{"id":76537,"date":"2023-10-25T06:09:39","date_gmt":"2023-10-25T11:09:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=76537"},"modified":"2023-10-25T06:09:39","modified_gmt":"2023-10-25T11:09:39","slug":"turklestirmesiz-ve-dersimsiz-yazilan-resmi-cumhuriyettir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=76537","title":{"rendered":"\u2018T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme\u2019siz ve \u2018Dersim\u2019siz yaz\u0131lan, resm\u00ee Cumhuriyet\u2019tir"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

M\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilen H\u0131ristiyan ve Yahudi milletinden olanlard\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fc, T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam ahaliye, sermayedarlara, devletin kurumlar\u0131na da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131 veya sat\u0131ld\u0131. M\u00fclk\u00fcn tapusu da yeni sahiplerine ge\u00e7ti.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Nevzat Onaran<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00fcn\u00a0Auschwitz<\/a>\u2026<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn Gazze\u2026<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet\u2019in 100. y\u0131l\u0131 vesilesiyle kaleme al\u0131nan yaz\u0131larda her konunun 100 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6zetlendi. Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 anlamam\u0131z ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 aralamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemliydi. Hi\u00e7 hat\u0131rlanmayan\u00a0Cumhuriyet\u2019in yap\u0131sal politi\u011fi<\/strong>, ekonominin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesinde yo\u011funla\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. Bunun i\u00e7in \u2018kurtulu\u015f ve kurulu\u015f\u2019 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, 1920\u2019lerde neler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011finece\u011fim.<\/p>\n

\u0130stihdam\u0131n T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi de d\u00f6nemin bir ba\u015fka politi\u011fiydi.\u00a0Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0gibi \u00f6zel kurumlar Ankara\u2019n\u0131n direktifiyle (resm\u00ee ifadeyle) \u2018gayri M\u00fcslimlerden\u2019 bir bir temizlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Milleten T\u00fcrk ve dinen S\u00fcnni \u0130slam olmayana<\/strong>\u00a0neler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmez de\u011fildir. H\u0131ristiyan Ermeni ve Rum milletleri, Anadolu\u2019dan niye\/nas\u0131l tasfiye edilmi\u015ftir? Orada kal\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f, Trakya ve \u0130stanbul da hedeflenmi\u015ftir. \u0130stanbul\u2019da sona gelinmi\u015f, y\u00fczde 99,9 \u0130slam\u2019a yakla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha d\u00fcn, 1955\u2019te \u0130stanbul n\u00fcfusunda \u0130slam pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 88\u2019di. H\u0131ristiyan ve Musevi n\u00fcfus, ne oldu da erimi\u015f yok olmu\u015ftur?<\/p>\n

Elbette demografik yap\u0131n\u0131n temizlenmesiyle kal\u0131nmad\u0131; as\u0131l hedefse iktisadi yap\u0131yd\u0131. Yani mal\u0131n-m\u00fclk\u00fcn T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam\u2019a transferiydi.<\/p>\n

Oysa Cumhuriyet\u2019in devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 iktisadi miras\u0131n, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zel sermaye yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, iktisadi politikalar\u0131n, kurumsalla\u015fman\u0131n ve sairenin anlat\u0131m\u0131nda esas konu T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme es ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. H\u0131ristiyan Ermeni ve Rum milletlerin (ve 1934\u2019te Trakya Yahudilerinin) demografik ve iktisadi yap\u0131dan tasfiyesi g\u00f6rmezden gelinmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Genel olarak arada bir hat\u0131rlan\u0131p ge\u00e7ilense Varl\u0131k Vergisi ve 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl pogromuydu.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6kmeyi yani literat\u00fcr ad\u0131yla T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmeyi yok sayarak yap\u0131lan iktisadi analiz, bildik s\u00f6ylemle \u2018yerli ve mill\u00ee\u2019dir. Cumhuriyet\u2019te egemen (T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc) iktisadi\/siyasi analizin varsay\u0131m\u0131, (m\u00fclkiyeti ve ekonomiyi) T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmeyi ve (\u201938 Dersim gibi) k\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 yok saymakt\u0131r. 1914-1923 d\u00f6neminde, 1914\u2019teki Osmanl\u0131 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re\u00a02,5-3 milyon Ermeni\u2019nin ve Rum\u2019un can\u0131yla mal\u0131yla tasfiyesini<\/strong>\u00a0g\u00f6rmeyen analiz, asl\u0131nda T\u00fcrk-S\u00fcnni \u0130slam egemenli\u011fine methiyedir.<\/p>\n

Kitlesel m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirme ve m\u00fclkle\u015ftirme, T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmenin iki fakt\u00f6r\u00fcyd\u00fc. Bu, sadece 1920\u2019lerin de\u011fil Cumhuriyet\u2019in temel politikas\u0131yd\u0131. Son vuru\u015f \u0130stanbul\u2019da yap\u0131ld\u0131; halen devam ediyor. Bunun i\u00e7indir ki, 1915\u2019lerden 2023\u2019lere T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme, bir\u00a0T\u00fcrk N\u00fcfus M\u00fchendisli\u011fi<\/strong>faaliyetiydi. Kitlesel olarak m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilenler ve m\u00fclkle\u015ftirilenler kimlerdi? T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin ekonomi politi\u011fi, i\u015fte bu sorunun cevab\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

TC vatanda\u015f\u0131 birinin m\u00fclk\u00fc, \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fcne transfer edildi. Bildik ifadeyle m\u00fclke \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc ve sonras\u0131nda da kapan\u0131n elinde kald\u0131 ya da hibe edildi veya sudan ucuz fiyata sat\u0131ld\u0131. Tapu kayd\u0131n\u0131 yenilemek de unutulmad\u0131. Hatta kay\u0131t i\u015flemini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, baz\u0131 \u2018tapu kayd\u0131n\u0131n hukuki k\u0131ymetini kaybetti\u011fi\u2019 bile kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131: 2 Haziran 1929 tarihli ve 1515 say\u0131l\u0131\u00a0Tapu Kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndan Hukuki K\u0131ymetlerini Kaybetmi\u015f Olanlar\u0131n Tasfiyesine Dair Kanun<\/strong>. Dikkat eder misiniz, kanunun ad\u0131na?<\/p>\n

G\u00fcya can ve mal g\u00fcveli\u011fi vard\u0131!<\/p>\n

M\u00fclkiyeti ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ekonomiyi T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmenin politi\u011fi, (buldu\u011fum kadar\u0131yla) biri 1915\u2019te, 17\u2019si 1920\u2019lerde haz\u0131rlanan mevzuatla belirlendi ve uyguland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece\u00a0devlet, on binlerce m\u00fclke el koydu<\/strong>. Devletle\u015ftirme, bunun i\u00e7in \u201930\u2019lar\u0131n de\u011fil, \u201920\u2019lerin politi\u011fiydi.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmede, kapitalizmin kutsal\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet g\u00fcvenli\u011fini yok eden transfer sisteminin bildik \u015fifresi, emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbkeydi.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00c7\u0130\u015eLER\u0130 BAKANLI\u011eI: 13.160 DERS\u0130ML\u0130 VE 122 ASKER \u00d6LD\u00dc<\/h2>\n

T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmenin ikiz politi\u011fi k\u0131r\u0131mlar da yok say\u0131ld\u0131, hat\u0131rlanmad\u0131. K\u0131r\u0131mlar, demografik yap\u0131n\u0131n temizli\u011finin politi\u011fiydi. Yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemde en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan\u0131 Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet\u2019in \u2018T\u00fcrk tipi medenile\u015ftirme<\/strong>\u2019 politi\u011finin Dersim icras\u0131na k\u0131saca de\u011finece\u011fim.<\/p>\n

\u2018Dersim\u2019 dedi\u011fimizde neler anlat\u0131lm\u0131yor ki: \u201c\u0130syan vard\u0131\u201d ve \u201cN\u00fcfusa yaz\u0131lmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in askere gitmiyorlard\u0131\u201d ve saire.<\/p>\n

Bu nas\u0131l isyand\u0131r? 1938 harek\u00e2t\u0131nda 13 bin 160 Dersimli ve 122 asker-milis \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Askerlik meselesi de \u00f6yle. Dersim harek\u00e2t\u0131nda\u00a0\u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n itiraf\u0131 yeter: \u201cBen, Dahiliye Vekiliyim [\u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131y\u0131m], iki \u00e7ocu\u011fum var, ikisi de [n\u00fcfusa]\u00a0kay\u0131tl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bir g\u00fcn Meclis\u2019te arkada\u015flar\u0131mdan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 n\u00fcfusa kay\u0131tl\u0131 olanlar ellerini kald\u0131rs\u0131n dedim. Kald\u0131ran olmad\u0131.\u201d(1)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7ocu\u011funu n\u00fcfusa yazd\u0131rmayan, Dersimli su\u00e7lu ve bakan d\u00e2hil, kanunu yapan mebuslar ise su\u00e7suz. Her \u015fey \u00e7ok net ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r de\u011fil mi? Keyfi y\u00f6netim b\u00f6yledir i\u015fte!<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet analizinde, T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme gibi on binlerce Dersimli\u2019nin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u00a0\u201938 Dersim k\u0131r\u0131m harek\u00e2t\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0da hat\u0131rlanmad\u0131. Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131n\u0131n hemen \u00f6ncesindeki Ko\u00e7giri, Pontos ve sonras\u0131ndaki A\u011fr\u0131, Sasun k\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 da\u2026<\/p>\n

Dersim\u2019de harek\u00e2t\u0131n kanl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131lan haz\u0131rl\u0131ktan belliydi. Askeriyenin eksi\u011fini gidermek i\u00e7in kaynak yaratmak amac\u0131yla haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa 1934\u2019te ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in 28 May\u0131s 1934\u2019te d\u00f6rt kanun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece pek \u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcnden\u00a0Mill\u00ee M\u00fcdafaa Vergisi<\/strong>\u00a0al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kayna\u011f\u0131n nerelere harcanaca\u011f\u0131 da\u00a0gizli kanunla\u00a0<\/strong>belirlenmi\u015ftir; bunun ne oldu\u011funu da ancak 68 y\u0131l sonra \u00f6\u011frenebildik (bildi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla ilktir). 3 May\u0131s 1934 ve 2425 say\u0131l\u0131 (gizli) kanundan ancak 2002\u2019de haberdar olabildik.<\/p>\n

Dersim,\u00a0Korgeneral Abdullah Alpdo\u011fan<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n vali-komutan ve m\u00fcfetti\u015f olarak atand\u0131\u011f\u0131 1936\u2019dan itibaren harek\u00e2t sahas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1938\u2019de resmen\u00a0sava\u015f<\/a>\u00a0karar\u0131yla\u00a0harek\u00e2t<\/a>\u00a0planland\u0131: \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re\u00a013.160 Dersimli \u00f6ld\u00fc<\/strong>\u00a0ve ne kadar yaral\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fuysa hi\u00e7 dikkate al\u0131nmad\u0131. \u00d6len askerle milis toplam\u0131ysa 122 ve yaral\u0131ysa 251\u2019di. Oysa 1919-1923\u2019te T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaysa\u00a09167 subay ve asker \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.(2)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca 15-20 bin Dersimli de s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u201938 Dersim harek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131n sonucundan anl\u0131yoruz ki, isyan s\u00f6ylemiyle, k\u0131r\u0131m perdelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Devletin d\u00e2hili ve harici harbi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla ortadad\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n

Bu halde Dersim\u2019deki \u2018T\u00fcrk tipi medenile\u015ftirme<\/strong>\u2019yi nas\u0131l g\u00f6rmezden gelebiliriz?<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet\u2019in temellendirildi\u011fi ve kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1910\u2019lardan 1940\u2019lara \u00e7eyrek as\u0131rl\u0131k icraat\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ve T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi bir devlet ideolojisidir.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn de ayn\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc-S\u00fcnni \u0130slamc\u0131 resm\u00ee ideolojinin mahsul\u00fcd\u00fcr: 1920\u2019lerden 2020\u2019lere devaml\u0131l\u0131k ve s\u00fcreklilik vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00dcRKLE\u015eT\u0130RMEN\u0130N \u015e\u0130FRES\u0130, EMV\u00c2L-\u0130 METR\u00dbKE<\/h3>\n

\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetin, 1915\u2019te \u2018milleten T\u00fcrk ve dinen S\u00fcnni \u0130slam olmayan\u0131\u2019, demografik ve iktisadi yap\u0131y\u0131 temizlemek amac\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koydu\u011fu iki ge\u00e7ici kanun vard\u0131. Birincisi\u00a027 May\u0131s 1915 tarihli Tehcir Kanunu<\/strong>\u00a0ve di\u011feri de bildik ad\u0131yla\u00a026 Eyl\u00fcl 1915 tarihli Tasfiye Kanunu<\/strong>\u2019ydu. Bunlar, T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmenin politi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan temel kanunlard\u0131. Anadolu\u2019nun demografik yap\u0131s\u0131 Tehcir Kanunu\u2019yla ve iktisadi yap\u0131s\u0131 da Tasfiye Kanunu\u2019yla temizlendi.<\/p>\n

1920\u2019lere gelindi\u011finde Ermeniler neredeyse tamam\u0131ndan ve Rumlar da k\u0131smen Anadolu\u2019dan temizlenmi\u015fti. Eksiklik 1920-1923 d\u00f6neminde giderildi, Rumlardan da temizlendi tamamen. Bunun i\u00e7in 30 Ocak 1923\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye-Yunanistan M\u00fcbadele Antla\u015fmas\u0131 gere\u011fi ancak\u00a0112 bin Rum<\/a>\u00a0g\u00f6nderildi; oysa Rum m\u00fcbadil toplam\u0131 1,2 milyondu.<\/p>\n

Tasfiye Kanunu gere\u011fi yerinden-yurdundan kovalananlar\u0131n kalan mal\u0131-m\u00fclk\u00fc\u00a0emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbke<\/strong>\u00a0olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131. G\u00fcya \u2018sahipsiz\u2019 mallard\u0131. T\u0131rnak i\u00e7inde \u2018sahipsizdi.\u2019 Asl\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir mal sahipsiz de\u011fildi; hem mal-m\u00fclk sahipleri kovalanm\u0131\u015f ve elinden zorla al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r hem de (mevzuatta) m\u00fclk-sahibi ili\u015fkisi tamamen kopart\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi,\u00a0\u00c2yan Meclisi\u2019nden Ahmet R\u0131za<\/strong>, vicdanl\u0131 bir ses olarak 13 Aral\u0131k 1915\u2019te s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Tasfiye Kanunu\u2019nun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck tarihinin sava\u015f sonuna b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen \u00f6nergesinin m\u00fczakeresinde Ahmet R\u0131za, m\u00fclkiyetle sahibi ili\u015fkisine dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015fti:<\/p>\n

\u201cBen, mal\u0131m\u0131 satma\u011fa raz\u0131 olmazsam kimse cebren bana satt\u0131ramaz. Kanun-i Esasinin 21\u2019inci maddesi buna manidir. E\u011fer bu memlekette Kanun-i Esasi ve me\u015frutiyet varsa bu olamaz, bu bir zul\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Beni kolumdan tut, k\u00f6y\u00fcmden d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at, mal\u0131m\u0131 ve m\u00fclk\u00fcm\u00fc de sonra sat; bu hi\u00e7bir vakit de caiz de\u011fildir. Bunu ne Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n vicdan\u0131 kabul eder ne de kanun.\u201d(3)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00fclkiyetin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesinin transfer ve tapulama sistemi 1920\u2019lerde belirlendi ve uyguland\u0131.<\/p>\n

12 Ocak 1920\u2019de kararnameyle<\/strong>\u00a0ilga edilen \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Tasfiye Kanunu, \u0130zmir i\u015fgalden kurtar\u0131ld\u0131ktan be\u015f g\u00fcn sonra TBMM\u2019nin 14 Eyl\u00fcl 1922 tarihli (ve 284 say\u0131l\u0131) karar\u0131yla yeniden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kondu. Devam\u0131nda Tasfiye Kanunu,\u00a015 Nisan 1923 tarihli ve 333 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla<\/strong>yeniden d\u00fczenlendi ve 8 Kas\u0131m 1988\u2019e kadar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

1923\u2019te emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbkenin tan\u0131m\u0131 yenilendi. 1915\u2019te emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbke,\u00a0yerinden-yurdundan kovalanan\u0131n<\/strong>\u00a0mal\u0131yd\u0131-m\u00fclk\u00fcyd\u00fc. 1923\u2019te ise\u00a0sahibin ba\u015f\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0her mal-m\u00fclk, emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbkeydi. 1923\u2019te b\u00f6ylesi \u2018el koymay\u0131\u2019 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran h\u00fckm\u00fcn m\u00fczakeresinde, \u0130slam olan\u0131n mal\u0131na el konur endi\u015fesi ifade edildi\u011finde, \u201c\u00f6yle olmayaca\u011f\u0131\u201d g\u00fcvencesi verilmi\u015ftir.(4)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

1914\u2019te Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re bug\u00fcnk\u00fc TC s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 dahilide y\u00fczde 80\u2019leri bulan \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n pay\u0131, 1927 say\u0131m\u0131nda y\u00fczde 97,2\u2019yi a\u015ft\u0131. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle y\u00fczde 20\u2019lere yakla\u015fan H\u0131ristiyan ve Musevi n\u00fcfus pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 2,8\u2019lere geriledi.(5)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a01923\u2019e gelindi\u011finde tahminen\u00a02,5 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n H\u0131ristiyan Ermeni ve Rum milleti<\/strong>\u00a0demografik yap\u0131dan tasfiye edilmi\u015f ve emv\u00e2li metr\u00fbke denilen kalan mallar\u0131na da devlet ad\u0131na el konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Sadrazam Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n 1868\u2019de<\/strong>\u00a0\u201cDevlet gelirlerinin \u00fc\u00e7te ikisini onlar [\u0130slam olmayanlar]\u00a0veriyor\u201d demesi(6)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0gibi vergileriyle Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 finanse eden H\u0131ristiyan (ve Yahudi) milletlerin ekonomideki etkinli\u011finin g\u00f6stergesi olarak sanayideki m\u00fclkiyet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da hat\u0131rlataca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n

1915\u2019te sava\u015f b\u00f6lgesi Suriye hari\u00e7 \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir, Bursa \u015fehirleri ile Band\u0131rma, Manisa, U\u015fak ve \u0130zmit kasabalar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan sanayi say\u0131m\u0131 verilerinde\u00a0\u0130brahim Pertev<\/strong>\u2019in ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na g\u00f6re, 214 firman\u0131n 42\u2019si (y\u00fczde 19,6) T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n ve 172\u2019si (y\u00fczde 80,4) anas\u0131r-\u0131 gayr-\u0131 M\u00fcslime\u2019nin yani H\u0131ristiyan ve Musevi\u2019nindi. \u0130brahim Pertev, Mart 1918 itibariyle, ayn\u0131 yerlerde yap\u0131lacak say\u0131m\u0131n da, \u201cVaziyet b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e bir farkla T\u00fcrk unsurunun lehinde\u201d olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015f ve\u00a0Zafer Toprak<\/strong>\u00a0da benzer de\u011ferlendirmede bulunmu\u015ftur: \u201cOysa, sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam unsurunun lehine geli\u015fmi\u015fti.\u201d(7)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Anl\u0131yoruz ki n\u00fcfustaki ve sanayideki payla\u015f\u0131m ters orant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n n\u00fcfusta y\u00fczde 80\u2019lerde olan pay\u0131, sanayideyse y\u00fczde 20\u2019ydi. H\u0131ristiyan ve Musevi\u2019nin pay\u0131ysa, n\u00fcfusta y\u00fczde 20 ve sanayide y\u00fczde 80\u2019di. Bu payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u00a01914-1918\u2019teki sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131nda<\/strong>\u00a0T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam lehine de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi de iddia edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu halde, Cumhuriyet\u2019in iktisadi analizinde demografik ve iktisadi yap\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam lehine de\u011fi\u015fimini sa\u011flayan politikay\u0131 (ve devam etmesini) nas\u0131l dikkate almay\u0131z?<\/p>\n

CUMHUR\u0130YET\u2019\u0130N TRANSFER-TAPULAMA S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong><\/h4>\n

O y\u0131llarda metr\u00fbk gayrimenkullerin \u0130slam ahalisine, muhacirlere, sermayedarlara, devletin memuruna, T\u00fcrk Ocaklar\u0131\u2019na ve devletin di\u011fer kurumlar\u0131na ve belli \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 ailelere verilmesi, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131, sat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve tapu kayd\u0131n\u0131n yenilenmesi, ilgili kanun ve talimatnamelere g\u00f6re yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1915 tarihli Tasfiye Kanunu d\u00e2hil, 1915-1930 d\u00f6nemine ait m\u00fclkiyeti ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ekonomiyi T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmenin mevzuat\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

1- 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1915 tarihli ve bilinen ad\u0131yla muvakkat\u00a0Tasfiye Kanunu<\/strong>\u00a0(tam ad\u0131: 14 May\u0131s 1331 (27 May\u0131s 1915) Tarihli Kanunu Muvakkat Mucibince \u00c2her (ba\u015fka) Mahallere Nakledilen E\u015fhas\u0131n Emv\u00e2l (mallar\u0131), D\u00fcyun (bor\u00e7lar\u0131) ve Matlubat\u0131 (alaca\u011f\u0131) Metr\u00fbkesi Hakk\u0131nda Kanunu Muvakkat<\/em>) bir g\u00fcn sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kondu. Buna g\u00f6re yerinden-yurdundan kovulanlar\u0131n mal\u0131na-m\u00fclk\u00fcne el kondu ve belirlenen i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130\u015flemi yapmakla g\u00f6revli\u00a042 Tasfiye Komisyonu<\/strong>\u2019nun bir yaprak belgesi g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131. Kovulan ad\u0131na yap\u0131lan sat\u0131\u015f-alacak-bor\u00e7 i\u015flemi sonras\u0131 kalan art\u0131\u011f\u0131n verilece\u011fi h\u00fckm\u00fc de ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131, 1928\u2019den itibaren b\u00fct\u00e7eye aktar\u0131ld\u0131.(8)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

2- \u0130ki kararnameyle, 7 Ekim 1920\u2019de Rumlarla Ermenilerle ilgili\u00a0politikalar\u0131n idari ve siyasi nedenlerle ertelenmeyip uygulanmas\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0ve 18 Ocak 1921\u2019de Ayd\u0131n vilayetiyle sair mahallerde firar edenlerin menkul ve gayrimenkul\u00fcn\u00fcn Maliye\u2019ye devri kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.(9)<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

3- H\u00fck\u00fcmet, i\u015fgalden kurtar\u0131lan b\u00f6lgelerde sahipsiz kalan menkul mallar\u0131 satt\u0131 ve gayrimenkullerini idare etti, 20 Nisan 1922 tarih ve 224 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla.(10)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

4- 1915\u2019ten itibaren emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbke bilm\u00fczayede sat\u0131ld\u0131, 15 Nisan 1923 tarih ve 333 No\u2019lu Kanun\u2019la yeniden d\u00fczenlenen 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1915 tarihli Tasfiye Kanunu\u2019nun 3\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc maddesiyle.\u00a0Sahibinin ba\u015f\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fclke el koymay\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0sa\u011flayan 333 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun (madde 6), m\u00fclkiyeti T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme sisteminin ve i\u00e7eride tapu meselesini \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemenin temel kanunuydu. Talimatnamesi (29.4.1923 ve 2455 say\u0131l\u0131) de \u00f6nemli h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7ermektedir.(11)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

5- Emlaki tahrip edilmi\u015f ve muhta\u00e7 olana, metr\u00fbk gayrimenkul da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131 ve sat\u0131ld\u0131, 13 Mart 1924 tarih ve 441 say\u0131l\u0131 ile 15 Nisan 1925 tarih ve 622 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunlarla.(12)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

6- T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, Birinci Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde mal\u0131na ve m\u00fclk\u00fcne el konulan vatanda\u015f\u0131\u00a0Ermeni ve Rum\u2019un<\/strong>\u00a0elindeki tek\u00e2lif-i harbiye ve milliye mazbatalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demedi<\/strong>, 3 Nisan 1924 tarih ve 459 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla.(13)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0B\u00f6ylece resmen, TC vatanda\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

7- M\u00fcbadele nedeniyle gelenlere gayrimenkul da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131, 16 Nisan 1924 tarihli 488 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla.(14)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

8- Bir k\u0131s\u0131m metr\u00fbk gayrimenkuller \u0130l \u00d6zel \u0130darelerine devredildi,18 Nisan 1925 tarih ve 627 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunun madde 23\/V f\u0131kras\u0131yla.(15)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

9- T\u00fcrk sermayedara, ticaret ve sanayi odalar\u0131yla borsalara ve belediyelere metr\u00fbk gayrimenkul sat\u0131ld\u0131, 22 \u015eubat 1926 tarih ve 748 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla.(16)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

10- Metr\u00fbk gayrimenkul\u00a01915\u2019teki kay\u0131tl\u0131 de\u011ferinden sat\u0131ld\u0131<\/strong>, 13 Mart 1926 tarihli ve 781 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla. Oysa 1915-1926 d\u00f6neminde \u0130stanbul t\u00fcketici fiyatlar\u0131 12 misli artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.(17)<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0G\u00fcya b\u00f6ylesi enflasyonist ortamda bedava verilmiyor, sat\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

11- Ermenilerden metr\u00fbk (20 bin liral\u0131k) emv\u00e2l, d\u0131\u015far\u0131da\u00a0\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen ve idam edilen 12 \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong>\u00a0(Tal\u00e2t Pa\u015fa, Cemal Pa\u015fa, Cemal Azmi Pa\u015fa, Bahattin \u015eakir, Cemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Yaveri S\u00fcreyya ve Yaveri Nusret, Sait Halim Pa\u015fa, Mu\u015f Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 Servet, Urfa Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 Nusret, Bo\u011fazl\u0131yan Kaymakam\u0131 Kemal, Muhakemesinin hini cereyan\u0131nda firar ve intihar eden Dr. Re\u015fit, Erzincanl\u0131 Haf\u0131z Abdullah<\/em>) her birisinin ailesine verildi, 31 May\u0131s 1926 tarih ve 882 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla.(18)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Sabr\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 zorlamadan kanunun bilinir olmas\u0131nda \u00f6zel bir an\u0131m\u0131 aktaraca\u011f\u0131m. Tarih\u00e7i ve akademiadan de\u011filim, ekonomi muhabiriydim. Kanunu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lmak, y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00f6nemli ad\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131. Sayg\u0131yla an\u0131yorum,\u00a0Hrant Dink<\/strong>\u2019le birlikte atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m, ad\u0131m\u0131m\u0131. TBMM tutanaklar\u0131, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc gibi TBMM sitesinde y\u00fckl\u00fc de\u011fildi. Tarih\u00e7i bir hocam\u0131zdan TBMM\u2019nin (1920-1928) ve Osmanl\u0131 Meclis-i Mebusan\u2019\u0131n (1908-1912) zab\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n fotokopisini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Sayfalar\u0131 tek tek kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken 30 ve 31 May\u0131s 1926 tarihli tutanakta kanunun m\u00fczakeresini okudum. Hrant Dink\u2019le tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m ve\u00a0AGOS<\/em>\u2019a arada bir yaz\u0131yordum. \u00d6yle yapt\u0131m; kan bedeli olarak m\u00fclkiyet transferiyle ilgili yaz\u0131m\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131m ve\u00a0AGOS<\/em>\u2019a faksla g\u00f6nderdim. Hrant Dink\u2019le g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmemde, kendilerinin b\u00f6yle bir \u00f6zel kanunu bilmediklerini s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. Yaz\u0131m,\u00a0AGOS<\/em>\u2019ta (27.5.2005, s. 2) yay\u0131mland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece kanun bilinir oldu.<\/p>\n

12- T\u00fcrk Ocaklar\u0131, Muallimler Birli\u011fi ve Himayei Etfal gibi kurumlara metr\u00fbk gayrimenkul sat\u0131ld\u0131 veya kiraland\u0131, 16 Haziran 1927 tarih ve 1080 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla.(19)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

13- M\u00fcbadil Rumlardan kalan emv\u00e2l m\u00fcbadeleye t\u00e2bi olmayana da verildi, 31 Mart 1928 tarih ve 1217 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla.(20)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

14- Emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbkenin sahibine vermek \u00fczere emaneten Mal Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na yat\u0131r\u0131lan yani\u00a0e<\/strong>mv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbke hesab\u0131 carilerdeki paralar<\/strong>, 1928\u2019den itibaren TC b\u00fct\u00e7esine aktar\u0131ld\u0131, 24 May\u0131s 1928 tarih ve 1349 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla ve Maliye\u2019nin bir tamimiyle. 1928\u2019de aktar\u0131lan 300 bin lirayd\u0131.(21)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

15- Emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbke hesab\u0131 carilerdeki parayla,1923 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir ve Ankara\u2019dan ba\u015fka mahallerde de Mill\u00ee Eml\u00e2k memurlar\u0131n\u0131n maa\u015f\u0131 \u00f6dendi, TBMM\u2019nin ilgili b\u00fct\u00e7e karar\u0131yla.(22)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

16- Emv\u00e2l-i metrukeden sat\u0131n al\u0131nan veya kullan\u0131lan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n tapu kayd\u0131, i\u015fgal eden veya sat\u0131n alan ad\u0131na de\u011fi\u015ftirildi, 24.5.1928 tarih ve 1331 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla.(23)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

17-\u00a0Tapu kayd\u0131 hukuki k\u0131ymetini kaybetmi\u015ftir<\/strong>\u00a0gerek\u00e7esiyle, birisi ad\u0131na kay\u0131tl\u0131 olan gayrimenkul\u00fc 15 veya 10 y\u0131ld\u0131r kullanan ad\u0131na tapu senedi d\u00fczenlendi, 2.6.1929 tarih ve 1515 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla.(24)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

18- Tapuda kayd\u0131 bulunan veya bulunmayan gayrimenkul, Medeni Kanun\u2019un 638-639\u2019uncu maddelerinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u00fcredir kullanan ad\u0131na kaydedildi.(25)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

1930\u2019a kadar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulan bu mevzuatla, 1915\u2019lerde \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n temellendirdi\u011fi T\u00fcrk-S\u00fcnni-\u0130slam olmayan\u0131n ekonomik yap\u0131dan tasfiyesinin in\u015fas\u0131 tamamland\u0131 ve sistemle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

Ve o y\u0131llarda da kalmad\u0131: Varl\u0131k Vergisi, 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl pogromu, 1964\u2019te \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131n kovalanmas\u0131, \u201970\u2019lerde H\u0131ristiyan ve Yahudi vak\u0131f mallar\u0131na el koymak ve saire.<\/p>\n

M\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilen Osmanl\u0131 ve (devam\u0131nda) Cumhuriyet vatanda\u015f\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan ve Yahudi milletinden olanlard\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fc, T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam ahaliye, sermayedarlara, devletin kurumlar\u0131na da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131 veya sat\u0131ld\u0131. M\u00fclk\u00fcn tapusu da unutulmad\u0131 ve yeni sahipleri ad\u0131na kaydedildi.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrtlerin m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmesinin farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131ca de\u011ferlendirmek gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Emv\u00e2l-i metruke mevzuat\u0131yla m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilenler de m\u00fclkle\u015ftirilenler de milyonlard\u0131!<\/p>\n

Milyonlar\u0131 m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirmeyi ve k\u0131r\u0131m politi\u011fini yok saymakla, asl\u0131nda m\u00fcesses nizam\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\n

NOTLAR:<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0M. B\u00fclent Varl\u0131k (haz\u0131rlayan),\u00a0Umumi M\u00fcfetti\u015fler Toplant\u0131 Tutanaklar\u0131-1936<\/em>, Dipnot Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara-2010, s. 372.<\/p>\n

(2)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Dahiliye Vekili Faik \u00d6ztrak\u2019\u0131n Ba\u015fvek\u00e2let\u2019e g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 2.11.1939 tarih ve 2470-11184 say\u0131l\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131, BCA-F:30.10\/K: 111, D: 751, S: 30, s. 2; Sabahattin Selek,\u00a0Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele<\/em>, cilt: 2, \u00d6rg\u00fcn Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2. bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul-1982, Ek: 19.<\/p>\n

(3)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0MAZC<\/em>, devre: 3, cilt: 1, sene: 2, s. 134-136.<\/p>\n

(4)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0TBMM ZC<\/em>, devre: I, cilt: 29, 15.4.1339, s. 173.<\/p>\n

(5)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Kemal H. Karpat,\u00a0Osmanl\u0131 N\u00fcfusu, 1830-1914<\/em>, \u00e7eviren: Bahar T\u0131rnakc\u0131, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2003, s. 208-227;\u00a0Umumi N\u00fcfus Tahriri (1927)<\/em>, Fasik\u00fcl I, Ankara-1929, s. xv\u0131\u0131, lx.<\/p>\n

(6)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Aktaran Do\u00e7. Dr. G\u00fclnih\u00e2l Bozkurt,\u00a0Gayrim\u00fcslim Osmanl\u0131 Vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Hukuk\u00ee Durumu (1839-1914)<\/em>, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara-1989, s. 75-76.<\/p>\n

(7)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0A. G\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00d6k\u00e7\u00fcn (haz\u0131rlayan),\u00a0Osmanl\u0131 Sanayii 1913, 1915 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Sanayi \u0130statistiki<\/em>, 2. bask\u0131, A\u00dcSBF Yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara-1971; Zafer Toprak,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u2018Milli \u0130ktisat\u2019 (1908-1918)<\/em>, Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara-1982, s. 191-192.<\/p>\n

(8)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Takvim-i Vek\u00e2yi<\/em>, 14 Eyl\u00fcl 1331, No: 2303, s. 2-3.<\/p>\n

(9)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a07.10.1920 tarih ve 264 say\u0131l\u0131 kararname, BCA-F: 30.18.1.1\/K: 1, D: 14, S: 7; 18.1.1921 tarih ve 554 say\u0131l\u0131 kararname, BCA-F: 30.18.1.1\/K: 2, D: 29, S: 20.<\/p>\n

(10)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 3, 2. bask\u0131, Ankara-1953, s. 34-35.<\/p>\n

(11)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 4, 2. bask\u0131, Ankara-1953, s. 65-67, 77-82.<\/p>\n

(12)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 5, 2. bask\u0131, Ankara-1948, s. 336;\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 6, Ankara-1934, s. 327.<\/p>\n

(13)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 5, 2. bask\u0131, Ankara-1948, s. 382-384.<\/p>\n

(14)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 5, 2. bask\u0131, Ankara-1948, s. 430-432.<\/p>\n

(15)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 6, Ankara-1934, s. 339.<\/p>\n

(16)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3.Tertip, cilt: 7, 2. tab\u0131, Ankara-1944, s. 420-421.<\/p>\n

(17)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 7, 2. tab\u0131, Ankara-1944, s. 655-657; \u015eevket Pamuk,\u00a0\u0130stanbul ve Di\u011fer Kentlerde 500 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Fiyatlar ve \u00dccretler<\/em>, D\u0130E, Ankara-2000, s. 22.<\/p>\n

(18)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 7, 2. tab\u0131, Ankara-1944, s. 1439.<\/p>\n

(19)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0TBMM ZC<\/em>, devre: 2, cilt: 26 ve 33, s. 274 ve 72-76.<\/p>\n

(20)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 9, 2. bas\u0131l\u0131\u015f, Ankara-1948, s. 125.<\/p>\n

(21)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0TBMM ZC<\/em>, devre: 3, cilt: 4, s. 353, 386-388;\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 9, 2. bas\u0131l\u0131\u015f, ciltte kanunun s\u0131ra no\u2019su, 228\u2019dir; Tamim,\u00a0Resm\u00ee Gazete,\u00a0<\/em>9.9.1930, say\u0131: 1591, s. 9355.<\/p>\n

(22)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Resm\u00ee Gazete<\/em>, 12.1.1940, say\u0131: 4408, s. 13097, 13102.<\/p>\n

(23)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 9, 2. bask\u0131, Ankara-1948, s. 732-734.<\/p>\n

(24)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 10, 2. bask\u0131, Ankara-1953, s. 896.<\/p>\n

(25)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Prof. Dr. Kemal O\u011fuzman-Do\u00e7. Dr. \u015eener Akyol,\u00a0Meden\u00ee Kanun-Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu, Tatbikat Kanunu<\/em>, Fak\u00fclteler Matbaas\u0131, \u0130stanbul-1978, s. 212-214.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.gazeteduvar.com.tr\/turklestirmesiz-ve-dersimsiz-yazilan-resmi-cumhuriyettir-haber-1643961<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilen H\u0131ristiyan ve Yahudi milletinden olanlard\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fc, T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam ahaliye, sermayedarlara, devletin kurumlar\u0131na da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131 veya sat\u0131ld\u0131. M\u00fclk\u00fcn tapusu da yeni sahiplerine ge\u00e7ti. Nevzat Onaran D\u00fcn\u00a0Auschwitz\u2026 Bug\u00fcn Gazze\u2026 *** Cumhuriyet\u2019in 100. y\u0131l\u0131 vesilesiyle kaleme al\u0131nan yaz\u0131larda her konunun 100 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6zetlendi. Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 anlamam\u0131z ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 aralamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemliydi. Hi\u00e7 hat\u0131rlanmayan\u00a0Cumhuriyet\u2019in yap\u0131sal politi\u011fi, ekonominin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesinde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":76539,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70,20,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-76537","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\n\u2018T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme\u2019siz ve \u2018Dersim\u2019siz yaz\u0131lan, resm\u00ee Cumhuriyet\u2019tir - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=76537\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u2018T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme\u2019siz ve \u2018Dersim\u2019siz yaz\u0131lan, resm\u00ee Cumhuriyet\u2019tir - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"M\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilen H\u0131ristiyan ve Yahudi milletinden olanlard\u0131. 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