AM<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Adnan Ek\u015figil\u00a09 Kas\u0131m 2023\u2019te<\/a>\u00a0Y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k Apartheid<\/em>\u00a0kitab\u0131m hakk\u0131nda bir\u00a0ele\u015ftiri<\/a>\u00a0yazd\u0131. \u00d6nce kendisine titiz okumas\u0131 ve tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 nedeniyle te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmek isterim. Bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131m Ek\u015figil\u2019e do\u011frudan bir cevap niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yor. Yapmak istedi\u011fim, onun ku\u015fku dile getirdi\u011fi baz\u0131 konular ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, kitapta s\u00f6ylenenlerin \u00f6tesine giden a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fma denemesine girmek.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k Apartheid<\/em>\u00a0kitab\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rt temel tezi<\/h3>\n

Y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k Apartheid<\/em>\u00a0kitab\u0131mda d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 temel tez ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm. Birinci tezim, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bir Apartheid rejiminin var oldu\u011fudur. Temelleri Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131yla birlikte at\u0131lan bu rejimin Mustafa Kemal ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere kurucular\u0131n\u0131n bilin\u00e7li bir tercihi olarak kuruldu\u011funu iddia ediyorum.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci tezim, kitab\u0131n ana eksenidir ve ni\u00e7in Apartheid rejiminin bug\u00fcne kadar \u2018fark\u0131na var\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f\u2019 ve \u2018ad\u0131n\u0131n konmam\u0131\u015f\u2019 olmas\u0131yla ilgilidir. Buradaki temel fikir de 1918-1923 d\u00f6neminin bug\u00fcne kadar esas olarak KURTULU\u015e \u2013egemenlik\u2013 paradigmas\u0131yla okundu\u011fu ve bu okuman\u0131n Apartheid rejiminin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine, anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na engel oldu\u011fudur. \u00d6nerdi\u011fim ise 1918-1923 d\u00f6neminin art\u0131k KURULU\u015e paradigmas\u0131yla okunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fidir. KURTULU\u015e-KURULU\u015e paradigmalar\u0131, deyim yerindeyse kitab\u0131n ana eksenini olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131. Ek\u015figil bu tezimi yanl\u0131\u015f anlam\u0131\u015f ve yanl\u0131\u015f tan\u0131tm\u0131\u015f, buna ayr\u0131ca de\u011finece\u011fim.<\/p>\n

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Taner Ak\u00e7am
\nY\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k Apartheid<\/em><\/a>
\n\u20131918-1923 T\u00fcrkiyesi: Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve Apartheid Rejiminin \u0130n\u015fas\u0131<\/em><\/a>
\nAras Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k
\nTemmuz 2023
\n3. bask\u0131, Ocak 2024
\n152 s.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc tez, 1918-1938 d\u00f6neminin de yeniden yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi \u00fczerineydi. Bug\u00fcne kadar 1918-1938 d\u00f6nemi farkl\u0131 ulus gruplar\u0131nca kendi kolektif tarihlerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak okunmu\u015ftu ve merkezinde gene \u2018egemenlik\u2019 ve de her grubun \u2018kendi kaderini tayin etme hakk\u0131\u2019 vb. gibi sorunlar duruyordu. Benim \u00f6nerdi\u011fim ise bu d\u00f6nemin birey-vatanda\u015f eksenli ve \u2018e\u015fit vatanda\u015fl\u0131k\u2019 paradigmas\u0131yla yeni bir okumas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fart oldu\u011fuydu. \u015eeyh Sait Ayaklanmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bu yeni okuma tarz\u0131na bir \u00f6rnek olarak ele ald\u0131m.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son tezim ise, vatanda\u015f e\u015fitli\u011fini esas alm\u0131\u015f demokratik bir gelecek arzulan\u0131yorsa, ba\u015fta Mustafa Kemal olmak \u00fczere KURTULU\u015eUN \u00f6nderleriyle araya mesafe koyman\u0131n \u015fart oldu\u011fuydu. KURTULU\u015eUN \u00f6nderleri Apartheid kurmu\u015flard\u0131, bizim ise bir KURULU\u015e H\u0130K\u00c2YES\u0130NE ve bu KURULU\u015eUN YEN\u0130 \u00d6NDERLER\u0130NE ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Adnan Ek\u015figil\u2019in tan\u0131t\u0131m yaz\u0131s\u0131nda KURULU\u015e-KURTULU\u015e paradigmas\u0131 pek yer tutmuyor. Kitap tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi Apartheid kavram\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulu. Ek\u015figil, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki rejimin Apartheid olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyor ve baz\u0131 endi\u015felerini dile getiriyor. Ek\u015figil\u2019in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki rejimin ni\u00e7in Apartheid olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 konusundaki tezlerini ve endi\u015felerini tart\u0131\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in ama \u00f6nce hakk\u0131nda fazla bilgiye sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Apartheid kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinde durmak gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, belki biraz da s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 teknik ayr\u0131nt\u0131lara girerek, Apartheid ve uluslararas\u0131 hukuk konusunda baz\u0131 temel bilgiler aktarmak istiyorum. \u0130kinci bir yaz\u0131da hem Ek\u015figil\u2019in endi\u015felerini ele almaya hem de T\u00fcrkiye ve Apartheid konusu \u00fczerinde baz\u0131 yeni g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ileri s\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve Apartheid s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri<\/h3>\n

Apartheid etraf\u0131nda yapaca\u011f\u0131m tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, 1973 Apartheid S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ni 1948 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile \u00e7ok k\u0131sa da olsa k\u0131yaslamak faydal\u0131 olacak. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc her iki s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve Holokost ve G\u00fcney Afrika ile irtibatlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ciddi paralellikler var. Ayr\u0131ca, her iki su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131nda kas\u0131t unsuru ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ideolojinin yeri bak\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nemli bir di\u011fer husus. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda bu konular hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan tart\u0131\u015fmalara k\u0131sa hat\u0131rlatmalar, Apartheid su\u00e7unu anlamakta bize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bilmemiz gereken birinci \u00f6nemli bilgi, soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve Apartheid\u2019\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 ceza hukukuna g\u00f6re bir su\u00e7 olduklar\u0131d\u0131r. Ve bu iki su\u00e7un Holokost ve G\u00fcney Afrika ile hi\u00e7bir illiyet \u2013nedensellik\u2013 ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Su\u00e7 evrenseldir ve sadece bir \u00f6rne\u011fi anlatan veya bir \u00f6rnekle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 su\u00e7 olmaz. Bunun anlam\u0131, herhangi bir \u00fclkede veya ko\u015fulda soyk\u0131r\u0131m veya Apartheid su\u00e7unun olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in Holokost\u2019a veya G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019ya bakmak gerekmedi\u011fidir. Sadece ceza hukukunda bu su\u00e7lar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenen \u015fartlar\u0131n ilgili \u00fclke ve durumlarda olu\u015fmu\u015f olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131na bakmak gerekir. Yani \u00f6rne\u011fimizde G\u00fcney Afrika, Apartheid su\u00e7unun olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclece\u011fi denek ta\u015f\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131n \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 gelebilece\u011fini kabul etmeye haz\u0131r\u0131m. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve Apartheid su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f ba\u011flamlar\u0131 Holokost ve G\u00fcney Afrika ile do\u011frudan ilintilidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, her ne kadar soyk\u0131r\u0131m kavram\u0131n\u0131 bulan Lemkin, bu su\u00e7u 1915 Ermeniler ve 1933 S\u00fcryaniler (Simele) \u00f6rneklerini ele alarak geli\u015ftirdiyse de, Holokost olmasayd\u0131 Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler belki de soyk\u0131r\u0131m gibi bir su\u00e7 tan\u0131mlamas\u0131 yap(a)mayacakt\u0131. Holokost\u2019un a\u011f\u0131r psikolojik bask\u0131s\u0131, ABD, \u0130ngiltere ve Sovyetler gibi asl\u0131nda kavram\u0131n muhtevas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 olan devletlere geri ad\u0131m att\u0131rd\u0131. Ama bu devletler yanlar\u0131na ba\u015fka devletleri de alarak, Lemkin\u2019in \u00f6nerdi\u011fi kavram\u0131 ku\u015fa \u00e7evirmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131lar (k\u00fclt\u00fcrel soyk\u0131r\u0131m boyutunu kavramdan \u00e7\u0131kartmak veya soyk\u0131r\u0131ma bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak bakmak yerine bir \u00e2na ili\u015fkin kesin kas\u0131t aramay\u0131 merkeze koymak vb. gibi de\u011fi\u015fiklikler). Sonu\u00e7ta, politik bir uzla\u015fma nedeniyle ciddi eksiklerinden s\u00f6z edebilece\u011fimiz (\u00f6rne\u011fin s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde ya\u015fananlar\u0131 ne kadar kapsay\u0131p kapsamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fma haline sokan) bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7u tan\u0131m\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTEMEL B\u0130LG\u0130 \u015eUDUR K\u0130, SOYKIRIM \u0130\u00c7\u0130N IRK\u00c7I B\u0130R \u0130DEOLOJ\u0130N\u0130N OLMASI G\u0130B\u0130 B\u0130R \u00d6N \u015eART YOKTUR. IRK\u00c7ILIK BELK\u0130 B\u0130R SOYKIRIMDA B\u0130R MOT\u0130F OLAB\u0130L\u0130R AMA SOYKIRIMLAR BA\u015eKA SA\u0130KLERLE DE G\u00dcNDEME GEL\u0130R.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kavram sonu\u00e7ta hem bir\u00e7ok kitlesel katliam bi\u00e7imini kapsamayacak \u015fekilde daralt\u0131ld\u0131 hem de Holokost, boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n korkun\u00e7lu\u011fu ve t\u00fcm \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, soyk\u0131r\u0131m kavram\u0131n\u0131n tek belirleyicisi konumuna y\u00fckseltildi. Alan\u0131m\u0131zda, uzun y\u0131llar bir \u00fclkede ya\u015fanan katliam\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m say\u0131l\u0131p say\u0131lmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in Holokost\u2019a benzemesinin \u015fart oldu\u011funu savunan bir anlay\u0131\u015f egemen oldu. Bu nedenle, Holokost\u2019a benzemeyen \u00f6rnekler bile \u2018\u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131larak\u2019 Holokost\u2019a benzer hale sokulmak istendi.[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Holokost, kendisine benzemesi \u015fart olan \u00f6rnek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k da soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n olmazsa olmaz bir unsuru say\u0131ld\u0131. 1990\u2019larda, Ermenilerin ba\u015f\u0131na gelenlerin soyk\u0131r\u0131m oldu\u011funu iddia etti\u011fimde, T\u00fcrk ilerici \u00e7evrelerden b\u00fcy\u00fck bir diren\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m belki hat\u0131rlardad\u0131r. Murat Belge, Ahmet \u0130nsel gibi bir\u00e7ok de\u011ferli ayd\u0131n\u0131m\u0131z Holokost \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00f6stererek kavrama ku\u015fkuyla yakla\u015ft\u0131lar ve kavram\u0131 kullanmad\u0131lar. Holokost\u2019a benzemek ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir ideolojinin var olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 itirazlar\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturdu. Oysa bug\u00fcn bir katliam\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m say\u0131l\u0131p say\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131na karar vermek i\u00e7in Holokost ile k\u0131yaslamak veya \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ideolojinin \u015fart oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmek hukuk bilgisi eksikli\u011fi olarak telakki edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Temel bilgi \u015fudur ki, soyk\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir ideolojinin olmas\u0131 gibi bir \u00f6n \u015fart yoktur. Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belki bir soyk\u0131r\u0131mda bir motif olabilir ama soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar ba\u015fka saiklerle de g\u00fcndeme gelir. Asl\u0131nda 1948 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Kanun Yap\u0131c\u0131 (Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler), motif(ler)in su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131nda belirleyici olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k olarak belirtmi\u015f ve motif unsuruna su\u00e7 tan\u0131mlamas\u0131nda yer vermemi\u015fti. E\u011fer kanunda su\u00e7un hangi motiflerle yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi say\u0131l\u0131rsa, ilerde soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unu i\u015fleyen devletlerin, \u201cBiz kanunda yaz\u0131lan motiflerle de\u011fil ba\u015fka motiflerle hareket ettik\u201d diyerek su\u00e7u ink\u00e2r etmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. Sorunu fark eden kanun yap\u0131c\u0131lar, bu nedenle motif \u2013 saik konusunu su\u00e7 tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Kural, hangi motifle yap\u0131l\u0131yor olursa olsun, bir grubun grup olarak hedef al\u0131nmas\u0131yd\u0131.[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle, soyk\u0131r\u0131m uluslararas\u0131 (ve bir\u00e7ok ulusal) hukukta bir su\u00e7. Ve hukuk\u00e7ular, bu su\u00e7un olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar vermek i\u00e7in art\u0131k ne Holokost\u2019a bak\u0131yorlar ne de sadece 1948 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine. Holokost elbette \u00f6rneklerden birisi ama esas kaynak uluslararas\u0131 hukuk metinleridir. Bug\u00fcn \u00f6zellikle Ruanda, Yugoslavya ve Kambo\u00e7ya soyk\u0131r\u0131m mahkemelerince al\u0131nan kararlar; Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler komisyonlar\u0131nca kabul edilen onlarca hukuki metin ve hukuk uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fclliyat olu\u015fmu\u015f durumda. Ayr\u0131ca sosyal bilimcilerin kavram \u00fczerine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar, soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir akademik alan haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc. Benzeri bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 Apartheid su\u00e7u etraf\u0131nda ya\u015fanacak veya ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 bir su\u00e7 olarak Apartheid<\/h3>\n

Apartheid kavram\u0131 ilk \u00f6nce G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da, 1930\u2019larda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve 1948\u2019de rejimin ad\u0131 oldu. Bu nedenle, kavram kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019n\u0131n akla gelmesi son derece normal. Kavram\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 hukuk boyutu ise pek bilinmiyor. Yukarda s\u00f6yledi\u011fim gibi, uluslararas\u0131 hukuka g\u00f6re evrensel bir su\u00e7 kategorisi olan Apartheid su\u00e7unun ilk G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu \u00fclkeyle herhangi bir illiyet-nedensellik ili\u015fkisi yok. G\u00fcney Afrika elbette bir \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil edebilir ama sadece bir \u00f6rnek, o kadar\u2026 Bu nedenle, Apartheid kavram\u0131n\u0131n bir su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecini ve ilgili s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri bilmek gerekiyor. Burada s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 baz\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fe ta\u015flar\u0131na de\u011finece\u011fim.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika Apartheid rejimi \u00f6nce Hindistan\u2019\u0131n giri\u015fimiyle, 1950\u2019lerde Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019in g\u00fcndemine girdi ve1952\u2019den 1990\u2019a kadar her y\u0131l Genel Kurul taraf\u0131ndan Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u015eart\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 55. ve 56. Maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle k\u0131nand\u0131. 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda B.M. G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi de benzeri kararlar ald\u0131. 1966 y\u0131l\u0131nda Genel Kurul, Apartheid\u2019\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenmi\u015f bir su\u00e7 olarak nitelendirdi. Bu \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi bu karar\u0131 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda onaylad\u0131.[4]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0130\u015fgal alt\u0131ndaki Bat\u0131 \u015eeria \u015fehri, \u0130srail ordusu kontrol noktas\u0131, 2021.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Apartheid su\u00e7unun G\u00fcney Afrika ile do\u011frudan ilgili olmayan bir bi\u00e7imde ilk kullan\u0131m\u0131 1968\u2019de kabul edilen\u00a0Sava\u015f Su\u00e7lar\u0131 ve \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011fa Kar\u015f\u0131 Su\u00e7lar \u0130\u00e7in Zaman A\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131na Dair S\u00f6zle\u015fme<\/em>\u2019dir. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmede, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019in 1966 Genel Kurul karar\u0131na da at\u0131fta bulunuldu ama Apartheid ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde, insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenmi\u015f bir su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131. Tan\u0131m \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130\u015flendikleri tarihe bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki su\u00e7lar i\u00e7in herhangi bir zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 uygulanmayacakt\u0131r: Madde-1- insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar, silah zoruyla tahliye etme veya i\u015fgal ve apartheid politikas\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan gayri insani eylemler, ve 1948 tarihli Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7unun \u00d6nlenmesi ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nde tan\u0131mlanan soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7u.<\/em>\u201d[5]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

1973 Apartheid S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/h3>\n

Apartheid su\u00e7unun G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019dan tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, evrensel bir su\u00e7 kategorisi olarak uluslararas\u0131 hukukun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmas\u0131 1973 Apartheid S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi iledir.[6]<\/a><\/span>\u00a0S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin giri\u015finde, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler ve G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nce daha \u00f6nce al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f kararlara, 1948 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7unun \u00d6nlenmesi ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ne, 1965 Her Tu\u0308rlu\u0308 Irk Ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Ortadan Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Uluslararas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019ye, 1968 Sava\u015f Su\u00e7lar\u0131 ve \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011fa Kar\u015f\u0131 Su\u00e7larda Kanuni S\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n Uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131na Dair S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019ye a\u00e7\u0131k at\u0131fta bulunulmu\u015ftur. Birinci Madde, \u201cApartheid\u2019\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenmi\u015f bir su\u00e7 oldu\u011funu<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6yler ve \u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fmenin II. maddesinde tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekliyle Apartheid ve benzeri \u0131rk ayr\u0131m\u0131 ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k politikalar\u0131 ve uygulamalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 eylemlerin uluslararas\u0131 hukuk ilkelerini<\/em>\u201d ihlal eden su\u00e7lar oldu\u011funu beyan eder.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ikinci maddesi s\u00f6z konusu su\u00e7lar\u0131n neler oldu\u011fuyla ilgilidir ama \u00f6nce bu su\u00e7lar\u0131n genel \u00e7er\u00e7evesine ili\u015fkin \u015fu tespitte bulunur:<\/p>\n

\u201cBu S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin amac\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan\u2026 \u2018Apartheid su\u00e7u\u2019 terimi, bir \u0131rk grubunun di\u011fer bir \u0131rk grubu u\u0308zerinde egemenlik kurmas\u0131 ve su\u0308rdu\u0308rmesi ve sistematik olarak bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla i\u015flenen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/em>\u00a0eylemlere<\/em>\u00a0uygulan(\u0131r).<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

Toplam alt\u0131 farkl\u0131 su\u00e7 say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (a) ve (b) \u015f\u0131klar\u0131 do\u011frudan Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu su\u00e7lar, \u201c(a)\u00a0\u0131rksal bir grubun veya gruplar\u0131n bir \u00fcyesinin veya \u00fcyelerinin ya\u015fam ve ki\u015fi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>; (b)\u00a0\u0131rksal bir gruba veya gruplara, bu grubun ya da gruplar\u0131n fiziksel olarak tamamen ya da k\u0131smen yok olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acak ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak dayat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d\u00a0<\/em>olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (a) \u015f\u0131kk\u0131nda su\u00e7lar ayr\u0131ca detaylan\u0131d\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Su\u00e7lar, grup \u00fcyelerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek, grup \u00fcyelerine ciddi bedensel veya zihinsel zarar vermek, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini veya onurlar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etmek; i\u015fkenceye veya zalimane, insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 muamele veya cezaya maruz b\u0131rakmak, grup \u00fcyelerini keyfi olarak tutuklamak ve yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak hapsetmek olarak s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[7]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci maddenin (c) \u015f\u0131kk\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Bu \u015f\u0131kta Apartheid su\u00e7u, \u201cBir \u0131rksal grup veya gruplar\u0131n \u00fclkenin siyasi, sosyal, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yasal \u00f6nlem ve di\u011fer \u00f6nlemler ve \u00f6zellikle bir \u0131rksal grup veya gruplar\u0131n \u00fcyelerini temel insan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinden mahrum b\u0131rakarak bu grup veya gruplar\u0131n tam geli\u015fimini engelleyen ko\u015fullar\u0131n kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak yarat\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d<\/em>\u00a0olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hakk\u0131, e\u011fitim hakk\u0131, \u00fclkelerini terk etme ve geri d\u00f6nme hakk\u0131, vatanda\u015fl\u0131k hakk\u0131, seyahat ve ikamet \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131 ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l toplanma ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc haklar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131 \u00f6zel olarak \u00e7izilir.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci maddenin (d) ve (e) \u015f\u0131klar\u0131nda, gettolar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, karma evliliklerin yasaklanmas\u0131, toprak ve m\u00fclklerin kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, n\u00fcfusu \u0131rk \u00e7izgileri boyunca b\u00f6lmek i\u00e7in tasarlanan yasal eylemler ve zorla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak gibi su\u00e7lar say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (f) \u015f\u0131kk\u0131nda ise \u201cApartheid\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin ve ki\u015filerin temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerden mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131larak zulme u\u011framas\u0131<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fka bir su\u00e7 kategorisi olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[8]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0130stanbul\u2019da mavnalara binen Ermeni yetimler, Yunanistan’a do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor, 1915.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi Apartheid su\u00e7u olduk\u00e7a ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ve su\u00e7un esas\u0131n\u0131 \u0131rksal grup veya gruplar\u0131n \u00fclkenin siyasi, sosyal, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek ve temel insan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini ink\u00e2r etmek i\u00e7in sistematik olarak uygulanan \u015fiddet ve onun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yasal, idari ve di\u011fer t\u00fcm \u00f6nlemler olu\u015fturur. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 100 y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihinin \u00f6zeti budur. Buna (a) veya (b) \u00fclkesini g\u00f6stererek itiraz etmenin ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de olan\u0131n Apartheid olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemenin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00f6yleyemem. Ayr\u0131ca eklemek isterim ki, bir eylemin Apartheid say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, aynen soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde oldu\u011fu gibi, say\u0131lan su\u00e7lar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi gerekir diye bir kural da yoktur.<\/p>\n

Ama a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da yeniden ele alaca\u011f\u0131m gibi, burada da soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7undaki kas\u0131t unsuruna benzer bir kural ge\u00e7erlidir. Yukarda aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131m ikinci maddenin giri\u015findeki su\u00e7un, \u201cbir \u0131rk grubunun di\u011fer bir \u0131rk grubu \u00fczerinde egemenlik kurmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi ve sistematik olarak bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla<\/em>\u201d yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, kas\u0131t unsuru olarak yorumlanacakt\u0131r.[9]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Di\u011fer ad\u0131mlar ve 1998 Roma Stat\u00fcs\u00fc<\/h3>\n

1973 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nden sonra 8 Haziran 1977 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli ad\u0131m daha at\u0131l\u0131r. Apartheid, Uluslararas\u0131 S\u0131\u0307lahl\u0131 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131na I\u0307l\u0131\u0307\u015fk\u0131\u0307n 12 A\u011fustos 1949\u2019de imzalanan Cenevre S\u00f6zle\u015fmeler\u0131\u0307ne 1977\u2019de eklenen birinci protokolde bir su\u00e7 olarak say\u0131l\u0131r. 85. maddenin 4-C \u015f\u0131kk\u0131nda, \u201c\u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayal\u0131 Apartheid uygulamalar\u0131 ve ki\u015fisel onuru zedeleyen di\u011fer insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 uygulamalar<\/em>\u00a0\u201c ifadesi yer al\u0131r.[10]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli ad\u0131m 1991 y\u0131l\u0131ndad\u0131r. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk Komisyonu,\u00a0\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Bar\u0131\u015f ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fine Kar\u015f\u0131 Su\u00e7lar Kanunu Tasar\u0131s\u0131\u2019nda<\/em>\u00a0G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019ya herhangi bir at\u0131fta bulunulmaks\u0131z\u0131n Apartheid\u2019a bir su\u00e7 olarak yer vermi\u015ftir. Kanun tasar\u0131s\u0131 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilmi\u015f\u00a0<\/em>ve\u00a0\u201ckurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 18 (f) maddesinde insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f(t\u0131r)<\/em>\u201d.\u00a0<\/em>Yorum k\u0131sm\u0131nda ise\u00a0\u201cbunun \u2018asl\u0131nda daha genel bir adland\u0131rma alt\u0131nda Apartheid su\u00e7u oldu\u011funu\u2019 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/em>\u201d.[11]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHAKKINDA ZENG\u0130N B\u0130R K\u00dcLL\u0130YATIN OLMAYI\u015eI VE KAVRAMIN T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE SADECE G\u00dcNEY AFR\u0130KA\u2019YI HATIRLATMASI DI\u015eINDA PEK B\u0130L\u0130NM\u0130YOR OLMASI, APARTHE\u0130D ETRAFINDA ERKEN D\u00d6NEM SOYKIRIM TARTI\u015eMALARINA BENZER TARTI\u015eMALARIN YAPILMASINA NEDEN OLUYOR.\u201d<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika Apartheid rejimi, 1990\u2019da ba\u015flayan ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreciyle 1994\u2019te t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ortadan kalkt\u0131. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler b\u00fcnyesinde Apartheid ile ilgili olu\u015fturulmu\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 kurumun g\u00f6revine son verildi. G\u00fcney Afrika, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki Apartheid su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yarg\u0131lamak yerine Hakikat ve Uzla\u015fma Komisyonlar\u0131 kurdu. Bu nedenlerle kavram\u0131n ve 1973 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin unutulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunanlar oldu. Ama s\u00fcre\u00e7 unutulman\u0131n tersi do\u011frultuda i\u015fledi.<\/p>\n

1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi Roma Stat\u00fcs\u00fc, Apartheid su\u00e7unu \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011fa Kar\u015f\u0131 Su\u00e7lar (Madde 7) aras\u0131nda sayd\u0131. 7. Maddenin 1. \u015f\u0131kk\u0131nda, \u201c\u2018insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u2019, herhangi bir sivil nu\u0308fusa kar\u015f\u0131 yayg\u0131n veya sistematik bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak i\u015flenen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki eylemleri kapsamaktad\u0131r\u201d<\/em>\u00a0dendi ve 11 ayr\u0131 insanl\u0131k su\u00e7u say\u0131ld\u0131; Apartheid, 7.1. (j)\u2019de an\u0131ld\u0131. 7. Maddenin ikinci \u015f\u0131kk\u0131, birinci \u015f\u0131kta say\u0131lan 11 \u015fu\u00e7 i\u00e7in ek tan\u0131mlar getirdi. Apartheid su\u00e7u i\u00e7in (h) \u015f\u0131kk\u0131nda \u015fu a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131ld\u0131: \u201cApartheid, bir \u0131rk\u0131n, ba\u015fka bir \u0131rk grubu veya gruplar\u0131 \u00fczerinde, sistematik h\u00e2kimiyet ve bask\u0131 kurmaya y\u00f6nelik kurumsal bir rejim \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ve bu rejimi koruma [s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme] kast\u0131yla i\u015fledi\u011fi ve 1. paragrafta s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 fiiller anlam\u0131na gelir<\/em>.\u201d[12]<\/a><\/span>\u00a0Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle, Apartheid art\u0131k G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019dan tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir su\u00e7 kategorisi olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ve uluslararas\u0131 hukukun bir kategorisi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Kavrama ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli baz\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fma noktalar\u0131<\/h3>\n

\"\"Apartheid su\u00e7u konusunda elimizdeki k\u00fclliyat, soyk\u0131r\u0131m k\u00fclliyat\u0131n\u0131n aksine, fazla de\u011fil. Yukarda sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019in \u00e7e\u015fitli komisyonlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan hukuk tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 veya uluslararas\u0131 hukuk uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n konu hakk\u0131ndaki eserleri referans noktas\u0131 olarak al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.[13]<\/a><\/span>\u00a0Uluslararas\u0131 ve \u0130srailli \u00e7e\u015fitli sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130srail ve Myanmar ba\u011flam\u0131nda haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 raporlar ve akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00f6nemli ba\u015fka ba\u015fvuru kaynaklar\u0131d\u0131r.[14]<\/a><\/span>\u00a0Konu hakk\u0131nda, ICC\u2019de (Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi\u2019nde) \u0130srail ile ilgili soru\u015fturmalar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de biliniyor. Ama hen\u00fcz bir iddianame haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fil. Savc\u0131l\u0131k Apartheid su\u00e7undan \u00f6zel olarak bahseder mi yoksa sadece soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve genel olarak insanl\u0131k su\u00e7lar\u0131 gibi bir soru\u015fturmayla m\u0131 yetinir, hen\u00fcz bilinmiyor. Ayr\u0131ca, Apartheid ile ilgili al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f herhangi bir mahkeme karar\u0131 da yok. Sonu\u00e7ta eldeki k\u00fclliyat\u0131n yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fclse bile, bir \u00fclkede Apartheid olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 esas olarak yukarda sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m hukuk metinleri, raporlar ve akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar esas al\u0131narak yap\u0131lacak bir tart\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hakk\u0131nda zengin bir k\u00fclliyat\u0131n olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve kavram\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sadece G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019y\u0131 hat\u0131rlatmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek bilinmiyor olmas\u0131, Apartheid etraf\u0131nda erken d\u00f6nem soyk\u0131r\u0131m tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na benzer tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131na neden oluyor. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k ki, Ek\u015figil\u2019in de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, herhangi bir \u00fclkeye y\u00f6nelik ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen Apartheid iddias\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019ya ve\/veya \u0130srail\u2019e benzeyip benzemedi\u011fi geliyor. Hatta, \u2018Apartheid az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir, o halde rejime apartheid denemez\u2019 gibi hi\u00e7bir anlam\u0131 olmayan tezler de ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebiliyor.[15]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrika ve \u0130srail Apartheid\u2019\u0131n bilinen \u00f6rnekleridir. Bu nedenle, tart\u0131\u015fmalarda bu \u00f6rneklere bak\u0131lmas\u0131 elbette ilk akla gelen \u015fey olacakt\u0131r. Ama s\u0131k\u00e7a tekrar etti\u011fim ve edece\u011fim gibi, bir rejimin Apartheid say\u0131l\u0131p say\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131na karar vermek i\u00e7in G\u00fcney Afrika ve \u0130srail\u2019e benzeyip benzemediklerine bakmak ve benzemeyi temel \u015fart haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek son derece yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Afrikal\u0131 hukuk\u00e7u Max Du Plessis\u2019in alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle \u00e7izdi\u011fi gibi, G\u00fcney Afrika, bir rejimin Apartheid say\u0131l\u0131p say\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda kendisine ba\u015fvurulacak bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm unsuru de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201cApartheid\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcney Afrika d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda meydana gelmesi durumunda ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak yerel tarihleri ve sosyal \u00f6zellikleri yans\u0131tan benzersiz \u00f6zellikler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131ndan, Apartheid S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin G\u00fcney Afrika Apartheid rejiminin uygulamalar\u0131yla \u00e7ok yak\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, ba\u015fka herhangi bir vakan\u0131n \u2018Apartheid su\u00e7u\u2019 olarak nitelendirilmesini etkili bir \u015fekilde d\u0131\u015flayacakt\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[16]<\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/em>G\u00fcney Afrika \u00f6rne\u011fi, \u201cApartheid S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kapsam\u0131na giren olas\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmak i\u00e7in yararl\u0131 bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 vaka olarak ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r (ve al\u0131nabilir)<\/em>.\u201d[17]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Su\u00e7ta kas\u0131t unsuru<\/h3>\n

Apartheid tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na benzeten bir di\u011fer husus kas\u0131t unsurudur. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin ikinci maddesinde yer alan su\u00e7lar\u0131n birisinin veya hepsinin birden i\u015flenmesi bir eylemin soyk\u0131r\u0131m say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in su\u00e7un grubun t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 hedef alan bir imha kast\u0131yla i\u015flenmi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir. \u0130mha kast\u0131 yoksa, isterse milyonlarca insan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olsun, eylem soyk\u0131r\u0131m say\u0131lmaz. Benzeri durum Apartheid s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Hukuk\u00e7ular, Apartheid su\u00e7unda da kas\u0131t unsurunun \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu ve bu ilkenin yukarda aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131m 1973 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin ikinci maddesinde ve 1998 Roma Stat\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde tekrar edilmi\u015f oldu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdiler.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Aparteid’a kar\u015f\u0131 isyanlardan birinden. Cape Town yak\u0131nlar\u0131, 1976.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hukuk\u00e7ular\u0131n \u00fczerinde anla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 nokta, her d\u0131\u015flama politikas\u0131n\u0131n Apartheid say\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n sistematik, kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve bask\u0131c\u0131 bir karaktere sahip olmas\u0131 ve gruplar \u00fczerinde tahakk\u00fcm kurmak amac\u0131yla g\u00fcndeme getirilmesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Su\u00e7un, kurumsal s\u00fcreklilik ve rejimin kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek gibi bir kas\u0131tla g\u00fcndeme getirilmesi \u00f6nemlidir. Uluslararas\u0131 Af \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc hukuk\u00e7ular\u0131,\u00a0<\/em>\u201chem Apartheid S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi hem de Roma Stat\u00fcs\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda listelenen yasak fiillerin Apartheid su\u00e7u te\u015fkil edebilmesi i\u00e7in, bu fiillerin kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir sistematik bask\u0131 ve tahakk\u00fcm rejimi ba\u011flam\u0131nda i\u015flenmi\u015f olmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d gerekti\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerler.[18]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle, \u201cApartheid uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer yasaklanm\u0131\u015f ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k bi\u00e7imlerinden ay\u0131ran, devlet eliyle onaylanm\u0131\u015f bir hukuk, politika ve kurumlar rejimini i\u00e7eren bu kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f unsurdur.<\/em>\u201d[19]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Irk kavram\u0131 ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ideoloji sorunu<\/h3>\n

Bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli tart\u0131\u015fma konusu, S\u00f6zle\u015fme ve Roma Stat\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen \u0131rk grubundan neyin kastedildi\u011fi ve Apartheid su\u00e7unun olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir ideolojinin \u015fart olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.[20]<\/a><\/span>\u00a0Irk grubu tan\u0131m\u0131 konusunda \u00fc\u00e7 hususun alt\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izilmesi gerekir.\u00a0Birincisi,<\/strong>\u00a01965 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilen\u00a0Her T\u00fcrl\u00fc Irk Ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Ortadan Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Uluslararas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fme<\/em>\u2019nin birinci maddesi, hangi ayr\u0131mc\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015flama politikalar\u0131n\u0131n \u2018\u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019 kapsam\u0131nda oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k olarak belirtir; \u201cIrk, renk,\u00a0soy veya ulusal ya da etnik k\u00f6kene dayal\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0olarak yap\u0131lan ve siyasi, ekonomik, sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel veya kamusal ya\u015fam\u0131n herhangi bir alan\u0131nda insan haklar\u0131 ve temel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131, kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya bunlardan yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rma veya zay\u0131flatma amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan veya bu sonucu do\u011furan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ayr\u0131m, d\u0131\u015flama, k\u0131s\u0131tlama veya tercih<\/em>\u201d. Tan\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ve Apartheid rejimlerini tan\u0131mlamada kullan\u0131lan \u0131rk kavram\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f \u00e7er\u00e7evesine i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130kincisi,<\/strong>\u00a01973 Apartheid S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, 1965 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ne a\u00e7\u0131k olarak at\u0131fta bulunulmu\u015ftur. Bu nedenle, 1973 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nde \u0131rksal ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ifadesi kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu ifadenin 1965 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmek sa\u00e7ma olur.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc,<\/strong>\u00a0\u0131rk grubundan kastedilen \u015feyin, biyolojik, genetik, vb. bilimsel kategorilerle belirlenen bir olgu de\u011fil, sosyal-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kurgu oldu\u011fu art\u0131k hem akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda hem de uluslararas\u0131 hukukta genel olarak kabul edilen bir ilkedir. Uluslararas\u0131 Yugoslavya ve Ruanda Ceza Mahkemeleri, konuyla \u00f6zel olarak u\u011fra\u015fmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flar ve \u0131rk\u0131n \u2018objektif\u2019 bir kritere g\u00f6re tan\u0131mlanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k olarak belirtmi\u015flerdir. Mahkemeler grup tan\u0131m\u0131nda \u2018s\u00fcbjektif\u2019 kriterlerin esas oldu\u011funu kabul etmi\u015flerdir.[21]<\/a><\/span>\u00a0Yani esas olan, bir grubun di\u011fer grubu kendisinden farkl\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Apartheid su\u00e7u i\u00e7in \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir ideoloji \u015fart m\u0131d\u0131r? Bir rejimin Apartheid say\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir ideolojinin \u015fart oldu\u011fu fikrini savunanlar\u0131n olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek zor de\u011fil. Ama Apartheid su\u00e7u i\u00e7in \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir ideoloji \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 aramak yanl\u0131\u015f bir bilgidir. Konu soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisine benzer. Nas\u0131l ki soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7u i\u00e7in \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir ideolojinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6n \u015fart de\u011filse, ayn\u0131 \u015fey Apartheid i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

\u201cB\u0130R REJ\u0130M\u0130N APARTHE\u0130D SAYILIP SAYILMAYACA\u011eINA KARAR VERMEK \u0130\u00c7\u0130N G\u00dcNEY AFR\u0130KA VE \u0130SRA\u0130L\u2019E BENZEY\u0130P BENZEMED\u0130KLER\u0130NE BAKMAK VE BENZEMEY\u0130 TEMEL \u015eART HAL\u0130NE D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015eT\u00dcRMEK SON DERECE YANLI\u015eTIR.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0130srail konusu bu bak\u0131mdan \u00f6\u011freticidir. \u0130srailli ve uluslararas\u0131 sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131 \u0130srail\u2019i Apartheid rejimi kurmakla su\u00e7lay\u0131nca, \u0130srailli yetkililer (ve ilericilerinin de \u00f6nemli bir kesimi) \u015fu iki itirazda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r; 1- \u201cYahudiler ve Filistinliler \u0131rksal gruplar de\u011fildir ve bu nedenle aralar\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler Apartheid kapsam\u0131nda anla\u015f\u0131lamaz\u201d; 2- \u201c\u0130srail\u2019in uygulamalar\u0131 Filistinliler \u00fczerinde \u2018tahakk\u00fcm kurmak ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek amac\u0131yla\u2019 de\u011fil, sadece \u0130srail\u2019i bir g\u00fcvenlik tehdidinden korumak i\u00e7in\u201d g\u00fcndeme getirilmi\u015ftir.[22]<\/a><\/span>\u00a0Irk\u00e7\u0131 bir rejim ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ideoloji s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u0130srail\u2019de Apartheid\u2019dan s\u00f6z etmek do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

\u0130srailli ve uluslararas\u0131 insan haklar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ve hukuk\u00e7ular ise bu tezlere kar\u015f\u0131, \u2018\u0131rk grubu\u2019 ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ideoloji konusunda yukarda de\u011findi\u011fim hususlar\u0131 tekrar etmi\u015flerdir. \u0130srailli Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk uzman\u0131 Michael Sfard\u2019\u0131n, \u0130srailli \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc Yesh Din i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapordan aktar\u0131rsak; \u201cApartheid su\u00e7unun net bir tan\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r ve k\u00f6keni tarihsel olarak G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019daki \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 rejimle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olsa da, art\u0131k \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ideolojiye dayanmadan da var olabilen, kendine ait bir ya\u015fam\u0131 olan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir hukuki kavramd\u0131r<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Michael Sfard, \u201cbu ba\u011flamda yayg\u0131n bir hataya dikkat<\/em>\u201d \u00e7eker:<\/p>\n

\u201cTarihsel k\u00f6kenine ra\u011fmen Apartheid su\u00e7u \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ideoloji olmadan da var olabilir. Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, Apartheid h\u00fck\u00fcmet sisteminin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 motive eden \u015fey olabilir, ancak di\u011fer su\u00e7larda oldu\u011fu gibi, saik su\u00e7un bir unsuru de\u011fildir ve bu nedenle, ba\u015fka saiklerle (\u00f6rne\u011fin, ekonomik veya siyasi) kurulan (a\u00e7\u0131klanan anlamda) \u0131rksal bir grup \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyet kuran ve bask\u0131 yapan bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet sisteminin sorumlular\u0131 da apartheid su\u00e7una bula\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[23]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Bu hukuk ilkesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Af \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, \u0130srail\u2019de Apartheid rejiminin olu\u015fumunda belirleyici olan iki hususun alt\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015ftir. Birincisi, 1948\u2019de devletin bir Yahudi devleti olarak kurulmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincisi, g\u00fcvenlik kayg\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6zellikle i\u015fgal b\u00f6lgelerinde g\u00fcndeme getirilen \u00f6zel hukuk uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcreklilik kazan\u0131p sistem haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ve sonu\u00e7 Filistinlilerin sistem d\u0131\u015f\u0131na itilmeleri ve kurumsal olarak s\u00fcrekli bask\u0131 ve tahakk\u00fcm alt\u0131nda tutulmalar\u0131d\u0131r.[24]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 ya da ba\u015fa d\u00f6nmek<\/h3>\n

Apartheid ve T\u00fcrkiye konusunda bir tart\u0131\u015fma iki t\u00fcrl\u00fc yap\u0131labilir. Birincisi, uluslararas\u0131 tan\u0131m ele al\u0131n\u0131r ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bu tan\u0131ma uyup uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130kincisi ise, olgunun kendisi yani T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki hukuki ve politik uygulamalar ve bu uygulamalar\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki ideolojik tercihler ele al\u0131n\u0131r, tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ve Apartheid kavram\u0131n\u0131n bu durumu en iyi a\u00e7\u0131klayan kavram oldu\u011fu \u2018sonu\u00e7 olarak\u2019 s\u00f6ylenir. Ben hukuk bilimcisi de\u011fil, tarih\u00e7iyim ve kitapta bu nedenle ikinci y\u00f6ntemi se\u00e7tim. H\u00e2l\u00e2 da tercihim budur. \u0130leride de bu y\u00f6nde olacak.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, soyk\u0131r\u0131m konusunda yap\u0131lan tart\u0131\u015fmalardan biliyorum ki, \u00f6ncelikle tan\u0131mdan hareketle yap\u0131lan tart\u0131\u015fmalar, ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi tan\u0131ma uydurmak hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla maluld\u00fcr. Tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve olgular\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sosyal bilim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi tan\u0131ma uydurmak \u2018metodolojik bir intihard\u0131r\u2019. Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 Holokost\u2019a benzetme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131-T\u00fcrk toplumunun ve Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kendine has \u00f6zelliklerinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde ciddi bir engel te\u015fkil etti\u011fini biliyorum.<\/p>\n

Ama hangi y\u00f6netim se\u00e7ersek se\u00e7elim, Apartheid kavram\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bilinmemesi nedeniyle kavram konusuna a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmek \u015fartt\u0131. Yukar\u0131da \u00e7izdi\u011fim \u00e7er\u00e7eve, ni\u00e7in Apartheid kavram\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fananlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in uygun bir kavram oldu\u011funu yeteri netlikle g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir, diye \u00fcmit ediyorum.\u015e\u00fcphesiz ki T\u00fcrkiye kendi \u00f6zellikleriyle bu kavrama yeni boyutlar katacakt\u0131r, G\u00fcney Afrika ve \u0130srail gibi…<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi, bir soruyu ak\u0131lda tutarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Apartheid konusuna biraz daha yak\u0131ndan bakabiliriz. Ama \u015fu iki soruyu da ak\u0131lda tutarak\u2026 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Apartheid veya Soyk\u0131r\u0131m kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaya yap\u0131lan itirazlar acaba sadece kavramlar\u0131n i\u00e7erikleriyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir endi\u015feden mi kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r? Yoksa bu kavramlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na yap\u0131lan itirazlar asl\u0131nda daha derinlerde ba\u015fka bir problemin mi ifadesidir?<\/p>\n

NOTLAR:<\/h4>\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0William Schabas,\u00a0Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes<\/em>, (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), kitab\u0131 konuya ili\u015fkin hukuki tart\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in bak\u0131labilecek \u00f6nemli bir kaynakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>\u00a0Holokost\u2019un soyk\u0131r\u0131m tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ciddi handikaplar konusunda bak\u0131n\u0131z; Dirk Moses, \u201cConceptual Blockages and Definitional Dilemmas in the Racial Century: Genocide of Indigenous Peoples and the Holocaust,\u201d\u00a0Patterns of Prejudice,<\/em>\u00a036:4 (2002), 7-36.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u00a0Bu konuda \u00e7ok zengin kaynak\u00e7a vard\u0131r. Lippman, Matthew. \u201cThe Drafting of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide\u201d,\u00a0Boston University International Law Journal<\/em>, no. 3 (1984): 1-65. William Schabas,\u00a0Genocide in International Law<\/em>, 59-117 ve 294-306.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>\u00a0Konu hakk\u0131nda temel bilgiler i\u00e7in, John Dugard,\u00a0\u2018Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of apartheid\u2019<\/a>\u00a0(UNALIL 2008)<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a>\u00a0Sava\u015f Su\u00e7lar\u0131 ve \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011fa Kar\u015f\u0131 Su\u00e7lar Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Kanuni S\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n Uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131na Dair S\u00f6zle\u015fme<\/a>,\u00a0Hukuk Ansiklopedisi<\/em><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>\u00a0International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<\/a>, un.org<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a>\u00a0a.g.e.<\/a>, madde II, pdf s. 2.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>\u00a0a.g.e.<\/a><\/p>\n

[9]<\/a>\u00a0S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ikinci maddesinin giri\u015f c\u00fcmlesi.\u00a0a.g.e.<\/a><\/p>\n

[10]<\/a>\u00a0Article 85<\/a>, International Humanitarian Law Databases<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a>\u00a0John Dugard,\u00a0\u2018Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid\u2019<\/a>\u00a0(UNALIL 2008), s.2<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a>\u00a0Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court<\/a><\/p>\n

[13]<\/a>\u00a0John Dugard, a.g.e., makalesinin sonunda bu t\u00fcr hukuk metinlerinden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u0131sa bir liste vermi\u015ftir (s. 2, 3).<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a>\u00a0Af \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan \u0130srail ile ilgili haz\u0131rlanan 280 sayfal\u0131k rapor \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir ve zengin bir kaynak\u00e7aya da sahiptir. Bildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla rapor T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilmemi\u015ftir, t\u00fcm rapor \u015furadan indirilebilir:\u00a0Amnesty International,\u00a0<\/a>Israel\u2019s Aparteid Against Palestinians Cruel System Of Domination And Crime Against Humanity<\/a><\/em>. Raporun \u00f6zellikle, Uluslararas\u0131 Hukukta Apartheid b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne bak\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. (s. 44-61)<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a>\u00a0\u0130\u015fin ilgin\u00e7 ve pek bilinmeyen bir boyutu vard\u0131r. G\u00fcney Afrika y\u00f6netimi beyazlar\u0131n bir az\u0131nl\u0131k oldu\u011funu kabul etmemi\u015f ve aksine, beyazlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funluk oldu\u011funu iddia etmi\u015ftir. Rejimin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 basittir; beyazlar\u0131 renk olarak \u0131rk temelinde tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f ama siyahlar\u0131 (yerli topluluklar\u0131) etnik-ulusal kriterlerle g\u00f6re b\u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece her bir grubun beyazlara g\u00f6re az\u0131nl\u0131k oldu\u011funu iddia etmi\u015ftir. Konu hakk\u0131nda bir tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z, Virginia Tilley,\u00a0Beyond Occupation Apartheid, Colonialism and International Law in the Occupied Palestinian Territories<\/em>, (London: Pluto Press, 2012), s. 112-113. Benzeri mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk y\u00f6neticilerce de kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Osmanl\u0131larda etnik olarak az\u0131nl\u0131k olan T\u00fcrkler, bu mant\u0131kla \u00e7o\u011funluk haline sokulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a>\u00a0Max Du Plessis, \u201cInternational Criminal Law: The Crime of apartheid Revisited,\u201d\u00a0South African Journal of Criminal Justice\u00a0<\/em>24, no. 3 (2011): 423-424.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a>\u00a0a.g.e., s. 424.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a>\u00a0Amnesty International,\u00a0Israel\u2019s Aparteid Against Palestinians Cruel System Of Domination And Crime Against Humanity<\/em>, s. 51.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a>\u00a0John Dugard and John Reynolds \u201cApartheid, International Law, and the Occupied Palestinian Territory,\u201d\u00a0The European Journal of International Law<\/em>\u00a024 no. 3 (2013): 881. Michael Sfard, \u201cThe Israeli Occupation of the West Bank and the Crime of apartheid\u201d, Special Report, June 2020, s. 21.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a>\u00a0Apartheid ile ilgili yaz\u0131lan hemen her metinde konu ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u015fu makalelere bak\u0131labilir; Miles Jackson, \u201cThe Definition of apartheid in Customary International Law and The International Convention on the Elimination Of All Forms of Racial Discrimination\u201d,\u00a0International & Comparative Law Quarterly<\/em>, 71(4), (2022): 831-855; Virginia Tilley,\u00a0Beyond Occupation apartheid, Colonialism<\/em>, s. 109-124,\u00a0<\/em>s. 107-129; Carola Lingaas, \u201cThe Crime against Humanity of Apartheid in a Post-Apartheid World\u201d\u00a0Oslo Law Review<\/em>, 2 (2015): 86-115.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a>\u00a0Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131 i\u00e7in, ICTR Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Trial Judgment, 2 Sept. 1998, paragraflar 512\u2013515; Prosecutor v. Rutaganda, Case No. ICTR-96-3, Trial Chamber judgment, 26 May 2003, paragraf 55-57; ICTY, Prosecutor v. Jelisi\u0107, Case IT-95-10, Appeals Chamber judgment, 14 December 1999, paragraf 70; Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33, Trial Judgment, 2 Aug. 2001, paragraf 555. Baz\u0131 mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zetlendi\u011fi bir kaynak; John Dugard and John Reynolds \u201cApartheid, International Law, and the Occupied Palestinian Territory,\u201d 885-891.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a>\u00a0Konu hakk\u0131ndaki bir tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z; Virginia Tilley,\u00a0Beyond Occupation Apartheid, Colonialism<\/em>, s. 109-124.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a>\u00a0Michael Sfard,\u00a0The Israeli Occupation of the West Bank and the Crime of apartheid,<\/em>\u00a0s. 5, 21.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a>\u00a0Bildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla Af \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn 280 sayfal\u0131k raporu T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilmemi\u015ftir, t\u00fcm rapor \u015furadan indirilebilir: Amnesty International,\u00a0Israel\u2019s Aparteid Against Palestinians Cruel System Of Domination And Crim<\/em><\/a>e Against Humanity<\/em>. Raporun \u00f6zellikle, Uluslararas\u0131 Hukukta apartheid k\u0131sm\u0131na bakmakta fayda vard\u0131r,(s. 44-61).<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.k24kitap.org\/tartisma\/apartheid-kavrami-ve-uluslararasi-hukuk-4481?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR3JSUBSeN5ORdIGPjXZTcBw-Xj-i-4NwnaxVTlghrGLvZ2QMBH0SKOnAlQ_aem_AVteiPVKBqUimb2_bNbz-rSvqErTTaAnG4yZlca7tPFB0uuBPF-LjBdFjx2ErmonhFjs2QpqaxgaJX7k3LOGvpSM<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cEk\u015figil, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki rejimin Apartheid olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyor ve baz\u0131 endi\u015felerini dile getiriyor. Ek\u015figil\u2019in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki rejimin ni\u00e7in Apartheid olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 konusundaki tezlerini ve endi\u015felerini tart\u0131\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in ama \u00f6nce hakk\u0131nda fazla bilgiye sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Apartheid kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinde durmak gerekiyor.\u201d TANER AK\u00c7AM Adnan Ek\u015figil\u00a09 Kas\u0131m 2023\u2019te\u00a0Y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k Apartheid\u00a0kitab\u0131m hakk\u0131nda bir\u00a0ele\u015ftiri\u00a0yazd\u0131. \u00d6nce kendisine titiz okumas\u0131 ve tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 nedeniyle te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmek […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":79364,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,54,70,20,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-79363","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-kitaplar-elestiriler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\nApartheid kavram\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 hukuk - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79363\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Apartheid kavram\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 hukuk - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cEk\u015figil, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki rejimin Apartheid olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyor ve baz\u0131 endi\u015felerini dile getiriyor. 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