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Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu<\/strong><\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de g\u00fcncelli\u011fini koruyan ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc insan\u0131n\u0131n elinden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, her kelimesi adalet terazisinde tart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f otobiyografi \u00fcst\u00fcne yaz\u0131 yazmaya kalkm\u0131\u015fsan\u0131z s\u00f6zlerinize \u00e7ok dikkat etmeniz gerekir. C\u00fcmleleriniz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya yak\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse onlar\u0131 s\u00fcslemelidir. Tepeden t\u0131rna\u011fa bir adalet abidesi, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcz ak\u0131 Raphael Lemkin \u00fczerine yaz\u0131yorsunuz. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n Tamamen Gayriresm\u00ee<\/em> k\u0131smen otobiyografi, k\u0131smen biyografi, k\u0131smen an\u0131 ve k\u0131smen de belge niteli\u011finde bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma oldu\u011fu kadar, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019<\/em>nin de biyografisi ve tarih\u00e7esi, k\u0131saca bir ki\u015fisel tarihin \u00f6tesinde uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ele\u015ftirisi ve\u00a0 evrenselli\u011fin sorguya al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yaral\u0131 \u015fifac\u0131lar\u0131n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesine \u015fifa ve hayat verdi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Ki\u015fisel tarihin yan\u0131nda Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi tarihi ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m tarihi olarak tarihin sesidir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m tarihi bug\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihi ba\u011flam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcz y\u00fcze kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayatta kalma sorunu ile ilgili bir\u00e7ok \u00f6rnekler biyografiyi bir insan haklar\u0131 tarihi niteli\u011fine b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar s\u00f6zle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde bir bir \u00f6rneklenirler. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m tarihinden verdi\u011fi \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rneklerle ahlak\u0131 da sorgular. Bu bak\u0131mdan insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131z zul\u00fcmleri, katliamlar\u0131 ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 bir kez daha hat\u0131rlarken bir haf\u0131za tazelemesiyle birlikte kurbanlar\u0131 anma vesilesi olarak da \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n **<\/p>\n Lemkin bir hukuk\u00e7u olman\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6tesinde bir ki\u015filiktir. Lemkin her \u015feyi ve \u00a0her de\u011feri sorgular. Otobiyografide her menzilde kendini sorgulamaktan ve ele\u015ftirmekten de geri durmaz.<\/p>\n Lemkin\u2019in muhte\u015fem bir g\u00f6zlemci olu\u015fu, bunu kolay ve do\u011fall\u0131kla yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Meslek guruplar\u0131n\u0131 ve profesyonelleri ele\u015ftirirken, kendi mesle\u011fi de bundan kurtulmu\u015f de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n Biyografi, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi, bulundu\u011fu co\u011frafyalar\u0131n tarihi kesitiyle beraber irdelerken tasvir o kadar m\u00fckemmeldir ki, tarih i\u00e7inde tarihin sesi e\u015fli\u011finde seyahat yap\u0131yor gibisiniz. Tasvirlerin m\u00fckemmelli\u011fi sizi o co\u011frafyalara g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Diyaloglar \u00f6ylesine canl\u0131d\u0131r ki sanki kulak kabartm\u0131\u015f gibisinizdir. Co\u011frafyam\u0131z\u0131n yak\u0131n ve uzak tarihi de ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ele\u015ftirilerden nasibini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ekleyelim.<\/p>\n Sava\u015f i\u00e7inde Sovyetlerin yada Reel sosyalizmin \u00fcst\u00fcnk\u00f6r\u00fc tasviri,\u00a0 Stalinizmin \u00e7ok ince ele\u015ftirisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Lemkin uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorgulayarak bir sonuca varm\u0131\u015f ve insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015ftir. Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n her de\u011ferini, kavramlar\u0131n\u0131, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n durumunu, insan\u0131n alg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 sorgulam\u0131\u015f ve yeniden yorumlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n dilemmas\u0131n\u0131 dile getirirken \u00e7ok nettir: Daha gen\u00e7 bir hukuk \u00f6\u011frencisiyken bir bireyin bir insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde yarg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131, ama bir ulusal grubu katletme giri\u015fiminden dolay\u0131 bir h\u00fck\u00fcmetin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lam\u0131yor <\/em>olmas\u0131 <\/em>sadece onu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00a0rahats\u0131z etmi\u015f ve yaralam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n **<\/p>\n Lemkin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc adalet duygusunu \u00e7ok erken ya\u015flarda geli\u015ftirir. Bunda aile i\u00e7i e\u011fitim temel belirleyici kaynakt\u0131r. Annenin m\u00fckemmel \u00f6\u011fretmenli\u011fi ve objektifli\u011fi ile ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce e\u011fitiminin temellerinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 aileden kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131k ve adalet de\u011ferlerini, \u015fiirlerle fabllar\u0131n tekrarlar\u0131yla \u00e7ocuk zihnine nak\u015fetmesi ve geli\u015fti\u011fi ortam\u0131n do\u011fall\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 son derece kolay, net ve do\u011fal ifade etmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Adalet duygusunun, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin ve eylemlerinin temel ekseni olmas\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 budur. De\u011ferlerindeki \u0130nat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da do\u011fall\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n O g\u00fcnlerini \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle nakleder: E\u015fitlik, adalet ve d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck akl\u0131n temel unsurlar\u0131d\u0131r. Adil olmayan insan, ya\u015fam\u0131n mant\u0131\u011fa dayal\u0131 temelini yads\u0131yarak aptall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sergiler. Bu masallardan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ders bizim i\u00e7in \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: adil davranmayanlar sadece ahmaklard\u0131r\u2026 Ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n sona ermesi gerekti\u011fine, adalet ile sevginin sonu\u00e7ta \u00fcst\u00fcn gelece\u011fine kuvvetle inanarak b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fcm.<\/em> Adalet duygusu Lemkin\u2019i\u00a0 hi\u00e7bir ko\u015fulda terk etmemi\u015ftir. Zorda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda annesinin yoksullar ve masumlar \u00fczerine s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131 an\u0131msayarak g\u00fc\u00e7 al\u0131r. Lemkin\u2019de \u00e7ocukluk d\u00f6nemi an\u0131lar\u0131yla korunmak ve bu an\u0131larla\u00a0 ba\u015fba\u015fa kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fcz\u00fcnl\u00fc ortam\u0131n\u0131 unutmak arzusu son derece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr:<\/p>\n \u0130nsanl\u0131k vicdan\u0131n\u0131n ifadesini, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6lelik, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk ticareti, uyu\u015fturucu ticareti, m\u00fcstehcen yay\u0131nlar\u0131n dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131, deniz haydutlu\u011fu, hatta denizalt\u0131 ileti\u015fim kablolar\u0131n\u0131n imhas\u0131 gibi k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerden koruyarak buldu\u011funu raporumda belirtiyordum. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu t\u00fcrden su\u00e7lar zaten uygar devletler taraf\u0131ndan uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmalarla yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve devletler bu su\u00e7lar\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 taahh\u00fct etmi\u015fti. Peki, insanl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, bir dinsel ya da \u0131rksal toplulu\u011fun imhas\u0131, bir sualt\u0131 kablosuna zarar vermekten ya da bir gemiyi soymaktan daha m\u0131 az zararl\u0131yd\u0131? Bir ulus yok edildi\u011finde, kaybolan bir geminin kargosu de\u011fil insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r; d\u00fcnyan\u0131n payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 manev\u00ee bir miras yitirilmi\u015ftir. Bu insanlar\u0131n, bireysel herhangi bir niteliklerinden dolay\u0131 de\u011fil, sadece belirli bir dine ya da \u0131rka mensup olmalar\u0131ndan, sadece zalim bir y\u00f6netimin onaylamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toplulu\u011fa ait olmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 katledilmemeleri s\u00f6z konusudur.\u00a0 Bu kurbanlar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en masum insanlar\u0131d\u0131r; annemin bana okudu\u011fu Nadson\u2019un \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131nda s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen onlard\u0131r<\/em>.<\/p>\n Annesi ile olan son g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesini \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle \u00f6zetlerken, soyk\u0131r\u0131mla ba\u015fba\u015fa kalacak olan \u00a0annenin so\u011fukkanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na hayran olmamak elde de\u011fildir:\u00a0 \u201cY\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n fikrin sevgiye dayal\u0131 oldu\u011funu biliyorum ve y\u0131llar boyunca uzaktan da olsa deste\u011fimizle ve sevgimizle sana yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k, ancak \u015fimdi bu tamamen kesilebilir.\u201d Annem derin bir i\u00e7 \u00e7ekti. \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrece\u011fini biliyoruz. Ne yaz\u0131k ki buna her zamankinden daha \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 var,\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n Bir\u00e7ok \u00a0bak\u0131mdan, Tamamen Gayrime\u015fru<\/em> insan haklar\u0131 savunucular\u0131 i\u00e7in bir terapi kitab\u0131 olarak okunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n **<\/p>\n Olgular\u0131n nakli ve a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131nda rehber olarak do\u011fay\u0131 i\u015faret eder; Lemkin\u2019e g\u00f6re \u00a0geni\u015f anlamda do\u011fan\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131 tektir. \u0130nsan\u0131n bir \u00e7avdar tarlas\u0131n\u0131 ya da verimli bir araziyi iki arazi sahibi aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmesi ya da tarlas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmek i\u00e7in ta\u015flar dizmesi do\u011fan\u0131n umurunda de\u011fildir. M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n her iki taraf\u0131nda da ayn\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7ekler a\u00e7ar; iki taraf da ayn\u0131 g\u00f6k kubbesi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r, ayn\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f ile ayd\u0131nlan\u0131r, ayn\u0131 ya\u011fmur ile \u0131slan\u0131r.<\/em> S\u00f6zleriyle, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yapay do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret eder.<\/p>\n Sorunlar\u0131 ifade ederken \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak de\u011ferlerine at\u0131f yaparak bu de\u011ferleri adres g\u00f6sterir. \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011fa ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak de\u011ferlerinedir. \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 da son derece naif ve \u00a0do\u011fald\u0131r: Evet,\u201d \u201cBir bireyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek her \u00fclkenin kanunlar\u0131nda belirtilmi\u015f bir su\u00e7tur <\/em>\u2014her \u00fclke kendi inisiyatifi ve mahkemeleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bunun icab\u0131na bakar. Ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn bir halk\u0131n katli sadece bir \u00fclkeyi de\u011fil b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ilgilendiren uluslararas\u0131 bir su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu t\u00fcr su\u00e7lular\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in devletlerin i\u015f birli\u011fi gerekecektir, kitle katliamlar\u0131n\u0131 gelecekte \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in bu zorunludur.\u00a0 B\u00f6yle bir \u015fey tekrar ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devletlerin m\u00fcdahale etmesi gerekecektir. Su\u00e7 i\u015fleyen yaln\u0131z \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde de\u011fil, tarih \u00f6n\u00fcnde de hesap vermek zorundad\u0131r.\u201d <\/em>S\u00f6zleri ile insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehlikeye kar\u015f\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ortak birikimine sahip \u00e7\u0131kamamas\u0131 ele\u015ftirilir. Zira, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 bir su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131nmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m tehlikesinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemekte, gelecek g\u00fcnlere uzanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bunda lemkin\u2019in soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda esas ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 eksenin anla\u015f\u0131lamamas\u0131 yan\u0131nda devlet y\u00f6neticilerinin keyfiliklerini \u201cdevletin h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131 ile sarmalayarak egemenliklerinin sorgulanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeleri, egemenlerin ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcne koymaktaki \u00a0birliktelikleri,\u00a0 k\u0131saca; \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin temel eksen olmas\u0131, koruma mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n yeterince olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 engellenmi\u015f, ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131kar\/ki\u015fisel egemenlik ve ulusal \u00e7\u0131kar\/ulusal egemenlik insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00a0gelece\u011finin \u00f6n\u00fcne konmu\u015f oldu\u011funun yan\u0131nda insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n de\u011ferlerine sahip \u00e7\u0131kmadaki isteksizli\u011fi ve ekleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n Bu etmenler Lemkin\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin yada insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak temel haklar\u0131n\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7mesini \u00f6nlemi\u015f, soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze uzanmas\u0131n\u0131 engellenememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n **<\/p>\n Egemenlik, milyonlarca masum insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez, <\/em>diyen Lemkin, 15 ya\u015f\u0131nda haberdar oldu\u011fu Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan derinden etkilenir. Filolojiden hukuka y\u00f6nelmesinde temel etmenin Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131n cezas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 olduk\u00e7a erken d\u00f6neminde incelemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lemkin, American Jewish Historical Society\u2019dei Raphael Lemkin Koleksiyonu el yazmalar\u0131ndan[i]<\/a> olu\u015fan\u00a0 Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Dosyas\u0131<\/em>nda,Tarihi Ermenistan\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir tasvirini yaparak, Ermenilerin Kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131klar\u0131 haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 ve katliamlar\u0131 kronolojik olarak inceler. Katliamlar\u0131n ortak karakteri olarak, sorumlular\u0131n cezas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmeleridir. O \u201cErmeni Sorunu\u201dnun hi\u00e7bir zaman uluslararas\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilicine erken varm\u0131\u015f, Ermenilerin Soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde ve sonras\u0131nda y\u00fcz\u00fcst\u00fc b\u0131rak\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 unutmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u00c7ar Nikola 1916 ba\u015f\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek \u201cEr\u00admenistan\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 boyunduru\u011fundan kurtulu\u015fu\u201dnu ilan et\u00adti. Ancak verimli arazilere Kazaklar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirerek kolonile\u015ftirmek istedi\u011finden, hayatta kalan Ermenilerin ata topraklar\u0131\u00adna d\u00f6nmelerini \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1916\u2019da Guildhall konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, \u0130ngiltere Ba\u015fbakan\u0131, \u0130n\u00adgiltere\u2019nin \u201ckadim (Ermeni) halk\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015funu sa\u011flamaya kararl\u0131 oldu\u011funu\u201d ilan ederken, Frans\u0131zlar da benzer vaatler\u00adde bulundular. Lenin Rusya\u2019da iktidara geldi\u011finde, Ermeni \u00fclkesinin bir\u00adlik ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti. Ama 1918 Mart\u0131nda Brest-Litovsk Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla Sovyet Rusya, Batum ve Kars\u2019\u0131 bu \u015fe\u00adhirleri ele ge\u00e7irmek \u00fczere ilerleyen Ankara kuvvetlerine geri verdi. M\u00fctareke sonras\u0131nda, \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z otoriteler Ermenilere Kilikya\u2019da bir yurt verme \u00e7abalar\u0131na giri\u015ftiler; ancak Fransa 1921\u2019de bu giri\u015fimden vazge\u00e7ti. 1920 Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Erivan\u2019da Sovyet Ermenistan\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kurulduysa da buras\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcn Ermenistan olan \u00fclkenin sadece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131yd\u0131.[ii]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n Lemkin i\u00e7in Tehliryan davas\u0131 bir di\u011fer d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r: Bir g\u00fcn gazetelerde t\u00fcm sava\u015f su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131n sal\u0131verilece\u011fini okudum.\u00a0 Bu bende bir \u015fok etkisi yaratt\u0131. Bir ulus katledilmi\u015fti ve su\u00e7lular serbest b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yordu. Nas\u0131l olur da bir cinayet i\u015flendi\u011finde faili cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken, bir milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi tek bir insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden daha hafif bir su\u00e7 olabiliyordu?\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n Ermeniler \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde sessiz kalmay\u0131 tercih edenler ile T\u00fcrk sava\u015f su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131 serbest b\u0131rakarak bu ger\u00e7eklerin has\u0131ralt\u0131 edilece\u011fini sananlar\u0131n bu kez korkun\u00e7 ger\u00e7e\u011fi dinlemek zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek, Tehliryan\u2019\u0131n eylemi ile mahkemenin karar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki uzla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa isyan etmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n Belki Tehliryan insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ahlak\u00ee de\u011ferleri ad\u0131na davranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak mahkeme heyeti Tehliryan\u2019\u0131n kendi eyleminin ahlak\u00ee niteli\u011fini de\u011ferlendirme yetisini kaybetmi\u015f bir ak\u0131l hastas\u0131 oldu\u011funa karar verdi<\/em>. Talat\u2019\u0131n ve \u0130TC rejiminin yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan tek kelime edilmeden Fail ak\u0131l hastas\u0131d\u0131r, cezai ehliyeti yoktur karar\u0131 ile <\/em>davan\u0131n sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131na \u00e7ok \u00fcz\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Ukrayna\u2019da binlerce Yahudi\u2019nin pogromlarda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sorumlu Symon Petliura\u2019n\u0131n 1926’da da Shalom Schwarzbard taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclme davas\u0131ndan sonra yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir makalede Schwarzbard\u2019\u0131n eyleminin\u201cg\u00fczel bir su\u00e7\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlar. Lemkin, ulusal, \u0131rksal ve dinsel gruplar\u0131n imhas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ahlak kurallar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren herhangi bir yasan\u0131n olmamas\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n Yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda Ermeni tarihini \u00e7ok ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6zetlerken, \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir literat\u00fcr kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermeni tarihinin d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rnekler verir.<\/p>\n 1894-1896 katliamlar\u0131nda Ermenilerin \u00fczerine bir silidir gibi ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f kolu kanad\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Katliamlar s\u00fcrecinde Ermeniler iyice sindirilmi\u015fler, K\u00fcrtler cezas\u0131zl\u0131k ve \u00f6d\u00fcllendirmelerden \u015f\u0131marm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r: K\u00fcrtler diledikleri H\u0131risti\u00adyan k\u00f6y\u00fcne gittiklerinde, diledikleri k\u0131zlar\u0131 se\u00e7ip al\u0131yorlard\u0131. Eskiden gelinler kilise kap\u0131lar\u0131ndaki nikah t\u00f6reninden \u00f6nce ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131ndan, art\u0131k 1896\u2019da nikahlar fiilen ortadan kalk\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; zira d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadece T\u00fcrklerin yeni ihlal ve teca\u00adv\u00fczlerine davetiye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yordu. Ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lan gelinler genellikle K\u00fcrt k\u00f6ylerinde tutuluyor, a\u015firetteki her erke\u011fin tecav\u00fcz\u00fcne u\u011frad\u0131ktan sonra, yar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131ld\u0131rm\u0131\u015f halde damatlara geri verili\u00adyordu. Elbette gelin ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken, damat da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmediyse…[iii]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n Korkun\u00e7 i\u015fkenceler devam etmektedir. Avrupal\u0131 g\u00f6revlileri tan\u0131k g\u00f6stererek Ermenilerin maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fkenceleri payla\u015f\u0131r: Amerikal\u0131 bir misyoner olan Muhterem Peder H. M. Ailen ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Van Konsolos Muavini Cecil M.<\/em> Hallward, Moks <\/em>[Bah\u00e7esaray] ve Shadakh\u2019a <\/em>[\u00c7atak] bir ara\u015ft\u0131r\u00adma gezisi yapt\u0131. Bir g\u00fcn bir Ermeni papaza k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine konuk oldular. K\u00f6yden ayr\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar papaz\u0131 yakalay\u0131p derisini y\u00fczd\u00fcler ve derisine saman doldurdular. Bu deri mezalim ve bask\u0131dan \u015fikayet etme c\u00fcreti g\u00f6steren H\u0131ristiyanlara ibret olsun diye k\u00f6yde bir sokakta as\u0131l\u0131 kald\u0131.[iv]<\/strong><\/a><\/em> Ermeni halk\u0131 i\u00e7in huzur sonsuza kadar ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m provas\u0131 1909 Kilikya Katliamlar\u0131na geni\u015f bir yer ay\u0131rarak katliamlar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6zet \u00f6rnekler verir: Ne al\u00e7ak\u00e7a bir katliam! \u00c7ocuklar anne ve babalar\u0131\u00adn\u0131n g\u00f6zleri \u00f6n\u00fcnde katlediliyor, organlar\u0131 kesiliyor, par\u00e7alan\u0131yor, havalara f\u0131rlat\u0131l\u0131p s\u00fcng\u00fclere saplan\u0131yor\u00adlard\u0131. Sonra en zalim, en ak\u0131l almaz i\u015fkencelerin uygu\u00adland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kad\u0131nlara s\u0131ra geliyordu. Hasta ve yaral\u0131larla dolu bir hastane, insan\u0131n ac\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f olan kundak\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kundak\u00adlan\u0131yordu. Ve cinayetleri ya\u011fma izliyordu; ta ki \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u00admalar\u0131 sona erdirme i\u015fareti olan trampet sesi ve \u201cPadi\u00ad\u015fah\u0131m \u00e7ok ya\u015fa!\u201d sloganlar\u0131 duyuluncaya kadar.[v]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n Ha\u00e7in\u2019deki k\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131r\u0131r: K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar, b\u0131\u00e7aklar, sopalar, t\u00fcfekler ve baltalarla si\u00adlahlanm\u0131\u015f, kana susam\u0131\u015f ve yobaz bir kalabal\u0131k bekli\u00adyordu. Bu adamlar\u0131n \u015feytani y\u00fcz ifadeleri yaygara ve ba\u011f\u0131rt\u0131lar\u0131ndan daha utan\u00e7 verici bir durumu simgeli\u00adyor gibiydi. \u015eehitlerin \u00fczerlerinde i\u00e7 \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rlar\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131\u00adlarak, elbiseleri \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Birinci Ha\u00e7in (Hadjin) <\/strong>Kili\u00adsesi papaz\u0131, onlarla konu\u015fup adalet ve ac\u0131ma duygula\u00adr\u0131n\u0131 canland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat kolluyordu… ama \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131\u00adkan bir T\u00fcrk papaz\u0131 sakal\u0131ndan \u00e7ekip \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ha\u00e7in\u2019in (Hadjin) <\/strong>ya\u015fl\u0131 diyakonuna s\u0131ra gelmi\u015fti. Kar\u0131s\u0131 onu korumak i\u00e7in \u00f6ne f\u0131rlad\u0131ysa da ikisi birden vuruldu; \u00fcst \u00fcste yere y\u0131\u011f\u0131ld\u0131lar. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 sopalarla d\u00f6v\u00fcle d\u00f6v\u00fcle, baz\u0131lar\u0131 kur\u015funlanarak, baz\u0131lar\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7la, baz\u0131la\u00adr\u0131 baltalarla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Ancak, her zamanki gibi sona b\u0131\u00adrak\u0131lan gruptaki kad\u0131nlar, tarif edilemez bi\u00e7imlerde a\u015fa\u00ad\u011f\u0131lan\u0131p namuslar\u0131 kirletildikten sonra \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. Birisi kap\u0131da durdu ve bu gruptan arka arkas\u0131na on alt\u0131 ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. Nihayet, art\u0131k takati kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek yerini bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yledi<\/em>[vi]<\/a><\/p>\n Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcm co\u011frafyay\u0131 \u00f6rnekleyerek\u00a0 payla\u015f\u0131r\u00a0 Katliamlar\u0131n ne kadar eksiksiz ve so\u011fukkanl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fine dair bir \u00f6rnek yeter. Bu o s\u0131rada \u00fclkesi Osmanl\u0131 devletine sava\u015f a\u00e7mam\u0131\u015f olan \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Trabzon Konsolosu\u2019nun anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendi ta\u00adn\u0131kl\u0131k etti\u011fi k\u0131y\u0131mla ilgili. \u0130stanbul’dan Trabzon\u2019daki t\u00fcm Ermeni H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi emri geldi. \u00c7ok say\u0131da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman H\u0131ristiyan kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131 kurtar\u00admaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ysa da T\u00fcrk yetkililer ac\u0131mas\u0131zd\u0131. Ald\u0131k\u00adlar\u0131 emirlere itaat eden bu ki\u015filer, t\u00fcm H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 toplay\u0131p kalabal\u0131k kafileler halinde Trabzon caddele\u00adrinden ge\u00e7irdiler. Kafileler kaleden ge\u00e7irilip deniz k\u0131\u00ady\u0131s\u0131na getirildiler. Burada hepsi yelkenli teknelere ko\u00adnulup Karadeniz\u2019de biraz a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra denize at\u0131\u00adl\u0131p bo\u011fuldular. Hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermeni n\u00fcfus (8.000-10.000 aras\u0131) bu \u015fekilde yok edildi; kimi k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7\u00adtan ge\u00e7irildi, kimi ba\u015fka y\u00f6ntemlerle \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/em>\u201d[vii]<\/a>\u00f6rnekler ne kadar etkilendi\u011finin g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n **<\/p>\n Ermenilerin Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi sahibi olarak, \u00e7ok erken tarihlerde (1933) Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 kavramla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 Lemkin\u2019i \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131ndan ay\u0131r\u0131r. Bu donan\u0131m\u0131 onun di\u011ferlerinden \u00e7ok erken davranmas\u0131na ve haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 akl\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karmayan Lemkin\u2019in Hitler\u2019i takibi ve Nazi rejimini sistemli tahlil etmeye daha iktidara haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken \u00a0ba\u015flamas\u0131 ufkunu erken a\u00e7an di\u011fer etmenlerden biridir. <\/em>Hitler\u00a0 imha tasar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 onun at\u0131p tuttu\u011funu san\u0131yordu, ama ben e\u011fer f\u0131rsat verilirse program\u0131n\u0131 uygulayaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yordum.\u00a0 D\u00fcnya daha \u015fimdiden planlar\u0131na boyun e\u011fmeye haz\u0131rm\u0131\u015f gibi davran\u0131yordu.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n Hitler iktidara geldi\u011finde Lemkin\u2019in Hitler hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri nettir. Nazi rejimi ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7akl\u0131k \u00a0s\u00fcrecinde dahi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr; Hitler\u2019in d\u00fczenlemeleri, \u00a0kararnameleri ve resmi gazeteleri ka\u00e7ak hayat\u0131n\u0131n zorluklar\u0131nda bile Lemkin\u2019in radar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu Lemkin\u2019in bu derinli\u011fi m\u00fccadelesine start verdi\u011fi \u00a0anda avantajl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f. \u0130li\u015fkilerinde etkili olmas\u0131n\u0131 ve inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Nazilerin hukuk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 daha o s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00e7\u00f6zerek, Almanya\u2019da hukukun varsay\u0131landan farkl\u0131 bir niteli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer: Hukuk, <\/em>da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 adaletin ahlak\u00ee bir i\u015flevi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, devlete ne yararl\u0131 addediliyorsa onlar\u0131n zorla uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sisteme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc<\/em>[r].<\/p>\n D\u00fcnyan\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehlikeye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011fa uyar\u0131larda bulunur. Naziler, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin kabul etti\u011fi ve Lahey S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin \u00f6z\u00fcnde yer alan, sava\u015f\u0131n egemen bir devletin di\u011fer egemen bir devlete ve ordusuna y\u00f6nelik eylemi oldu\u011fu ilkesini tan\u0131mamakta oldu\u011funu, Nazilere g\u00f6re sava\u015flar\u0131n yurtta\u015flara ve sivillere y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011funu yani halklara kar\u015f\u0131 karakterini \u0131srarla vurgular.<\/p>\n M\u00fcttefiklere ve dostane\u00a0bir\u00a0tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00fcden di\u011fer \u00fclkelere Nazi sava\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki as\u0131l amac\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klayabilece\u011fi<\/em>[ni] umar.<\/em> Nazilerin bu sava\u015f\u0131 yaln\u0131z s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde olan insani unsuru de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcklerinin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin gerekti\u011finde \u0131srarl\u0131d\u0131r: Bir diktat\u00f6r g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6nce bedeninize diker sonra da ruhunuza!<\/em><\/p>\n Bunun k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bir sava\u015f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, farkl\u0131 bir k\u00e2bus ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olundu\u011funun bilincinde olup, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 engelleyemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in su\u00e7luluk duygusu i\u00e7indedir: \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n katilleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u00e7aresizli\u011fimden utan\u0131yordum, bu utan\u00e7 duygusu beni bug\u00fcne kadar terk etmedi. Ortada bir su\u00e7 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n duyulan su\u00e7luluk duygusunun hak edilmi\u015f bir su\u00e7luluk duygusundan daha y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir etkisi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc birinci halde bu duygudan ar\u0131nmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/em><\/p>\n Savunmas\u0131z masum insanlar\u0131n korunma ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131, Lemkin\u2019in zihninde ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca onu terk etmeyecek olan bir zincirleme reaksiyona yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Lemkin, mihver devletlerinin denetimleri alt\u0131ndaki halklar\u0131 imha etmeyi planlad\u0131klar\u0131 konusunda, hi\u00e7bir fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi Meslekta\u015flar\u0131 ile payla\u015f\u0131r ancak\u00a0 bu konuda bilgilendirme giri\u015fimleri Lemkin i\u00e7in\u00a0 cesaret k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n Kendi kendime d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcm, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n i\u015flenmesi ne kadar kolay diye, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kimse soyk\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadar inanmak istemiyordu.<\/em><\/p>\n Lemkin i\u00e7in;\u00a0 Cinayet ilan\u0131n\u0131n gizlenmesi, ger\u00e7e\u011fin katledilmesiyle e\u015fde\u011ferdir: Bir anlamda bu \u00f6l\u00fcme bile sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kt\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc do\u011fal ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn de kendi haysiyeti vard\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n Ve insan vicdan\u0131n\u0131n kabul edemeyece\u011fi bir \u015feyi g\u00f6r\u00fcr: M\u00fcttefikler vah\u015fetin fark\u0131ndad\u0131rlar ama gelen mesajlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelmektedirler.\u00a0 Bunun \u00fczerine Lemkin, Ba\u015fkan Franklin D. Roosevelt\u2019e yazar, Hitler\u2019in sava\u015f halinin \u00e7ok \u00f6tesinde zul\u00fcmler uygulamay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda onu uyar\u0131r. Roosevelt\u2019in pasif yan\u0131t\u0131 ve \u201csab\u0131r\u201d tavsiye etmesi, Lemkin\u2019e g\u00f6re Hitler\u2019e soyk\u0131r\u0131m i\u015flemesi i\u00e7in ye\u015fil \u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r.\u00a0 Lemkin \u00e7ok sinirlenmi\u015ftir: \u201csab\u0131r, bir randevu almay\u0131, b\u00fct\u00e7e tahsisini ya da yol tamirinin bitmesini bekleyen biri i\u00e7in sarf edilecek bir kelime\u201d dir.\u00a0 Ama ip boynuna ge\u00e7irilmi\u015fse insan\u0131n ve bo\u011fulma yak\u0131n tehlikeyse, \u201csab\u0131r\u201d sal\u0131k vermek akla ve do\u011faya hakaret de\u011fil de nedir?<\/em><\/p>\n Bu sava\u015fta temel sorununun bir uygarl\u0131k sorunu, bu<\/em>nun bir propaganda slogan\u0131 de\u011fil ger\u00e7e\u011fin ta kendisi<\/em> oldu\u011funda \u0131srarl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Sava\u015f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ederken dostu Profes\u00f6r Wroblewski ile olan konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Dostu, sava\u015f\u0131n\u00a0 maddi y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 yan\u0131nda ahlaki y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131na vurgu yapar, Profes\u00f6r\u00fcn m\u00fclteci olmamak ve belki de olacaklar\u0131 g\u00f6rmemek ad\u0131na\u00a0 \u00fclkesinde \u00f6l\u00fcme yatmas\u0131n\u0131, trajik s\u00f6zlerle ifade eder: Profes\u00f6r\u00fcn uyu\u015fukluk halini sarsmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m ama bo\u015funayd\u0131. \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019e vard\u0131\u011f\u0131mda isterse ona da bir vize almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilece\u011fimi s\u00f6yledim. Dinlemeye hi\u00e7 niyeti yoktu. \u201cBuras\u0131 benim kentim, burada \u00f6lmek istiyorum,\u201d dedi. \u00d6l\u00fcmden, sanki bir dergiye yazaca\u011f\u0131 bir makale ya da verece\u011fi bir ders kadar yak\u0131n ve somut bir \u015feymi\u015f gibi bahsediyordu. Derin bir ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahipti, en az bir y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca t\u00fcm ahlak\u00ee de\u011ferlerin yok olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. \u201cBu t\u00fcm y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n en \u00e7ok \u015fiddeti i\u00e7eren, ahlak\u00ee de\u011ferlerde en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r,\u201d diye tekrar ediyordu. \u201cSava\u015f bitti\u011finde insanlar yitirdikleri ahlak\u00ee de\u011ferleri bir daha kazanamayacaklar, bar\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemlerinde bile barbarlar gibi davranmaya devam edecekler.\u201d\u00a0 <\/em>\u00d6l\u00fcm s\u0131radanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f,\u00a0 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze uzanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n **<\/p>\n Lemkin sadece \u201cjenosit\u201d (soyk\u0131r\u0131m) s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yaratmakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, yasan\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 hukukun temel bir prensibi haline gelmesi i\u00e7in de y\u0131llarca m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir. \u201cad\u0131 olmayan su\u00e7\u201dun\u00a0 kabul edilmesine ve cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik amans\u0131z m\u00fccadelesini tan\u0131mlarken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fckler \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Bir Cumhuriyet savc\u0131s\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan serbest bir avukat olarak egemenlere hizmet ettim, ama kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131m prestij g\u00f6stermelikti. Ancak bir ideal u\u011fruna d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde ger\u00e7ekten ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 hissettim. Hayat\u0131m\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 esas \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmama, yani halklar\u0131n imha edilmesinin yasaklanmas\u0131na adamak istiyorum.<\/em><\/p>\n Sava\u015ftan sonra Lemkin hayat\u0131n\u0131 tek bir gayeye, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131na ve bir daha i\u015flendi\u011fi takdirde cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in etkili uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131na adam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sarf etti\u011fi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zveri ve gayretle hem ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik ediyor hem de pratik nitelikli somut \u00f6nerilerde bulunuyordu; S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin nihai kabul\u00fcn\u00fc ona bor\u00e7luyuz. Lemkin bu\u00a0 \u0131srar\u0131n\u0131, Yasa\u011f\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131nda sanki sembolik bir g\u00fc\u00e7 yat\u0131yor… <\/em>inanc\u0131yla \u00f6zetler.<\/p>\n \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile neyin ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Lemkin k\u0131saca \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klar: \u201culusal gruplar\u0131n asl\u00ee ya\u015fam temellerini tahrip etmeye y\u00f6nelik farkl\u0131 eylemlerin e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc plan\u0131 kastedilmektedir.\u201d<\/p>\n Lemkin, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir perspektifle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr; Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Ermenilerin \u00f6l\u00fcm y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleri, Holokost gaz odalar\u0131ndan ibaret de\u011fildir, bir insan toplulu\u011funun yok edilmesinin ama\u00e7lanmas\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0 Bir toplulu\u011fu yok etmenin birden \u00e7ok yolu oldu\u011funu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda tekrar ve tekrar ortaya koyar.<\/p>\n M\u00fcttefiklerin, Hitler\u2019in geli\u015fmesine ve g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesine izin veren kendi aralar\u0131ndaki kavgalar\u0131 ve di\u011fer budalal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 yarg\u0131lamalardan sonra da s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ifade eden Lemkin,\u00a0 ve en a\u00e7\u0131k ifadesinin N\u00fcrnberg Mahkemesi\u2019nin bu t\u00fcrden uluslararas\u0131 su\u00e7lara kar\u015f\u0131 bir emsal olu\u015fturmay\u0131 reddetmesinde oldu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz durumu net bir c\u00fcmle ile anlat\u0131r:\u00a0 M\u00fcttefikler ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kalm\u0131\u015f bir Hitler\u2019i yarg\u0131lamakta anla\u015fm\u0131\u015flar fakat gelecekteki Hitler\u2019leri \u00f6ng\u00f6rmeyi reddetmi\u015flerdi.<\/em><\/p>\n Sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda herkes N\u00fcrnberg kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesinde yeterli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken, bunun ger\u00e7eklikle ilgisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Lemkin, bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede \u0131srarl\u0131d\u0131r. Zira, Lemkin\u2019de Soyk\u0131r\u0131m, tarihin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r: erken antik \u00e7a\u011flardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 karanl\u0131k bir g\u00f6lge gibi takip etmektedir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n tarihte tek t\u00fck rastlanan, azg\u0131n bir y\u00f6neticinin ruh halinin bir sonucu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye, tarihte tekrarlanan bir su\u00e7 bi\u00e7imi oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r: Belli ko\u015fullarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilen bir hastal\u0131k gibiydi ve etkisiz hale getirilmeliydi. <\/em>Ayr\u0131ca \u00a0N\u00fcrnberg Karar\u0131 sadece sald\u0131rgan sava\u015flar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir, her t\u00fcr sava\u015f i\u00e7in de\u011fil; savunma sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaz. Ayr\u0131ca sald\u0131rganl\u0131k N\u00fcrnberg\u2019de hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em> Ona g\u00f6re, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kabul\u00fc ile uluslar\u0131n ya\u015fama hakk\u0131 siyaset\u00e7ilerin elinden al\u0131n\u0131p hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n nesnelli\u011fine dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n S\u00f6zle\u015fmeni haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve kabul edilmesi i\u00e7in her d\u00fczeyde giri\u015fimlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr, b\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olsada, \u00a0sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkilese de inad\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mez. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin temsilcisi bile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ki\u015filer aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Kendini bu u\u011furda sonuna kadar m\u00fccadele etmeye mahk\u00fbm<\/em> biri olarak tarif etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n S\u00f6zle\u015fme s\u00fcreci bir diplomas\u0131 m\u00fccadelesidir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi Holokoust sonras\u0131nda, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n k\u00fcllerinin so\u011fumad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde ba\u015flan\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u00e7ok zor ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Muhalefetin etkisizle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in Lemkin\u2019in ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermesini gerektirmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin en ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren ilmek ilmek \u00f6r\u00fclmesi ve in\u015fas\u0131 bir diplomasi zaferi olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda hukukun ve adaletin zaferidir. Lemkin her ikisini de sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 pahas\u0131na inan\u0131lmaz bir enerji ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Her merhale ve menzil da\u011f\u0131 yeniden t\u0131rmanmak gibidir. Lemkin insanl\u0131k ad\u0131na sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 pahas\u0131na bu inad\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mez. Davan\u0131n yaln\u0131z sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc gayreti ile neredeyse ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 herkesi davan\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc vard\u0131r: Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ve hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc temellerinde, ulusal, \u0131rksal ve din\u00ee gruplar\u0131 imhadan koruyarak birlikte ya\u015famak! Bu himaye sayesinde gruplar varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir ve insanl\u0131k zenginle\u015fmi\u015f olurdu. Her ulusun i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 evrensel bir konser gibi.<\/em><\/p>\n Ancak, \u00a0r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fczel bir \u00fctopya olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, \u00a0ger\u00e7ek bir o kadar ac\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ruh durumunu betimlerken kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131nan durumu a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 ve \u00f6\u011freticidir.\u00a0 \u00a0Bir ulusun cenazesini tahayy\u00fcl ettim ama ne garip ki ben hem yas tutanlar\u0131n hem de \u00f6l\u00fclerin saf\u0131ndayd\u0131m. \u0130nsan\u0131n kendi ruhu mezara ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rken bedenini canl\u0131 hissetmesi, bu ne garip bir duyguydu. Bu Yahudi ile Alman halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma de\u011fildi, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kendi kendisiyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yd\u0131<\/em>. S\u00f6zleriyle Fa\u015fizmin insanl\u0131k de\u011ferlerine sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetler.<\/p>\n ABD\u2019deki ilk konu\u015fmas\u0131nda. E\u011fer kad\u0131nlar, \u00e7ocuklar ve ya\u015fl\u0131 insanlar buradan y\u00fcz elli kilometre \u00f6tede \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor olsalard\u0131 yard\u0131mlar\u0131na ko\u015fmaz m\u0131yd\u0131n\u0131z? <\/em>diye ba\u015flayarak; \u00d6yleyse aradaki mesafe y\u00fcz yerine yedi\u2014sekiz bin kilometre oldu\u011funda neden vicdan\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n bu do\u011fru karar\u0131na lakayt kal\u0131yorsunuz?<\/em> sorusuyla insanlara vicdanlar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rak\u0131r. Kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r: insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n vicdan\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011findeki bir insan gibiydi.<\/em><\/p>\n S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin hukuk\u00ee olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bile Lemkin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yeniden kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kap\u0131larak eski soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 unutaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da s\u00fcrmekte olan zul\u00fcmleri g\u00f6rmezlikten gelece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmesine ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n tekrar ve tekrar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesine ra\u011fmen, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in (etkisi ne kadar zay\u0131f olursa olsun) uluslararas\u0131 arenada s\u00f6zle\u015fme lehine sava\u015fman\u0131n, g\u00f6n\u00fcls\u00fcz bir idealist olarak ya\u015famaktan daha ak\u0131ll\u0131ca bir \u00e7aba olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca \u0131srarla savunmas\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 bu u\u011furda sava\u015fmaya adayan bu b\u00fcy\u00fck insan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131 do\u011fal olarak kolay olmayacakt\u0131r. Anla\u015f\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yan\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131nda tehdit de eksik de\u011fildir. Ne de olsa h\u00fcmanizmi egemenler ve egemenlikle \u00e7eli\u015fmektedir. Bir diplomat onu tehdit etti\u011finde bu onu \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc etkilemi\u015ftir. Tehdidi ve \u015fiddeti birbirinden ay\u0131rarak etkisini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r: \u00a0\u201cTehditlerden \u015fiddetten \u00e7ok daha fazla nefret ediyorum. \u015eiddet insan\u0131n bedenine y\u00f6neliktir ama tehditler bir ki\u015finin iradesini fel\u00e7 etmeyi ama\u00e7lar. Bu adamla daha sonra kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131mda ona sanki \u00f6n\u00fcmde bir bo\u015fluk varm\u0131\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na bakt\u0131m.\u201d <\/em>S\u00f6zleri de her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131 ideallerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi do\u011frultusunda hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi ve hi\u00e7 kimseyi umursamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ifadesidir.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7ta, Lemkin Soyk\u0131r\u0131ma isim vermekle kalmaz, m\u00fccadelesiyle\u00a0 yeni soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi\u00a0 i\u00e7in Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesine hayat verir.<\/p>\n **<\/p>\n Bir m\u00fclteci olarak ya\u015fam\u0131 bir polis karakolunda son bulan insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcz ak\u0131 Raphael Lemkin\u2019in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze uzanan s\u00f6zleriyle hem g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc, hem de ruh halimizi ifade etmektedir: Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131larla bir araya geldi\u011fimde moralimi bozan onlar\u0131n fizikselden ziyade zihinsel durumlar\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. Bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bir ruh halidir. \u00d6zellikle k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar, d\u00fcnyevi ve insan \u00f6\u011fesine dayal\u0131 esin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 yitirirler. Ressam i\u00e7in memleketinin manzaralar\u0131, \u015fair i\u00e7in beyaz hu\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131, devlet adam\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fclkesindeki adaletsizlikler, hatta bir doktor i\u00e7in y\u00f6resel hastal\u0131klar art\u0131k mevcut de\u011fildir.\u00a0 O k\u0131r\u0131k bir kalem gibidir, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin yitirilen de\u011ferleriyle \u015fimdiki m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fmi\u015f halinin bulan\u0131k ve d\u00fc\u015fmanca de\u011ferlerini bar\u0131\u015ft\u0131ramamaktad\u0131r. S\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fc, capitis eminutio (hak ehliyetinin yitirilmesi), modern insan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve bazen manev\u00ee ya\u015fam\u0131n ve yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n terkidir.\u00a0 Art\u0131k o bir hayalettir. Entelekt\u00fcel olmayan biri daha \u015fansl\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc fiziksel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n de\u011feri do\u011fada daha evrenseldir. \u015eiddetli toplumsal ve ahlak\u00ee de\u011fi\u015fimlerin damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurdu\u011fu yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l, tek akci\u011fer ve tek b\u00f6brek ile ya\u015fayan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015fan ge\u00e7icilik, ask\u0131ya al\u0131nan de\u011fer ve umutlar, insan\u0131n i\u00e7ini kemiren belirsizlik ve normal bir ya\u015fama d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7in duyulan \u00f6zlem giderek s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131n\u0131n ruhunu mahveder\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n **<\/em><\/p>\n \u0130yi ki bu d\u00fcnyadan ge\u00e7tin Lemkin. Muktedir olmayanlar ad\u0131na sana minnettar\u0131z\u2026<\/p>\n [i]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> V.Yeghiayan&L. Fermanian, Lemkin\u2019in Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Dosyas\u0131, \u00e7ev. Ali \u00c7ak\u0131ro\u011flu, Belge Y. 2009<\/em><\/p>\n [ii]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> V.Yeghiayan&L. Fermanian,\u2026 s 37.<\/em><\/p>\n [iii]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> V.Yeghiayan&L. Fermanian,\u2026 s 51<\/em><\/p>\n [iv]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> William Willard Howard, Horhors of Armenia, Armenian Relief Ass. Newyork 1896, s 7 <\/em><\/p>\n [v]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Georges Brezol,\u00a0 Les Turcs ont pass\u00e9 l\u00e0… les massacre D\u2019Adana 1909, En Vente Chez L\u2019Auteur, Paris 1911, s 10. <\/em><\/p>\n