{"id":75331,"date":"2023-07-31T01:42:15","date_gmt":"2023-07-31T06:42:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=75331"},"modified":"2023-07-31T01:42:15","modified_gmt":"2023-07-31T06:42:15","slug":"raphael-lemkinin-otobiyografisi-tamamen-gayriresmi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=75331","title":{"rendered":"Raphael Lemkin\u2019in otobiyografisi: \u201cTamamen Gayr\u0131resmi\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/div>\n
Attila Tuygan<\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong> \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Lemkin, Holokost s\u0131ras\u0131nda annesi ve babas\u0131 d\u00e2hil ailesinden k\u0131rk dokuz ki\u015fiyi Treblinka toplama kamp\u0131nda kaybetmi\u015fti. Muhtemelen bu travmad\u0131r, Lemkin\u2019in \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve soyk\u0131r\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadelede enternasyonalist kalmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme nedeni. Ancak y\u0131llar sonraki \u00e7e\u015fitli beyan ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimiz \u00fczere Lemkin’in \u2018soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019 terimini yaratmas\u0131na neden olan \u015fey daha \u00e7ok, 1900\u2019lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Anadolu Ermenilerine kar\u015f\u0131 uygulanan katliamlar ve 1932-33 y\u0131llar\u0131nda da Stalin\u2019in Ukrayna ve Kuban b\u00f6lgesinde sun\u00ee olarak yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 8 milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc -Holodomor- k\u0131tl\u0131k politikas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/div>\n
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Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler’de\u00a0 \u2018Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7unun Engellenmesi ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba g\u00f6steren ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tasla\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlayanlar aras\u0131nda bulunan Raphael Lemkin’in otobiyografik notlar\u0131, Donna-Lee Frieze taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131llar s\u00fcren bir \u00e7abayla yay\u0131na haz\u0131rland\u0131. Kitap “Tamamen Gayriresmi” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ve Dario Navaro \u00e7evirisiyle Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nland\u0131. Attila Tuygan kitap hakk\u0131nda bir tan\u0131t\u0131m yaz\u0131s\u0131 kaleme ald\u0131.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cBerlin\u2019de ya\u015fayan So\u011fomon Tehliryan adl\u0131 gen\u00e7, soyk\u0131r\u0131ma tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmi\u015f biri olarak intikam ate\u015fiyle yan\u0131yordu. 1921 Mart\u2019\u0131nda bu f\u0131rsat\u0131 yakalad\u0131 ve Almanlara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n arkas\u0131ndan yakla\u015ft\u0131, omzuna dokundu ve y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde tabancas\u0131n\u0131 ate\u015fledi: \u2018Bu, ailem i\u00e7in.\u2019 Sonras\u0131nda da ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131; Alman polisi taraf\u0131ndan derhal tutukland\u0131 ve mahkemeye \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131.”<\/p>\n

“Bu eylem, I. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n sonunda, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinden sorumlu olanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek \u00fczere d\u00fczenlenen Nemesis Operasyonu\u2019nun bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re, Berlin\u2019e ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f bulunan \u2018bir numara\u2019 Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019ya suikast i\u00e7in Tehliryan g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti. Tehliryan, Erzincan do\u011fumluydu ve tehcir s\u0131ras\u0131nda annesinin kur\u015funla vurulmas\u0131na, k\u0131z karde\u015flerinin tecav\u00fcze u\u011framalar\u0131na ve erkek karde\u015finin baltayla kafatas\u0131 yar\u0131larak katledilmesine tan\u0131k oldu\u011funda daha 19 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Kendisi de vurularak bilincini kaybetmi\u015f ve birka\u00e7 saat sonra cesetlerle dolu bir a\u00e7\u0131k alanda uyanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Duru\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda Aram Andonyan belgeleri kan\u0131t olarak sunulurken, sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131’n\u0131 belgeleyen Alman oryantalist Johannes Lepsius ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun asker\u00ee dan\u0131\u015fman ve komutan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f Alman generali Otto Liman von Sanders tan\u0131k olarak \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Duru\u015fma, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n su\u00e7lar\u0131 ve Almanlar\u0131n su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131klar\u0131yla ilgili tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 alevlendiren siyas\u00ee bir g\u00f6steriye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Duru\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda Tehliryan \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi: \u2018Bir adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcm, ama ben bir katil de\u011filim.\u2019 Sadece iki g\u00fcn s\u00fcrd\u00fc duru\u015fma. \u0130kinci g\u00fcnde, bir saatlik bir m\u00fczakereden sonra j\u00fcri, su\u00e7unu itiraf etmesine ra\u011fmen Tehliryan’\u0131 beraat ettirdi.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/div>\n

Yukar\u0131daki sat\u0131rlar\u0131, Belge Yay\u0131nevi\u2019nin, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde, Dario Navaro\u2019nun \u00e7evirisi ve Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu\u2019nun \u00d6ns\u00f6z\u2019\u00fc ile \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tamamen Gayr\u0131resmi\/Raphael Lemkin\u2019in ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi’nin Otobiyografik Anlat\u0131s\u0131 adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n arka kapa\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m, ancak alan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle k\u0131saltarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Tehliryan\u2019\u0131n Talat Pa\u015fa suikast\u0131, Lvov \u00dcniversitesi \u00f6\u011frencisi Raphael Lemkin\u2019in dikkatini \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. O, bu olayda suikast\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil, suikasta u\u011frayan\u0131n yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Fikrini dan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, devlet egemenli\u011fine at\u0131fta bulunarak, Ermenilerin Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve devletin onlara \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek de d\u00e2hil, istedi\u011fi her \u015feyi yapabilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu:\u00a0 \u201cTavuklar\u0131 olan bir \u00e7ift\u00e7inin durumunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. \u0130\u015fi onlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmektir. Bizi ilgilendirmez. E\u011fer m\u00fcdahale edersen bu, hakk\u0131na tecav\u00fcz olur\u2026 Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir \u00fclkenin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahale etti\u011finde, o \u00fclkenin h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ihlal edersin.\u201d Lemkin \u015fa\u015fk\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bu s\u00f6ylem kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda. \u201cTehliryan’\u0131n bir adam\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesi su\u00e7 ama bir zalimin bir milyondan fazla adam\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesi bir su\u00e7 de\u011fil! Bu, \u00e7ok sa\u00e7ma bir \u015fey. Egemenlik, milyonlarca masum insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez\u201d demi\u015fti. Asl\u0131nda bir noktada birle\u015fiyorlard\u0131; Ermenileri koruyacak hi\u00e7bir uluslararas\u0131 hukuk yoktu.<\/p>\n

Y\u0131llar ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ABD Sava\u015f Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’nda dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k da yapan ayn\u0131 Lemkin, bir n\u00fcfusu kas\u0131tl\u0131 ve sistematik olarak yok etmeye y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abay\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan \u2018jenosit\u2019 (soyk\u0131r\u0131m) teriminin \u2018babas\u0131\u2019 ve ‘soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nleme ve cezaland\u0131rma\u2019 kavram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, d\u00fcnya kamuoyunu bu konuda tek ba\u015f\u0131na uyaran ki\u015fi olarak da 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nde gelen uluslararas\u0131 hukuk\u00e7ular\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Lemkin\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ve g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri<\/strong>
\nLemkin Holokost s\u0131ras\u0131nda annesi ve babas\u0131 d\u00e2hil ailesinden k\u0131rk dokuz ki\u015fiyi Treblinka toplama kamp\u0131nda kaybetmi\u015fti. Muhtemelen bu travmad\u0131r, Lemkin\u2019in \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve soyk\u0131r\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadelede enternasyonalist kalmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme nedeni. 1948\u2019de, \u0131srarl\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, koridorlar\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fu zaman sosyal olarak g\u00f6rmezden gelindi\u011fi BM\u2019de \u2018Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7unun Engellenmesi ve Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in bir ba\u015f\u0131na lobi yapmas\u0131n\u0131n ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tasla\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlayanlar aras\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda yatan bir muharrik g\u00fc\u00e7 de bu olsa gerektir diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz; ancak y\u0131llar sonraki \u00e7e\u015fitli beyan ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimiz \u00fczere Lemkin’in \u2018soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019 terimini yaratmas\u0131na neden olan \u015fey Holokost de\u011fil; daha \u00e7ok, 1900\u2019lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Anadolu Ermenilerine kar\u015f\u0131 uygulanan katliamlar ve 1932-33 y\u0131llar\u0131nda da Stalin\u2019in Ukrayna ve Kuban b\u00f6lgesinde sun\u00ee olarak yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 8 milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Holodomor k\u0131tl\u0131k politikas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, Lemkin, iki sava\u015f aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u2018barbarl\u0131k\u2019, \u2018vandalizm\u2019 ve \u2018ter\u00f6rizm\u2019 gibi terimleri kullan\u0131yordu. \u2018Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019 terimini ilk kez 1943’te yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve 1944’te New York’ta yay\u0131nlanan Axis Rule in Occupied Europe adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda kulland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, Winston Churchill’in 1941’de \u2018ad\u0131 olmayan bir su\u00e7\u2019 diye tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vah\u015fet olaylar\u0131na Lemkin, hayat\u0131 boyunca yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemler sonucunda son derece uygun bir ad koymu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, yeni bulunan bir CBS Interview TV band\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00fczere, 1949\u2019daki bir r\u00f6portajda Lemkin, soyk\u0131r\u0131mla ilgisinin nas\u0131l ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131mla ilgilenmeye, Ermenilere olanlardan sonra ba\u015flad\u0131m. Daha sonra Ermeniler Versay Konferans\u0131\u2019nda b\u00fcy\u00fck haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011fram\u0131\u015flard\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc canileri soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7lusu olarak cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bir avukat olarak, bir su\u00e7un kurbanlarca de\u011fil, bir mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan hukuk zemininde cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordum.\u201d Bu bant b\u00fcy\u00fck tarih\u00ee de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131makta ve Lemkin\u2019in Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik trajediden nas\u0131l etkilendi\u011fini kendi dilinden aktarmaktad\u0131r. Lemkin\u2019le yap\u0131lan bu r\u00f6portaj\u0131 ve beraberindeki film karelerini g\u00f6ren birinin, Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik kitlesel cinayeti tan\u0131mlayacak en uygun terimin soyk\u0131r\u0131m oldu\u011funa ku\u015fku duymaz.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/div>\n

Yaln\u0131z \u00f6ld\u00fc<\/strong>
\n\u00d6zetleyecek olursak, ‘soyk\u0131r\u0131m’ terimini icat eden ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 bu ‘su\u00e7lar\u0131n su\u00e7u’ konusunda uyaran ki\u015fi olarak bilinen Lemkin hakk\u0131nda \u0130ngilizce, Leh\u00e7e, Frans\u0131zca ve di\u011fer dillerde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fczlerce makale, on kadar biyografi ve en az iki tiyatro oyunu vard\u0131r. Ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fcze sergilemeleri ve akademik konferanslar yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Google’da \u2018Raphael Lemkin\u2019 ad\u0131yla yap\u0131lan basit bir arama bile 200.000’i \u00e7ok a\u015fk\u0131n sonu\u00e7 verir. \u00c7ok say\u0131da \u00f6d\u00fcl sahibi olmu\u015f ve biri Winston Churchill taraf\u0131ndan olmak \u00fczere on kez Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’ne aday g\u00f6sterilmi\u015fse de, 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda 59 ya\u015f\u0131nda New York cemaatinin yoksul bir \u00fcyesi olarak \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve cenazesine sadece yedi ki\u015fi kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Lemkin yaln\u0131z ve yoksulluk i\u00e7inde \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olsa da, ard\u0131nda m\u00fccadele dolu bir ya\u015fam modeli, uluslararas\u0131 hukuka \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunan bir miras ve yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f bir otobiyografi b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Polonya’da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7iftlikte ge\u00e7en \u00e7ocuklu\u011fundan, Nazi i\u015fgali s\u0131ras\u0131nda Litvanya ve Letonya \u00fczerinden \u0130sve\u00e7’e cesurca ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131na; Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Japonya ve Kanada \u00fczerinden gitti\u011fi Amerika\u2019da bir akademisyen, bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ve uluslararas\u0131 hukukun sayg\u0131n bir avukat\u0131 olarak geli\u015fiminden otobiyografisinin yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ko\u015fu\u015ftururken kalp krizi ge\u00e7irerek \u00f6lmesine uzanan ya\u015fam\u0131na ayna tutan elyazmalar\u0131n\u0131 temel alan Donna-Lee Frieze’nin Tamamen Gayriresm\u00ee’sinin yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131,\u00a0 Lemkin\u2019in baz\u0131 mektuplar\u0131na not d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ifadeyle \u2018soyk\u0131r\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fcnya hareketinin kurucusu\u2019nu, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden bunca y\u0131l sonra daha iyi tan\u0131mam\u0131z i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir olayd\u0131r. Bu kitapla birlikte Lemkin’in m\u00fccadele ve hastal\u0131k y\u0131llar\u0131na uzanan ya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ve bu sayede amans\u0131z saplant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ve siyasi hedefini daha iyi kavrayabilece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.agos.com.tr\/tr\/yazi\/28943\/raphael-lemkinin-otobiyografisi-tamamen-gayriresmi\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Attila Tuygan\u00a0 \u00a0 Lemkin, Holokost s\u0131ras\u0131nda annesi ve babas\u0131 d\u00e2hil ailesinden k\u0131rk dokuz ki\u015fiyi Treblinka toplama kamp\u0131nda kaybetmi\u015fti. Muhtemelen bu travmad\u0131r, Lemkin\u2019in \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve soyk\u0131r\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadelede enternasyonalist kalmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme nedeni. Ancak y\u0131llar sonraki \u00e7e\u015fitli beyan ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimiz \u00fczere Lemkin’in \u2018soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019 terimini yaratmas\u0131na neden olan \u015fey daha \u00e7ok, 1900\u2019lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Anadolu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":75333,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,1,70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-75331","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\nRaphael Lemkin\u2019in otobiyografisi: \u201cTamamen Gayr\u0131resmi\u201d - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=75331\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Raphael Lemkin\u2019in otobiyografisi: \u201cTamamen Gayr\u0131resmi\u201d - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Attila Tuygan\u00a0 \u00a0 Lemkin, Holokost s\u0131ras\u0131nda annesi ve babas\u0131 d\u00e2hil ailesinden k\u0131rk dokuz ki\u015fiyi Treblinka toplama kamp\u0131nda kaybetmi\u015fti. Muhtemelen bu travmad\u0131r, Lemkin\u2019in \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve soyk\u0131r\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadelede enternasyonalist kalmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme nedeni. 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