{"id":79104,"date":"2024-04-25T01:58:11","date_gmt":"2024-04-25T06:58:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104"},"modified":"2024-04-25T01:58:11","modified_gmt":"2024-04-25T06:58:11","slug":"dersaadette-turk-ve-gayri-turk-sermayedar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104","title":{"rendered":"Dersaadet\u2019te \u2018T\u00fcrk ve gayri T\u00fcrk\u2019 sermayedar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

20\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinde i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i sermaye, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u2018baz\u0131\u2019 H\u0131ristiyan (ve Musevi) ve az say\u0131da \u2018baz\u0131\u2019 \u0130slam-T\u00fcrk sermayedardan olu\u015fuyordu. Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda sermaye birikiminin, \u0130slamc\u0131-T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc kanad\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik ve H\u0131ristiyan (ve Musevi) kanad\u0131n\u0131 (milletiyle) tasfiye etmek politi\u011fiyle, kapitalizmin yolunda ilerlemesi engellenmedi mi?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Nevzat Onaran<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk sermayesi, gayri T\u00fcrk sermayesinin tasfiyesiyle varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. Bunda devletin fonksiyonu, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc ekonomik politik belirleyiciydi.<\/p>\n

Sermayeyle ilgili tan\u0131mlama bana ait de\u011fil, \u0130stanbul Ticaret ve Sanayi Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1910\u2019larda \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetin, T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmenin politi\u011finde hedef millet H\u0131ristiyanlard\u0131. Birinci Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131, bu amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmenin f\u0131rsat\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirildi. Bu, Anadolu\u2019yu ve ekonomiyi \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n\/T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmenin birinci a\u015famas\u0131yd\u0131. T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 1919-1922 y\u0131llar\u0131 da ikinci a\u015famas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1914\u2019ten 1923\u2019e gelindi\u011finde en iyimser tahminle 2,5 milyon H\u0131ristiyan can\u0131yla ve mal\u0131yla tasfiye edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Orada da kalmad\u0131, devam edegelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1955\u2019te \u0130stanbul n\u00fcfusunda H\u0131ristiyan ve Musevi\u2019nin y\u00fczde 12 olan pay\u0131n\u0131n, 70 y\u0131l sonra bug\u00fcnse binde 5\u2019lerde olmas\u0131 tesad\u00fcfle a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz.<\/p>\n

DERSAADET T\u0130CARET ODASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0130stanbul\u2019u, 1880\u2019lerin Dersaadet\u2019i, \u00f6ncesinin Konstantinopolis\u2019i\u2026<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019da sermayenin ilk te\u015fkilat\u0131 Dersaadet Ticaret Odas\u0131, 1882\u2019de faaliyete ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1932\u2019de bas\u0131lan Hakk\u0131 Nezihi\u2019nin 50 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Oda Hayat\u0131 1882-1932 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, \u0130stanbul Ticaret ve Sanayi Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 50 y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fi \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir.(1)<\/p>\n

Dersaadet Ticaret Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 21 Nisan 1880 tarihli zab\u0131tnamesinde yaz\u0131lan 12 ki\u015filik komiteyi olu\u015fturanlar\u0131n isimlerine g\u00f6re 4\u2019\u00fc \u0130slam ve 8\u2019i de gayri \u0130slam\u2019d\u0131r. Nizamnamenin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve benzeri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Dersaadet Ticaret Odas\u0131 14 Ocak 1882\u2019de resmen faaliyete ba\u015flad\u0131. Odan\u0131n 1\u2019inci reisi Azaryan ve 2\u2019nci reisi S\u00fcleyman efendidir. 6 Ocak 1884 tarihli Dersaadet Ticaret Odas\u0131 Gazetesi\u2019nin ilk say\u0131s\u0131ndaki habere g\u00f6re, 22 ki\u015filik oda y\u00f6netiminin sadece 5 \u00fcyesi \u0130slam\u2019d\u0131r ve oda ba\u015fkan\u0131 da Azaryan\u2019d\u0131r.(2)<\/p>\n

Y\u00f6netim ekonominin aynas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sermayedar\u0131 \u2018T\u00fcrk ve gayri T\u00fcrk\u2019 olarak nitelendirilen 30 sekt\u00f6re hangi sermaye grubunun h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sadece 4 tanesinde \u2018baz\u0131\u2019 T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu vard\u0131. Geriye kalan 26 sekt\u00f6rde \u2018baz\u0131\u2019 H\u0131ristiyan ve Musevi yani Ermeni, Rum, Yahudi bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle \u2018gayri T\u00fcrkler ve gayri \u0130slam\u2019 egemendi. Matbuat da eklendi\u011finde(3) \u2018baz\u0131\u2019 gayri T\u00fcrklerin egemen oldu\u011fu sekt\u00f6r toplam\u0131 31\u2019de 27\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Sermayenin 30 sekt\u00f6rde da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

1- Vapur acenteleri aras\u0131nda tek T\u00fcrk ismi vard\u0131, bu da Ali Hilmi.<\/p>\n

2- Sigorta kumpanya acentelerinin hepsi gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

3- Banka ve borsalarda, say\u0131lan 7 kurumun hepsi de yabanc\u0131 sermayeli banka.<\/p>\n

4- Sarraflar, hepsi de gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

5- Limon (herhalde Liman olmal\u0131, kitap sonundaki do\u011fru-yanl\u0131\u015f cetvelinde de yok N.O.) tacirleri aras\u0131nda Vantas gibi 8 isim s\u0131ralan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

6- Koza ve ipek, say\u0131lan iki isim: Kasapyan ve Sabuncian.<\/p>\n

7- \u015eekerciler aras\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 T\u00fcrk (Hac\u0131 Bekir, Kaynaro\u011flu Ahmet ve H\u00fcseyin A\u011fa) ve 8 gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

8- Pamuk t\u00fcccar\u0131 olarak Arsenyan, K\u00fcpelio\u011flu gibi baz\u0131 isimler s\u0131ralan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

9- Simsarlar, k\u00e2milen gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

10- Kantariye e\u015fyas\u0131, k\u00e2milen gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

11- Sigara imalathanelerinde \u0130zmitli Ahmet\u2019ten ba\u015fkas\u0131 gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

12- Kuma\u015f tacirleri, k\u00e2milen gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

13- Ecza ve baharat, M\u0131s\u0131r \u00c7ar\u015f\u0131s\u0131\u2019nda T\u00fcrk ticaret evleri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

14- \u015eark \u0131triyat\u0131, m\u00fchim m\u00fcesseselerin hepsi T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

15- Un tacirleri, m\u00fchimleri k\u00e2milen gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

16- Ya\u011f ve sabun tacirleri, tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015flar\u0131 k\u00e2milen gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

17- Manifaturac\u0131lar aras\u0131nda m\u00fchim iki T\u00fcrk m\u00fcessesesi.<\/p>\n

18- Levaz\u0131m\u0131 in\u015faiye, gayri T\u00fcrklerin elinde.<\/p>\n

19- Has\u0131r imalat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, ekserisi T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

20- Ham deri, tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015flar\u0131n hepsi gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

21- K\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcler, hepsi gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

22- \u00c7ubuk imalat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, ekserisi T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

23- Sar\u0131k tacirleri, bunlar aras\u0131nda Ermenilerden m\u00fchim mevkide olanlar var.<\/p>\n

24- K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 imalat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, me\u015fhurlar\u0131 gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

25- \u0130pekliler, gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

26- H\u0131rdavat tacirleri aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkler de var, m\u00fchim m\u00fcesseseler gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

27- Yaprak t\u00fct\u00fcn tacirleri, ekserisi gayri T\u00fcrk.<\/p>\n

28- Hal\u0131 tacirleri, m\u00fchimleri aras\u0131nda \u0130ranl\u0131lar ve T\u00fcrk m\u00fcesseseler de var.<\/p>\n

29- \u00c7ad\u0131r ticareti T\u00fcrklerin elinde.<\/p>\n

30- \u00c7ay, en fazla gayri T\u00fcrklerin elinde.(4)<\/p>\n

OSMANLI SARAY S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul Ticaret ve Sanayi Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 1880\u2019lere giden ge\u00e7mi\u015finin de\u011ferlendirilmesinde, sermayenin 1880\u2019lerdeki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan analiz aynen \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

\u201c1880 senesindeki m\u00fchim erbap ticaret ve sanayin[in] ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yukar\u0131da k\u0131saca arzetti\u011fim mal\u00fbmat ve izahattan [aktar\u0131lan 30 sekt\u00f6rdeki sermaye yap\u0131s\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekiliyor, NO] kolayl\u0131kla anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere bundan yar\u0131m as\u0131r ve daha fazla [sene] evvel gerek ithalat ve gerekse ihracat, mali sigorta, bahriye ve \u015fuabat\u0131 i\u015flerindeki mevkiimiz tali derece idi. B\u00fct\u00fcn sanayi, iktisadi ve mali faaliyet \u015fubeleri, [baz\u0131] gayri T\u00fcrklerin inhisar\u0131 alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir [\u2026] Bunlarda da gayri T\u00fcrklerin piyasay\u0131 ve i\u015fi ellerinde tuttuklar\u0131 me\u015fhut oluyordu [g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu].\u201d(5)<\/p>\n

Rumca, Ermenice, Musevice [\u0130branice], Arap\u00e7a, Bulgarca, Frans\u0131zca, \u0130talyanca, \u0130ngilizce gazetelerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131raland\u0131ktan sonra \u015fu de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u015eu cihette bilhassa kayda de\u011fer ki: Gayri T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bu gazete veya mecmualar\u0131n ekserisinin ne\u015friyat\u0131 ticari ve mali idi. Buna mukabil o s\u0131rada T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7\u0131kan gazetelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n ve gayri iktisadi, gayri ticari ve gayri mali idi.\u201d(6)<\/p>\n

Benzer de\u011ferlendirme, yine odan\u0131n bir ba\u015fka yay\u0131nda da tekrarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1926\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan, \u0130stanbul Ticaret ve Sanayi Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Eyl\u00fcl 1923-May\u0131s 1926 d\u00f6nemini kapsayan raporda 1908\u2019e kadar ge\u00e7en faaliyet \u015f\u00f6yle aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cYirmi alt\u0131 y\u0131l devam eden bu devre zarf\u0131nda oda olumlu ve semere verici bir i\u015f g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr denilemez. Odan\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu bir matbaa taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131lan ve yay\u0131mlanan mecmuan\u0131n ve fiyat cetvelinin yay\u0131n\u0131na devam edilmi\u015f, \u0130stanbul\u2019da bir ticaret borsas\u0131 kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in evrak \u00fczerinde y\u0131llarca \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f projeler, nizamnameler haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f fakat pratik bir sonuca ula\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda \u0130stanbul odas\u0131na gayri T\u00fcrk unsurlar h\u00e2kim olmu\u015f ve odan\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu memurlar\u0131 dahi gayri T\u00fcrk unsurlara mensup bulunmu\u015ftu.\u201d(7)<\/p>\n

Sonraki y\u0131llarda oda y\u00f6netimiyle ilgili \u2018M\u00fcslim ve Gayrim\u00fcslim\u2019 yani \u2018\u0130slam ve gayri \u0130slam\u2019 ayr\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dersaadet Ticaret Odas\u0131, Ticaret ve Ziraat Nezareti\u2019nin b\u00fct\u00fcn odalara g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 14 Aral\u0131k 1913 tarihli tamimini 5 \u015eubat 1914\u2019te cevaplad\u0131. Odan\u0131n y\u00f6netimi 24 ki\u015fiden olu\u015fuyor ve bunlar\u0131n 6\u2019s\u0131 \u0130slam ve 18\u2019i gayri \u0130slam\u2019d\u0131r. Tabiiyet itibariyle 24 ki\u015finin 21\u2019i Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131ndan olup, di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi Frans\u0131z, \u0130talyan ve Rus\u2019tur.(8)<\/p>\n

Elbette oda y\u00f6netimini b\u00f6yle \u015fekillendiren ekonomik altyap\u0131yd\u0131. 1912 itibariyle(9) i\u00e7 ticaretle ilgili 18.063 i\u015fyerinin y\u00fczde 85\u2019i ve 6507 imalathanenin y\u00fczde 89\u2019u gayri \u0130slam\u2019a yani H\u0131ristiyan\u2019a (ve Musevi\u2019ye) aitti. 5264 serbest meslek sahibinin de y\u00fczde 86\u2019s\u0131 gayri \u0130slam\u2019d\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu, Osmanl\u0131 Saray sisteminin sonucuydu; yoksa \u0130slam olanlar \u2018saf\u2019, olmayanlar \u2018uyan\u0131k\u2019 s\u00f6ylemi veya benzeri anlat\u0131m, yalan hikayesidir!<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

T\u00dcRK-\u0130SLAM\u2019A SAVA\u015e TE\u015eV\u0130\u011e\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018Gayri T\u00fcrk sermayesinin\u2019 rol\u00fcne Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sadrazam\u0131 bile dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1868\u2019de Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n reformcu pa\u015falar\u0131ndan Sadrazam Ali Pa\u015fa, \u201cDevlet gelirlerinin \u00fc\u00e7te ikisini onlar veriyor\u201d demi\u015ftir.(10) Devleti, bu denli finanse edenin ekonomik pay\u0131n\u0131n da en iyimser ifadeyle bu oranda olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmek abartma olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1915\u2019teki sanayinin sermaye da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 da Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6ylemini do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

A. G\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00d6k\u00e7\u00fcn, 1970\u2019de 1913, 1915 Seneleri Sanayi \u0130statistiki\u2019ni yay\u0131mlad\u0131.(11) Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada yer almayan ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filere ait kurulu\u015flar\u0131n sermayesinin etnik-dini da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, 1918\u2019de \u0130brahim Pertev\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla belirlendi. B\u00f6ylece 1915\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 sanayisinin m\u00fclkiyet yap\u0131s\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f\u2019te say\u0131m hakk\u0131nda bildi verildi: \u201cBu nedenlerle yaln\u0131z \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir, Bursa \u015fehirleri ile Band\u0131rma, Manisa, U\u015fak ve \u0130zmit kasabalar\u0131na gidilerek sanayi say\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bununla birlikte di\u011fer vilayetlere ve livalara, ortalama 10 i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran sanayi m\u00fcesseslerine da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmak \u00fczere, bas\u0131l\u0131 soru ka\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131 da g\u00f6nderildi. Ancak, bu iki te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn verdi\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131. Bir y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonucu olan bu eser, her ne kadar Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinin pek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n istatistikini ihtiva ediyorsa da b\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinin sanayi hakk\u0131nda bir fikir verebilecek niteliktedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6nemli sanayi te\u015febb\u00fcslerimizin merkezleri \u0130stanbul ve \u00e7evresi ile \u0130zmir \u015fehirlerinde bulunuyor. Belli ba\u015fl\u0131 di\u011fer \u015fehirlerde yaln\u0131z birka\u00e7 un, debagat fabrikas\u0131 ile Adana ve Tarsus\u2019ta d\u00f6rt pamuk ipli\u011fi fabrikas\u0131 mevcuttur. Anadolu\u2019da di\u011fer yerlerde \u00f6nemli sanayi m\u00fcesseseleri bulunmuyor. (Dipnot bilgisi: Suriye, sava\u015f b\u00f6lgesi oldu\u011fundan ara\u015ft\u0131rma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)\u201d(12)<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma, g\u0131da, toprak, deri, a\u011fa\u00e7, dokuma, k\u0131rtasiye ve kimya sanayinde 264 firman\u0131n bilgisini kaps\u0131yor. Sermaye yap\u0131s\u0131 itibariyle 22\u2019si h\u00fck\u00fcmetin, 28\u2019si anonim \u015firket ve 214\u2019\u00fc \u00f6zel ki\u015fiye aittir. B\u00fct\u00fcn firmalar\u0131n y\u00fczde 55\u2019i \u0130stanbul ve \u00e7evresinde faaliyet g\u00f6stermektedir. Firmalar\u0131n toplam \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 14 bin 60 ki\u015fidir. 1913\u2019teyse 252 firmada 16 bin 975 ki\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yormu\u015f. Sekt\u00f6rel olarak en \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan dokuma sanayindedir: 1913\u2019te 7 bin 765 ve 1915\u2019te 6 bin 763 ki\u015fidir. En \u00e7ok firma g\u0131da sanayindedir: Ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u0131llar\u0131 itibariyle 74 ve 75 firmad\u0131r.(13)<\/p>\n

\u0130brahim Pertev\u2019in ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda, \u00f6zel sermayedar 214 firman\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 sonucunu \u00f6\u011freniyoruz. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma, \u0130brahim Pertev\u2019in sahibi oldu\u011fu Sanayi dergisinin 28 \u015eubat 1918 tarihli 27\u2019nci say\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren belli aral\u0131klarla sekiz say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f. 214 firman\u0131n 42\u2019si (y\u00fczde 19,6) T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n ve 172\u2019si (y\u00fczde 80,4) anas\u0131r-\u0131 gayr-\u0131 M\u00fcslime\u2019nin yani H\u0131ristiyan ve Musevi\u2019nindi.<\/p>\n

\u0130brahim Pertev, \u201cSanayide kendi memleketi dahilinde T\u00fcrk ve \u0130slam unsurunun, anas\u0131r-\u0131 gayr-\u0131 M\u00fcslime\u2019ye nazaran pek geri, pek fakir ve d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn bir mevkide bulundu\u011funa\u201d dikkat \u00e7ekti: 29 de\u011firmenden 24\u2019\u00fc, 9 makarna fabrikas\u0131ndan 8\u2019i, 18 \u015feker ve tahin imalathanesinden 16\u2019s\u0131 ve konserve fabrikalar\u0131n tamam\u0131 gayri M\u00fcslime\u2019ye aittir.(14)<\/p>\n

Sanayi say\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1915\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015ftayd\u0131. Zafer Toprak, 1914-1918\u2019deki sava\u015f\u0131n politi\u011fini \u015f\u00f6yle analiz etti:<\/p>\n

\u201cSava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda piyasan\u0131n \u2018millile\u015ftirilmesi\u2019 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f, kooperatifler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ticaretin yabanc\u0131 ve gayrim\u00fcslim ellerden al\u0131narak, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk unsuruna devri \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin ta\u015fra \u00f6rg\u00fctleri kredi ve sat\u0131\u015f kooperatifleri kurarak \u00fcretici ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman t\u00fcccar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlemi\u015f, piyasay\u0131 denetimleri alt\u0131nda bulunduran al\u0131c\u0131 sendikalar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na tek sat\u0131c\u0131 olarak \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. [\u2026] \u0130ttihat ve Terakki, sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u2018orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u2019 dedi\u011fi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk e\u015fraf\u0131 olu\u015ftururken sorunun etnik boyutunu s\u00fcrekli vurgulam\u0131\u015f, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019\u0131 gayrim\u00fcslime kar\u015f\u0131 kay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 [\u2026] Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019ye \u00f6zlemini duydu\u011fu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk \u2018i\u015f adam\u0131\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli ortam\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131 [\u2026] Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda, baz\u0131 i\u015f sahalar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam e\u015fraf\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mesinde siyasal etmenler de rol oynam\u0131\u015f, \u2018Ermeni tehciri\u2019 ile do\u011fan bo\u015fluklar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk giri\u015fimciler doldurmu\u015ftu. \u00d6te yandan Men-i \u0130htik\u00e2r Heyeti\u2019nin spek\u00fclasyonla m\u00fccadele s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle gayr-i M\u00fcslimlere y\u00f6nelmesi, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk t\u00fcccara rakiplerini tasfiyede b\u00fcy\u00fck kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d(15)<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam, sava\u015fla te\u015fvik edildi; bu, devlete egemen olmakla sa\u011fland\u0131. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle T\u00fcrk burjuvazisi, klasik sermaye birikimi modeliyle palazlanmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019nun ve ekonominin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesinde devletin rol\u00fcn\u00fc anlamadan, T\u00fcrk burjuvazisi ve sermayedar\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lacak analiz, hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz temelsiz olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

20\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinde i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i sermaye, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u2018baz\u0131\u2019 H\u0131ristiyan (ve Musevi) ve az say\u0131da \u2018baz\u0131\u2019 \u0130slam-T\u00fcrk sermayedardan olu\u015fuyordu. Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda sermaye birikiminin, \u0130slamc\u0131-T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc kanad\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik ve H\u0131ristiyan (ve Musevi) kanad\u0131n\u0131 (milletiyle) tasfiye etmek politi\u011fiyle, kapitalizmin yolunda ilerlemesi engellenmedi mi?<\/p>\n

NOTLAR:<\/p>\n

(1) Hakk\u0131 Nezihi (Oda Tetkikat \u015eubesi M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc), 50 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Oda Hayat\u0131, 1882-1932, Sanayii Nefise Matbaas\u0131, \u0130stanbul-1932.<\/em><\/p>\n

(2) Hakk\u0131 Nezihi, age, s. 22, 44-54, 62-63, 91.<\/em><\/p>\n

(3) Hakk\u0131 Nezihi, age, s. 34-35.<\/em><\/p>\n

(4) Hakk\u0131 Nezihi, age, s. 28-33.<\/em><\/p>\n

(5) Hakk\u0131 Nezihi, age, s. 34.<\/em><\/p>\n

(6) Hakk\u0131 Nezihi, age, s. 34-35.<\/em><\/p>\n

(7) \u0130stanbul Ticaret ve Sanayi Odas\u0131, Eyl\u00fcl 1923-May\u0131s 1926, \u00e7eviri: S\u00fcreyya Atilla Sa\u011flam\u00e7ubuk\u00e7u-Ali Ulusoy, \u0130stanbul Ticaret Odas\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2011, s. 11 (ab\u00e7, NO).<\/em><\/p>\n

(8) Hakk\u0131 Nezihi, age, s. 183.<\/em><\/p>\n

(9) Aktaran Murat Koralt\u00fcrk, Erken Cumhuriyet D\u00f6neminde Ekonominin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2011, s. 60.<\/em><\/p>\n

(10) Aktaran Do\u00e7. Dr. G\u00fclnih\u00e2l Bozkurt, Gayrim\u00fcslim Osmanl\u0131 Vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Hukuk\u00ee Durumu (1839-1914), T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara-1989, s. 75-76 (ab\u00e7).<\/em><\/p>\n

(11) A. G\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00d6k\u00e7\u00fcn (haz\u0131rlayan), Osmanl\u0131 Sanayii 1913, 1915 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Sanayi \u0130statistiki, 2. bask\u0131, A\u00dcSBF Yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara-1971.<\/em><\/p>\n

(12) A. G\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00d6k\u00e7\u00fcn (haz\u0131rlayan), age, s. v-xi, 1-2 (ab\u00e7).<\/em><\/p>\n

(13) A. G\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00d6k\u00e7\u00fcn (haz\u0131rlayan), age, s. 12-13, 16-17, tablo 1, 3 ve 6.<\/em><\/p>\n

(14) Zafer Toprak, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u2018Milli \u0130ktisat\u2019 (1908-1918), Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara-1982, s. 191.<\/em><\/p>\n

(15) Zafer Toprak, age, s. 21, 57 (ab\u00e7).<\/em><\/p>\n

Nevzat Onaran Kimdir?<\/em>
\n\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi \u0130ktisat Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nden mezun oldu. Bir s\u00fcre muhasebecilik yapt\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan ekonomi muhabiri olarak \u00d6zg\u00fcr G\u00fcndem, Evrensel d\u00e2hil bir\u00e7ok gazete ve dergide \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yak\u0131n d\u00f6nem okumalar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin ekonomi politi\u011finin analizinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. 1915-1940 d\u00f6nemini inceleyen d\u00f6rt kitab\u0131 yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

Gazete Duvar<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

20\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinde i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i sermaye, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u2018baz\u0131\u2019 H\u0131ristiyan (ve Musevi) ve az say\u0131da \u2018baz\u0131\u2019 \u0130slam-T\u00fcrk sermayedardan olu\u015fuyordu. Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda sermaye birikiminin, \u0130slamc\u0131-T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc kanad\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik ve H\u0131ristiyan (ve Musevi) kanad\u0131n\u0131 (milletiyle) tasfiye etmek politi\u011fiyle, kapitalizmin yolunda ilerlemesi engellenmedi mi? Nevzat Onaran T\u00fcrk sermayesi, gayri T\u00fcrk sermayesinin tasfiyesiyle varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. Bunda devletin fonksiyonu, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":79105,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,9,70,20,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-79104","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-haklarimiz","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\nDersaadet\u2019te \u2018T\u00fcrk ve gayri T\u00fcrk\u2019 sermayedar - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dersaadet\u2019te \u2018T\u00fcrk ve gayri T\u00fcrk\u2019 sermayedar - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"20\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinde i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i sermaye, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u2018baz\u0131\u2019 H\u0131ristiyan (ve Musevi) ve az say\u0131da \u2018baz\u0131\u2019 \u0130slam-T\u00fcrk sermayedardan olu\u015fuyordu. Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda sermaye birikiminin, \u0130slamc\u0131-T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc kanad\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik ve H\u0131ristiyan (ve Musevi) kanad\u0131n\u0131 (milletiyle) tasfiye etmek politi\u011fiyle, kapitalizmin yolunda ilerlemesi engellenmedi mi? Nevzat Onaran T\u00fcrk sermayesi, gayri T\u00fcrk sermayesinin tasfiyesiyle varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. 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Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Dersaadet\u2019te \u2018T\u00fcrk ve gayri T\u00fcrk\u2019 sermayedar - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","og_description":"20\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinde i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i sermaye, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u2018baz\u0131\u2019 H\u0131ristiyan (ve Musevi) ve az say\u0131da \u2018baz\u0131\u2019 \u0130slam-T\u00fcrk sermayedardan olu\u015fuyordu. Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda sermaye birikiminin, \u0130slamc\u0131-T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc kanad\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik ve H\u0131ristiyan (ve Musevi) kanad\u0131n\u0131 (milletiyle) tasfiye etmek politi\u011fiyle, kapitalizmin yolunda ilerlemesi engellenmedi mi? Nevzat Onaran T\u00fcrk sermayesi, gayri T\u00fcrk sermayesinin tasfiyesiyle varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. Bunda devletin fonksiyonu, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc […]","og_url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104","og_site_name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","article_published_time":"2024-04-25T06:58:11+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1280,"height":720,"url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2024\/04\/Dersaadet.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"9 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"headline":"Dersaadet\u2019te \u2018T\u00fcrk ve gayri T\u00fcrk\u2019 sermayedar","datePublished":"2024-04-25T06:58:11+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104"},"wordCount":2413,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2024\/04\/Dersaadet.webp","articleSection":["Haberler","Haklar\u0131m\u0131z","Makaleler","Tarih Sayfalar\u0131","T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Az\u0131nl\u0131klar"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104","name":"Dersaadet\u2019te \u2018T\u00fcrk ve gayri T\u00fcrk\u2019 sermayedar - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2024\/04\/Dersaadet.webp","datePublished":"2024-04-25T06:58:11+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2024\/04\/Dersaadet.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2024\/04\/Dersaadet.webp","width":1280,"height":720},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=79104#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Dersaadet\u2019te \u2018T\u00fcrk ve gayri T\u00fcrk\u2019 sermayedar"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/","name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e","name":"admin","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?author=7"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/79104","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=79104"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/79104\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":79106,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/79104\/revisions\/79106"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/79105"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=79104"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=79104"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=79104"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}