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Yetvart Danzikyan<\/strong><\/p>\n 16 Mart 1964 \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 i\u00e7in trajik bir tarih. K\u0131br\u0131s olaylar\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6sterilerek \u0130stanbul\u2019da Yunan pasaportu ta\u015f\u0131yan Rumlar\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00fclkeyi terk etmeleri istendi. B\u00f6ylece Yunan pasaportu ta\u015f\u0131yan Rumlar T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015f\u0131 olan e\u015f ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla birlikte T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi terk ettiler. Bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerinden tam 60 y\u0131l ge\u00e7ti. Karar\u0131n arka plan\u0131n\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131k hukuku \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Prof. Dr. Bask\u0131n Oran ile konu\u015ftuk.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n Karar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Yunan uyruklu ka\u00e7 Rum vard\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de?<\/p>\n Bu konuda net say\u0131lar mevcut elimizde. 1964 ba\u015f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yerle\u015fmi\u015f 12.724 Yunan uyruklu Rum ya\u015famaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n 1923\u2019te yap\u0131lan zorunlu n\u00fcfus m\u00fcbadelesiyle gitmemi\u015f miydi Rumlar?<\/p>\n Hay\u0131r. 30 Ocak 1923\u2019teki zorunlu m\u00fcbadeleyle Yunanistan\u2019dan (B. Trakya hari\u00e7) Yunan uyruklu M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den de (\u0130stanbul hari\u00e7) T\u00fcrk uyruklu Rum Ortodokslar g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Meselenin uzun ge\u00e7mi\u015fini k\u0131saca \u00f6zetlersek:<\/p>\n Yak\u0131n tarih boyunca T\u00fcrk-Yunan ili\u015fkilerini zehirlemi\u015f ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 peri\u015fan etmi\u015f olan K\u0131br\u0131s meselesinde, adada Aral\u0131k 1963\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar bu olay\u0131 tetikledi. \u00d6zellikle de bir T\u00fcrk subay\u0131n\u0131n banyo k\u00fcvetinde EOKA taraf\u0131ndan katledilen e\u015fi ile \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7ocu\u011funun foto\u011fraf\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck tepki yaratt\u0131. TSK\u2019nin adaya m\u00fcdahalesi ancak Haziran 1964 me\u015fhur Johnson Mektubuyla durdurulabildi.<\/p>\n \u00c7\u0131kartma yapman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamayaca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131nca \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nce Patrikhane\u2019yi ihra\u00e7 etmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc fakat bunun d\u00fcnyada ters tepece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle dikkatler \u0130stanbul\u2019da ya\u015fayan Yunan uyruklar\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fc. T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, 30 Ekim 1930 tarihli \u0130kamet, Ticaret ve Seyrisefain Mukavelenamesi\u2019ni 16 Mart 1964\u2019te tek tarafl\u0131 olarak feshetti ve Md. 36\u2019ya g\u00f6re bu feshin 6 ay sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc de Md. 16\u2019ya dayanarak uygulamad\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu Mukavelename, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan uyruklar\u0131n\u0131n birbirinin \u00fclkesinde oturmas\u0131n\u0131, mal edinmesini, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, iktisadi faaliyette bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 vb. m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan (yani, AB\u2019den k\u0131rk y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u201cserbest dola\u015f\u0131m\u201d \u00f6ng\u00f6ren) bir ikili antla\u015fmayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Fesih sonucunda Yunan uyruklu \u0130stanbullu Rumlar, yanlar\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca 200 TL (o zamanki kurla 22,2 dolar) ve 20 kiloluk bir \u015fahsi e\u015fya bavuluyla s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edildiler. 2 Kas\u0131m 1964\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan gizli bir kararnameyle de bu Rumlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tapu i\u015flemi durduruldu ve bunlar\u0131n gelirleri bloke edildi. 2.902 adet gayrimenkule el konmu\u015f oldu. Bunlar\u0131n de\u011ferleri hakk\u0131nda tahminler, T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131na g\u00f6re 200 milyon dolar, Yunan taraf\u0131na g\u00f6re 500 milyon dolar civar\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu kararnamedeki bir ilgin\u00e7 durum da \u015fudur ki, metnin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u201cYunan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 Yunanistan\u2019da zarara u\u011fratm\u0131\u015f bulunan her \u00e7e\u015fit tedbir ve muamelelerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olmak \u00fczere\u201d ibaresi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, oysa bu s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olay\u0131n\u0131n K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 T\u00fcrklerin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015f bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n Kararnameyle el konulan bu malvarl\u0131klar\u0131 ancak Turgut \u00d6zal zaman\u0131nda,<\/p>\n Yunanistan\u2019la ili\u015fkileri yumu\u015fatma anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cDavos Ruhu\u201d ortam\u0131nda 1988\u2019de serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ba\u015fta s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011finiz 12.724 ki\u015fi hakk\u0131nda daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler var m\u0131?<\/p>\n \u0130lgili say\u0131lar\u0131 daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde vermek gerekirse:<\/p>\n Bu 12.724 ki\u015fiden 997\u2019si \u201czararl\u0131 faaliyetler\u201d gerek\u00e7esiyle derhal s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edildi. 7.603\u2019\u00fc ikamet s\u00fcreleri uzat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderildi. 1.134 \u0130stanbullu Yunan uyru\u011funun kalmas\u0131na ise ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k vs. gerek\u00e7eleriyle izin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 olarak 8.600 ki\u015fi s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edildi 1964 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7inde.<\/p>\n Fakat \u015fu da var ki, bu insanlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yakla\u015f\u0131k 30.000 T\u00fcrk uyru\u011fu \u0130stanbullu Rum da gitmek zorunda kald\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hem onlarla k\u0131z al\u0131p vermi\u015flerdi hem de \u00fclkeye egemen olan Rum kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 atmosfer sonucu T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kendileri i\u00e7in hayat hakk\u0131 kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 psikolojisine girmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n Unutmadan: S\u00fcrg\u00fcn karar\u0131ndan, bu Rumlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u0130zmir ve Mersin gibi kentlerde baz\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcz y\u0131llard\u0131r yerle\u015fmi\u015f bulunan Yunan uyruklu Levantenler de etkilendiler. Mesela \u0130zmir\u2019de kom\u015fumuz bir Levanten 140 y\u0131ld\u0131r T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de oturan Venedik k\u00f6kenli bir Katolik aileden geliyordu, Yunan pasaportlu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edildi.<\/p>\n Yunan pasaportu ta\u015f\u0131yanlar iki \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gelmi\u015f ki\u015filer de\u011fil. \u00c7ok uzun s\u00fcredir burada ya\u015fayan ve zaten bural\u0131 ki\u015filer de\u011fil mi? Hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan nas\u0131l bir durumdalar?<\/p>\n Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Yunan uyru\u011fu olarak Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan beri ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da o d\u00f6nemde Yunanistan\u2019daki i\u015fsizli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kalifiye i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011fundan 1930 Mukavelenamesi sonucu gelip yerle\u015fmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Bu ki\u015filerin haklar\u0131, daha Haziran 1932 tarihinde 2007 say\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan, T\u00fcrk Vatanda\u015flar\u0131na Tahsis Edilen Sanat ve Hizmetler Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019la ihlal edilmi\u015fti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu, Yunan uyruklu \u0130stanbullu etablilerden (etabli, m\u00fcbadele d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yerle\u015fik demektir) baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flerinden at\u0131larak Yunanistan\u2019a mecburen g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerine sebep olmu\u015f idi.<\/p>\n Bu s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilme olay\u0131 Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin ba\u015fl\u0131ca etno-dinsel temizli\u011fini olu\u015fturdu ve literat\u00fcre \u201c1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d olarak ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n Bu karar\u0131 sizin \u201c100. Y\u0131l\u0131nda Lozan \u0130hlalleri\u201d kitab\u0131nda yer verdi\u011finiz gibi Lozan\u2019\u0131n bir ihlali olarak g\u00f6rebilir miyiz?<\/p>\n Evet. Bir kere, Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Md. 38 \u201cT\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de oturan herkes[in] (\u2026) milliyet ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmeksizin (\u2026) \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini korumay\u0131 (\u2026) y\u00fck\u00fcmlenir\u201d demekte.<\/p>\n \u0130kincisi, bu Yunan uyruklar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca 1930 Mukavelenamesi\u2019yle de\u011fil, Ocak 1923 Lozan Zorunlu M\u00fcbadele S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin 2\/a maddesinde kullan\u0131lan terimle de \u0130stanbul\u2019da etabli ilan edilmi\u015f durumda. \u015e\u00f6yle ki:<\/p>\n M\u00fcbadele S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi Md. 2\/a, m\u00fcbadeleye tabi tutulmayacak (yani etabli say\u0131lacak) kategorileri sayarken, nas\u0131l Yunanistan i\u00e7in \u201cB. Trakya\u2019da oturan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar (B. Trakya\u2019n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ahalisi)\u201d demi\u015fse, bu insanlar i\u00e7in de \u201c\u0130stanbul\u2019da oturan Rumlar\u201d (\u0130stanbul\u2019un Rum ahalisi)\u201d demekteydi. Yani bu Rumlar uyrukluk (T\u00fcrk veya Yunan) veya din\/mezhep (Ortodoks veya ba\u015fka) durumlar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n etabli ilan edilmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n Kald\u0131 ki, \u00f6nemli bir Lozan ihlali daha mevcut: Lozan Dengesi\u2019nin ihlali. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu denge, asker\u00ee durumun (Ege adalar\u0131 vs.) yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etabli n\u00fcfus dengesini de i\u00e7eriyordu. Zira M\u00fcbadele S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hem B. Trakya\u2019da hem de \u0130stanbul\u2019da yakla\u015f\u0131k 120.000\u2019er etabli kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde B. Trakya\u2019da yine yakla\u015f\u0131k 120.000 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul\u2019da bug\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131k 2.000 Rum kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1974 K\u0131br\u0131s \u00e7\u0131kartmas\u0131 bile bu az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fckenmesine 1964 kadar sebep olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Tabii, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fcz karas\u0131 olan 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl 1955 pogromundan bahis bile etmeden ge\u00e7iyoruz.<\/p>\n Olay\u0131n di\u011fer sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na de\u011finerek bitirirsek?<\/p>\n 1964\u2019\u00fcn k\u0131sa vadeli yani derhal olu\u015fmu\u015f sonu\u00e7lardan bahsediyorsak, \u0130stanbul\u2019un bu tarihsel sakinleri yerini Anadolu\u2019dan i\u015f bulmaya gelenlere b\u0131rakt\u0131. \u0130stanbul her bak\u0131mdan, \u00f6zellikle k\u00fclt\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fakirle\u015fti. 1964 ve 1974 olaylar\u0131 sonucunda b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda Rum mal\u0131 da ya\u011fmaland\u0131.<\/p>\n \u0130stanbul az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Md. 14\u2019le korunmu\u015f olan \u0130mroz ve Bozcaada Rum az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da t\u00fckenme noktas\u0131na geldi.<\/p>\n En \u00f6nemli uzun vadeli sonu\u00e7tan bahsediyorsak, hemen yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fim Lozan Dengesi y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131; her iki az\u0131nl\u0131k da bundan zarar g\u00f6recektir.<\/p>\n Her iki az\u0131nl\u0131k derken, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki 1964 ve 1974 bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ucu B. Trakya M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na da fena dokundu. \u00d6zellikle 1967 Albaylar Cuntas\u0131 d\u00f6neminde topraklar\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan ve trakt\u00f6r ehliyeti verilmeyen az\u0131nl\u0131k ekonomik olarak \u00e7ok h\u0131rpaland\u0131. Az\u0131nl\u0131k ilkokullar\u0131n\u0131 ilk defa resmen \u201cT\u00fcrk okullar\u0131\u201d olarak niteleyen 1954 \u201cPapagos Kanunu\u201d kald\u0131r\u0131larak 1972\u2019de t\u00fcm okullarda tabelalar de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. Her K\u0131br\u0131s bunal\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk k\u00f6yleri asker\u00ee ablukaya al\u0131nd\u0131. Az\u0131nl\u0131k \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131 o denli yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ki, kahvehanelerin men\u00fclerinde bulunan \u201cTurkiko Kafe\u201dnin (T\u00fcrk Kahvesi) ad\u0131n\u0131n bile \u201cBizans Kahvesi\u201dne \u00e7evrilmesi zorunlu tutulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n Yunanistan da, 1964\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak, Onikiada\u2019da (\u0130stank\u00f6y\/Kos ve Rodos\u2019ta) ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrkleri s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve baz\u0131 camilerde minareden ezan okunmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131.<\/p>\n B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar bize, az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131 konusundaki o hazin deyimi hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor:<\/p>\n \u201cFiller tepi\u015fir, otlar ezilir\u201d.<\/p>\n
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