![\"\"](\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Misak-Manusyan-3-360x203.webp\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Manu\u015fyan\u2019dan bize kalan \u2018fazla\u2019 \u00fczerine hep birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekten vazge\u00e7memek gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yorum. \u2018Son s\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc s\u00f6ylemedik daha\u2019 ve bu s\u00f6z\u00fc ancak kolektif bir \u00e7abayla, ittifaklar kurarak bulaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n Dr. \u00d6zg\u00fcr Sevgi G\u00f6ral*<\/strong><\/p>\n Fransa Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Emmanuel Macron, 18 Haziran 2023\u2019te\u00a0(1)<\/strong>\u00a0Misak Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n ve yolda\u015f\u0131, partneri, direni\u015f\u00e7i M\u00e9lin\u00e9e Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n naa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Fransa\u2019n\u0131n \u201culusal kahramanlar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n an\u0131t mezarlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Panth\u00e9on\u2019a defnedilece\u011fini duyurdu. Tarih\u00e7i Annette Wieviorka ise Misak Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nce Frans\u0131z politikas\u0131nda sonra da haf\u0131za sahas\u0131nda bilinir olmas\u0131n\u0131, ironik bir bi\u00e7imde, Nazilere ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i Frans\u0131z devletine bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fumuzun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer.<\/p>\n Wieviorka\u2019ya g\u00f6re Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131 ve Manu\u015fyan grubunda silahl\u0131 direni\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fctleyen partizanlar\u0131 esasen, i\u015fgal alt\u0131ndaki Fransa\u2019da Nazilerin bast\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cK\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Afi\u015f\u201d vesilesiyle \u00f6\u011freniriz.\u00a0(2)<\/strong>\u00a0K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Afi\u015f, Paris b\u00f6lgesinde anti-fa\u015fist silahl\u0131 direni\u015fi \u00f6rg\u00fctleyen Direni\u015f\u00e7iler ve Partizanlar \u2013 G\u00f6\u00e7men \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Grubu (Francs-Tireurs et Partisans \u2013 Main-d\u2019\u0152uvre Immigr\u00e9e, FTP-MOI) \u00fcyesi 23 partizan\u0131n idam edilmesi karar\u0131n\u0131n propagandas\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Afi\u015fin \u00fczerinde, i\u00e7lerinde Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n da oldu\u011fu ve hepsi g\u00f6\u00e7men, kimi Polonyal\u0131 kimi Macar kimi \u0130talyan 10 partizan\u0131n isimleri, k\u00f6kenleri ve Nazilere toplam ka\u00e7 sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunduklar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Foto\u011fraflar\u0131yla birlikte takdim edilen partizanlar\u0131n \u00f6nderi olarak Misak Manu\u015fyan \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r: \u201cManu\u015fyan, Ermeni, \u00e7etenin \u015fefi, 56 sald\u0131r\u0131, 150 \u00f6l\u00fc, 600 yaral\u0131\u201d.<\/p>\n Manu\u015fyan \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada tarih\u00e7i Wieviorka bir noktay\u0131 daha belirtir. Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n da i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu Frans\u0131z Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin (FKP) direni\u015f ordusu olan Direni\u015f\u00e7iler ve Partizanlar \u2013 G\u00f6\u00e7men \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Grubu\u2019nun anti-fa\u015fist silahl\u0131 direni\u015fteki \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131 boyunca bizzat FKP taraf\u0131ndan pek vurgulanmaz. \u0130lk kez, \u0130spanyol, Polonyal\u0131 ve \u0130talyan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ekonomik nedenlerle Fransa\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etti\u011fi 1920\u2019ler boyunca, FKP\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin anadilinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yay\u0131nlarla kendi i\u00e7inde \u00f6rg\u00fctledi\u011fi bu birimler, Nazi i\u015fgalinde silahl\u0131 bir \u00f6zel direni\u015f ordusuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek anti fa\u015fist direni\u015fin de belkemi\u011fini olu\u015fturur. Wieviorka, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda bu partizan grubun ad\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ge\u00e7mesinin FKP\u2019nin politik \u00e7izgisinin gere\u011fi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor; 1945 sonras\u0131 FKP her \u015feyden \u00f6nce yurtseverdir, Frans\u0131z\u2019d\u0131r. Ula\u015fmak istedi\u011fi politik hedef, sava\u015f sonras\u0131 yeniden in\u015fa s\u00fcrecinin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Partinin lideri Thorez, Moskova d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konu\u015fmada bunu sarih bir bi\u00e7imde belirtir: \u201c\u00dcretmek, bug\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131f g\u00f6revinin, Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n g\u00f6revinin en y\u00fcksek bi\u00e7imidir. D\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 silah\u0131m\u0131z d\u00fcn sabotajd\u0131, silahl\u0131 eylemdi, bug\u00fcn gericili\u011fin planlar\u0131n\u0131 bozmak i\u00e7in silah\u0131m\u0131z \u00fcretim olacakt\u0131r.\u201d\u00a0(3)<\/strong>\u00a0FKP\u2019nin \u00fcretken, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan, fabrikada i\u015fini yapan Frans\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7i tahayy\u00fcl\u00fc i\u00e7inde Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n izleri giderek silikle\u015fir. Bu enternasyonal miras\u0131 vurgulamak isteyenler de parti i\u00e7inde az\u0131nl\u0131kta kal\u0131r. Yine de, 1950\u2019lerde Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n anti-fa\u015fist haf\u0131zas\u0131 k\u0131smen su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flar. 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda 20. Paris\u2019te bir soka\u011fa \u201cManu\u015fyan Grubu\u201d ad\u0131 verilir. Ard\u0131ndan, 1955\u2019te Louis Aragon, Manu\u015fyan grubu i\u00e7in \u201cHat\u0131rlamak \u0130\u00e7in D\u00f6rtl\u00fckler<\/em>\u201d (Strophes pour se souvenir) \u015fiirini yazar, bu \u015fiiri L\u00e9o Ferr\u00e9 1961\u2019da \u201cK\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Afi\u015f\u201d isimli bir \u015fark\u0131 olarak seslendirir.\u00a0(4)<\/strong><\/p>\n 1906\u2019da Ad\u0131yaman Besni\u2019de do\u011fan, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019nda\u00a0(5)<\/strong>\u00a0a\u011fabeyi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda t\u00fcm ailesi katledilen, devrimci ve \u015fair, marangoz ve partizan Misak Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n ve g\u00f6\u00e7men kom\u00fcnist i\u015f\u00e7ilerden olu\u015fan partizan grubunun ad\u0131n\u0131n Frans\u0131z haf\u0131za sahas\u0131nda daha s\u0131k duyulmas\u0131 Mosco Boucault\u2019nun \u00e7ekti\u011fi\u00a0\u201cEmekli Ter\u00f6ristler\u201d\u00a0<\/em>(Des terroristes \u00e0 la retraite<\/em>) belgeselinin 1985\u2019te g\u00f6sterime girmesiyle olur. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m sonras\u0131, \u00f6nce a\u011fabeyiyle birlikte Suriye\u2019de bir yetimhaneye g\u00f6nderilen ard\u0131ndan ilk ba\u015fta Marsilya\u2019ya sonra da Paris\u2019e ge\u00e7erek Fransa\u2019ya yerle\u015fen Misak Manu\u015fyan, 90\u2019lardan itibaren Frans\u0131z haf\u0131za sahas\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a an\u0131lan bir fig\u00fcr haline gelir. Bu sene ise, Misak Manu\u015fyan ve M\u00e9lin\u00e9e Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n naa\u015flar\u0131 Panth\u00e9on\u2019a defnedilece\u011fi duyuruldu. Duyuruda Macron, Misak Manu\u015fyan\u2019dan \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6z ediyor: \u201cE\u015fsiz cesareti, t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fan vatansever ruhu, e\u015fi M\u00e9lin\u00e9e\u2019ye yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Alman halk\u0131ndan nefret etmedi\u011fini belirtti\u011fi son mektubunda ifade etti\u011fi sakin kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Cumhuriyetimiz i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor.\u201d\u00a0(6)\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Macron\u2019un Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131 [ve grubunu] anma bi\u00e7imi, ilk anda kula\u011fa ho\u015f gelse de, asl\u0131nda belirli bir politik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 temsil ediyor ve Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131 milli anlat\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftiriyor. Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n ve yolda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplarda, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmeden \u00f6nce b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 notlarda Fransa ya da Fransa Cumhuriyeti gibi kavramlar pek de ge\u00e7miyor; \u00e7o\u011fu kendini enternasyonalist, kom\u00fcnist gibi s\u0131fatlarla tan\u0131ml\u0131yor, hi\u00e7biri Frans\u0131z vatanda\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil ve bar\u0131\u015f, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, kurtulu\u015f gibi kavramlarla kendilerini ifade ediyorlar.\u00a0(7)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Macron\u2019un Manu\u015fyan i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201csakin kahramanl\u0131k\u201d terimi \u00f6zellikle dikkat \u00e7ekici \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc fa\u015fizme kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sabotajlarla ve y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyle hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gereken partizanlar\u0131 sakin olarak tan\u0131mlamak epey zor. Felsefeci Pierre Tevanian Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, Frans\u0131z milli anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 ve \u201cFransa a\u015fk\u0131\u201d nedeniyle \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f birisi olarak resmetmenin, onun politik miras\u0131n\u0131 ve tarihsel tecr\u00fcbesini tahrif etmek anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u00dcstelik bu resmetme bi\u00e7imi sadece Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n tecr\u00fcbesini tahrif etmekle kalm\u0131yor, ikili bir hareketle ayn\u0131 zamanda Fransa\u2019y\u0131 da Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n \u00e2\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011fu yer olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor. Fransa\u2019y\u0131, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 sessizce Alman fa\u015fizmiyle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmam\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ok sistematik bir \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve yabanc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yokmu\u015f ve anti-fa\u015fist direni\u015f\u00e7iler asl\u0131nda bir avu\u00e7 de\u011filmi\u015f gibi tarif ediyor.<\/p>\n Devrimcinin, partizan\u0131n, militan\u0131n ya da m\u00fccadele eden ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 seyreltme, ehlile\u015ftirme, radikal i\u00e7eri\u011fini so\u011furarak resmi ve milli hik\u00e2yenin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline getirme Macron\u2019un Manu\u015fyan anmas\u0131na has de\u011fil elbette, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n devlet anmalar\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131nda ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. \u00d6zellikle \u201cmilli panteonun\u201d bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015f ve devlet taraf\u0131ndan haf\u0131zas\u0131 millile\u015ftirilmi\u015f pek \u00e7ok fig\u00fcr\u00fcn siyasal miras\u0131, radikal i\u00e7eri\u011fi benzer bir \u015fekilde seyreltilerek massedilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Martin Luther King\u2019in siyasi miras\u0131n\u0131n ve haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n ABD taraf\u0131ndan resmi olarak tan\u0131narak i\u00e7erilmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonra nas\u0131l yorumland\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakarsak, King\u2019in siyasi pozisyonunun, s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkileri ve yoksullu\u011fun \u00f6nemini, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 kapitalizmin sistemik yap\u0131s\u0131yla etkisini ve siyah toplum i\u00e7in \u00f6z-\u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin hayati niteli\u011fini vurgulayan unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n dikkatle silindi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. B\u00f6ylece Martin Luther King\u2019i anarken \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131 kavramlar bulunabilecek olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen King siyah radikal hareketin liderlerinden biri olarak de\u011fil, mutedil ve kurallara uyan bir demokrat olarak an\u0131l\u0131r.\u00a0(8)<\/strong><\/p>\n Misak Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fdu\u011fu ve 1915 Ermeni S\u00fcryani Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yer T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de resm\u00ee ideoloji soyk\u0131r\u0131m ink\u00e2r\u0131 konusunda hala \u0131srarc\u0131, inkar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen yeni dilleri olsa da ink\u00e2r s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bu kat\u0131 inkar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00e7atlat\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bundan 10 y\u0131l \u00f6nce sokakta yap\u0131labilen Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 anmalar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k ancak kurumlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde yap\u0131labildi\u011fi, en temel demokratik eylem bi\u00e7imlerinin bile yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131 anma bi\u00e7imini ele\u015ftirmek \u201cl\u00fcks\u201d kalm\u0131yor mu? En nihayetinde bir devrimcinin siyasi miras\u0131n\u0131n ve haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n devlet taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nmas\u0131 olumlu de\u011fil mi? Bu ve benzeri sorular artt\u0131r\u0131labilir; bana kal\u0131rsa, benzer bir mant\u0131kla, bu sorular\u0131n tamam\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin haf\u0131za sahas\u0131n\u0131n aciliyeti \u00fczerine de sorulabilir.<\/p>\n En temel haklar\u0131n bile bazen kullan\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00fclkede Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n Panth\u00e9on\u2019a nakledilmesinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 anmalar\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlamak anlaml\u0131 m\u0131? \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu ve buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc ses \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131n giderek zorla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zamanda soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndem yapmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fc? Sokak eylemlilikleri bu derece s\u00f6n\u00fcmlenmi\u015fken, inkar\u0131n bu kadar yap\u0131sal ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu bir co\u011frafyada soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 anma \u0131srar\u0131n\u0131n ne gibi bir faydas\u0131 olur? Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131n anti-fa\u015fist, g\u00f6\u00e7men ve enternasyonalist siyasi miras\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l hat\u0131rlanaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine derinle\u015fen tart\u0131\u015fma ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de soyk\u0131r\u0131m anmalar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan ve bug\u00fcn yap\u0131lamamas\u0131n\u0131n siyasi anlamlar\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lacak bir politik tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n asl\u0131nda benzer bir yere i\u015faret etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum:<\/p>\n Giderek sa\u011fa kayan bir merkezin oldu\u011fu, \u201cfa\u015fizmin anaak\u0131mla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve anaak\u0131m\u0131n fa\u015fistle\u015fti\u011fi\u201d\u00a0(9)<\/strong>, K\u00fcrt d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve yabanc\u0131\/g\u00f6\u00e7men d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli k\u00f6r\u00fcklendi\u011fi, mizojininin ve LGBT\u0130+lara y\u00f6nelik nefretin pompaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm kazan\u0131mlar\u0131na topyek\u00fbn bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir zamanda \u201cdemokratik eylem\u201din, \u201csokak eylemi\u201dnin ve \u201chaf\u0131za jestlerinin\u201d anlam\u0131 nedir? Neo fa\u015fizmlerin heyecanl\u0131 ve \u00e7ok fazla duygulan\u0131m\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7iren sesinin yan\u0131nda giderek s\u00f6n\u00fckle\u015fen bir hak, hukuk, e\u015fitlik ve hat\u0131rlama \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 ne i\u015fe yarar?<\/p>\n Bu sene yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m ara\u015ft\u0131rmada bu sorulara cevaplar verebilmek i\u00e7in kimi ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 anmalar\u0131n\u0131n sokak eylemleri olarak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanda olu\u015fmu\u015f birikim \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131 \u015fekilleri, bu m\u00fccadelenin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin di\u011fer politik hareketleriyle ili\u015fkisini ve bug\u00fcn bu anmalar\u0131 yapam\u0131yor olman\u0131n politik anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya neden ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n kendime de bir hat\u0131rlatma \u00e7abas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini fark ettim. \u0130stanbul\u2019da, \u00fczerinden \u00e7ok zaman ge\u00e7memi\u015f bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fte, soyk\u0131r\u0131m anmalar\u0131 sokakta yap\u0131labiliyordu. Elbette siyasi zaman\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131yla kronolojik zaman\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir de\u011fil ve anmalara bakan pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, hakl\u0131 olarak, o zaman\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinde kabaca \u201cdemokratikle\u015fme\u201d diyebilece\u011fimiz bir aksta farkl\u0131 beklentilerin oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nem ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131na, iktidar\u0131n politik program\u0131nda ba\u015fka \u015feyleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi uyum s\u00fcrecinin makro d\u00fczeydeki etkisine dikkat \u00e7ekiyorlar. Bence en az bunlar kadar \u00f6nemli ba\u015fka bir fakt\u00f6r, soyk\u0131r\u0131m anmalar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de pek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 politik hareketin \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir repertuarla sokakta oldu\u011fu, sokak eylemliliklerinin farkl\u0131 politik hedeflerle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebildi\u011fi bir zamanda yap\u0131labiliyor olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 anmalar\u0131, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul\u2019da Ermeni cemaatinin kendi \u00e7abas\u0131yla d\u00fczenledi\u011fi ilk y\u0131llardan sonra, \u00f6nce \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Derne\u011fi\u2019nin, \u00f6zellikle de \u0130HD \u2013 Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve Ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa Kar\u015f\u0131 Komisyon\u2019un \u00f6nc\u00fc m\u00fccadelesiyle sonras\u0131nda da Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fe Kar\u015f\u0131 Dur De giri\u015fiminin \u00e7abalar\u0131yla, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren 24 Nisan\u2019da \u0130stanbul\u2019da farkl\u0131 eylemlerle ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu anmalar\u0131 d\u00fczenleyenlerin profilini 3 farkl\u0131 grupta tan\u0131mlayabiliriz:<\/p>\n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ad\u0131yla ve tazmin, telafi ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fle hesapla\u015fman\u0131n somut taleplerini vurgulayarak anan, \u201chaf\u0131za militanlar\u0131\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m politik tan\u0131m\u0131n ve taleplerin ifade edilmesini \u00f6nemseyen eylemciler; mutlaka soyk\u0131r\u0131m demeden de kavram\u0131 ima ederek ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde olanlar\u0131 k\u0131smen ifade ederek anmalar\u0131n yap\u0131labilece\u011fini ve b\u00f6ylesinin daha kapsay\u0131c\u0131 olabilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcren sol ve liberal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden entelekt\u00fceller; soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u201cortak ac\u0131\u201d olarak \u00e7er\u00e7eveleyen, ancak taraflar\u0131n hepsinin ac\u0131lar\u0131 vurgulan\u0131rsa bu konunun konu\u015fulabilece\u011fine inanan ve \u00f6nemli olan\u0131n meselenin konu\u015fulabilir hale gelmesi oldu\u011funu iddia eden \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 muhafazakarlar.<\/p>\n Bu farkl\u0131 anma yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olabilecek pek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 yan var elbette ancak benim dikkatimi \u00e7eken \u015fey, inkar\u0131n bu kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu bir co\u011frafyada \u201cmesele soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ad\u0131yla an\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fil\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 politik tehlike. Ermeni S\u00fcryani Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ad\u0131yla anmak sadece soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n kendisine dair bir entelekt\u00fcel ve politik tutuma i\u015faret etmiyor ayn\u0131 zamanda inkar\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n s\u00fcrmesini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n etkilerinin bug\u00fcnde ve \u015fimdide devam etti\u011fini ve ancak belirli tan\u0131ma, tazmin ve telafi taleplerinin yayg\u0131n tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131yla ve kabul\u00fcyle inkar\u0131n \u00e7atlat\u0131labilece\u011fini bize hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor.\u00a0(10)\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6te yandan bu farkl\u0131 anma bi\u00e7imlerinin bir arada yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm tart\u0131\u015fmalara, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geli\u015flere ve bazen s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmelere ra\u011fmen, belki asl\u0131nda bunlar nedeniyle, \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir entelekt\u00fcel ve politik alan a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yorum. Haf\u0131za sahas\u0131 dedi\u011fimiz ama asl\u0131nda ge\u00e7mi\u015fin farkl\u0131 i\u015flenme bi\u00e7imlerinin\u00a0bug\u00fcn<\/em>\u2019\u00fcn ve\u00a0\u015fimdi<\/em>\u2019nin politik iklimiyle ili\u015fkilendi\u011fi bu alanda, eklektik olman\u0131n kimi alanlar a\u00e7abilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Anmalar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131n diline ve kulland\u0131klar\u0131 kelimelere bakan bir s\u00f6ylem analizi elbette \u00e7ok anlaml\u0131 ama t\u00fcm bu anmalar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu toplam \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 politik birikime bakmak, kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemleri yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek ve buradan sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 da g\u00f6zard\u0131 etmemek gerekir. \u00d6rne\u011fin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m herkes soyk\u0131r\u0131mla ile ilgili toplamda \u00f6nemli bir entelekt\u00fcel ve politik birikimin olu\u015ftu\u011fu konusunda hemfikirdi ancak \u201cmasaya bir solcu, bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, bir liberal ve bir demokrat oturup tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131yoruz\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla yap\u0131lan panellerin kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n kendi politik \u00e7evrelerinde k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yaratmakta ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011fu konusunda da neredeyse hemfikirdi. Gen\u00e7 ku\u015fak eylemciler, verdikleri m\u00fccadeleye daha ele\u015ftirel bakt\u0131lar ve en \u00e7ok da ittifaklar kurman\u0131n, farkl\u0131 politik hareketlerle ba\u011flar kurman\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgulad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n O nedenle, sokak anmalar\u0131 yapmay\u0131 zorlamaktan hi\u00e7 vazge\u00e7meden bu d\u00f6nem ayn\u0131 zamanda soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinde i\u015flemeyen etkinlik bi\u00e7imlerinden vazge\u00e7mek ve yerine i\u015fleyen yeni formlar kurmak i\u00e7in de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n, Talin Suciyan\u2019\u0131n ifadesiyle s\u00f6ylersek \u201csoyk\u0131r\u0131msonras\u0131 ink\u00e2r habitusu\u201dnun\u00a0(11)<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e7atlamas\u0131 i\u00e7in hangi politik hareketlerle, yerel inisiyatiflerle, taban \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle ili\u015fkiler kurulabilece\u011fi \u00fczerine kafa yorulabilir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinin, Osmanl\u0131-T\u00fcrkiye i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc enternasyonal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 politik imkanlar \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131labilir. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca fa\u015fizme kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015fenlerin, fa\u015fizmi geriletenlerin ve nihayetinde onu yenenlerin enternasyonalistler, g\u00f6\u00e7menler ve vatans\u0131zlar oldu\u011fu hat\u0131rlat\u0131labilir. Hep sa\u011f kalanlar\u0131 ya da katledilenleri merkez alan anlat\u0131lar\u00a0(12)<\/strong>\u00a0yerine inkar\u0131n mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fi, inkar\u0131n yap\u0131sal ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l i\u015f g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131labilir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ara\u00e7salla\u015ft\u0131rmadan ama soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinin sadece T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki az\u0131nl\u0131klarla bir \u201cdayan\u0131\u015fma\u201d eylemi olarak de\u011fil de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u201cortak bir arada ya\u015fam\u201d perspektifinin nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilece\u011fine dair politik bir program\u0131n kalbine yerle\u015ftirilerek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir, bu program\u0131n hangi hareketlerle ittifak halinde olu\u015fturulabilece\u011fine yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131labilir.\u00a0(13)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Soyk\u0131r\u0131ma dair yaz\u0131l\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klama yapan ya da herhangi bir bi\u00e7imde soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 anan kurumlar\u0131n temsilcilerine T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011fe hakaret iddias\u0131yla davalar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla ittifaklar kurman\u0131n hayati oldu\u011fu zamanlardan ge\u00e7iyoruz. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u00a0bug\u00fcn<\/em>\u2018de ve\u00a0\u015fimdi<\/em>\u2018de nas\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dair \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapan Nor Zartonk \u0130nisiyatifinden Norayr Olgar Misak Manu\u015fyan\u2019\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda siyasi hat\u0131rlaman\u0131n \u00f6nemini \u00e7ok g\u00fczel anlatm\u0131\u015f: \u201cBug\u00fcn bize Manu\u015fyan ve yolda\u015flar\u0131ndan geriye kalan sadece onlar\u0131n adlar\u0131n\u0131n verildi\u011fi sokaklar, dikilen b\u00fcstleri, haklar\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kitaplar, \u015fark\u0131lardan daha fazlas\u0131. Bir araya gelen 23 g\u00f6\u00e7men partizan\u0131n bize b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 birlikte ya\u015fama umudu ve enternasyonalist m\u00fccadele. Manu\u015fyan ve yolda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n cesareti ve kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Gezi\u2019den Kamp Armen\u2019e, Lice\u2019de, Nusaybin\u2019de, Sur\u2019da katliamlara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden K\u00fcrt halk\u0131yla dayan\u0131\u015farak b\u00fcy\u00fcyecek ve ya\u015fayacakt\u0131r.\u201d\u00a0(14)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Manu\u015fyan\u2019dan bize kalan \u201cfazla\u201d \u00fczerine hep birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye, bunun \u00fczerine derinle\u015fmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan vazge\u00e7memek gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131yorum. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir eylemcinin s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi, \u201cSon s\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc s\u00f6ylemedik daha\u201d ve bu s\u00f6z\u00fc ancak kolektif bir \u00e7abayla, ittifaklar kurarak, mevcut ittifaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 geni\u015fleterek bulaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z emin oldu\u011fum tek \u015fey neredeyse.<\/p>\n *<\/strong>\u00a0Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi Misafir \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi ve Cambridge Dinleraras\u0131 Program taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenen ve Calouste Gulbenkian Vakf\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen T\u00fcrkiye-Ermenistan \u0130li\u015fkileri ara\u015ft\u0131rma projesinin ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n Bu yaz\u0131da ifade edilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler yazara aittir ve Calouste Gulbenkian Vakf\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini yans\u0131tmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n (1)<\/strong>\u00a018 Haziran 1940\u2019ta General Charles de Gaulle Londra BBC Radyosuna Frans\u0131z halk\u0131n\u0131 direni\u015fe \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ran \u00fcnl\u00fc konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yapar. Bu nedenle bug\u00fcn Fransa\u2019da Nazi kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 direni\u015fin an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00fcn haline gelir.\u00a0<\/em>
\n(2)<\/strong>\u00a0France Inter, podcast kayd\u0131, \u201cMissak Manouchian, au nom des autres\u201c(Misak Manu\u015fyan, ba\u015fkalar\u0131 ad\u0131na), 25 \u015eubat 2023,\u00a0https:\/\/www.radiofrance.fr\/franceinter\/podcasts\/autant-en-emporte-l-histoire\/autant-en-emporte-l-histoire-du-samedi-25-fevrier-2023-7362639<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>
\n(3)<\/strong>\u00a0Christian Stoffaes, Le r\u00f4le du Corps des Mines dans la politique industrielle fran\u00e7aise : deux si\u00e8cles d\u2019action et d\u2019influence,\u00a0\u201cR\u00e9alit\u00e9s Industrielles\u201d,\u00a0Kas\u0131m 2011, s. 57.\u00a0<\/em>
\n(4)<\/strong>\u00a0\u015eark\u0131y\u0131 dinlemek i\u00e7in\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1nqyPVPDtcY<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>
\n(5)<\/strong>\u00a01915\u2019teki b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 asl\u0131nda Ermeni S\u00fcryani Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlamak do\u011frudur, yaz\u0131da bunu politik olarak vurgulamak nedeniyle zaman zaman bu terimi kullanaca\u011f\u0131m ancak \u00f6zel olarak 24 Nisan Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 anmalar\u0131n\u0131 inceledi\u011fim i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011funlukla Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 terimini kullanaca\u011f\u0131m.\u00a0<\/em>
\n(6)<\/strong>\u00a018 Haziran 2023\u2019te yay\u0131mlanan a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n tamam\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz.\u00a0https:\/\/www.elysee.fr\/emmanuel-macron\/2023\/06\/18\/ceremonie-du-18-juin-2023<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>
\n(7)<\/strong>\u00a0Pierre Tevanian, Manouchian n\u2019est pas un h\u00e9ros de \u00ab roman national \u00bb,\u00a0les mots sont importants, 18 Haziran 2023\u00a0https:\/\/lmsi.net\/Manouchian-n-est-pas-un-heros-de-roman-national<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em>
\n(8)<\/strong>\u00a0Andrew J. Douglas, Jared A. Loggins, \u201cProphet of Discontent. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Critique of Racial Capitalism\u201c, University of Georgia Press, 2021\u00a0<\/em>
\n(9)<\/strong>\u00a0Ugo Palheta, \u201cLa Nouvelle Internationale Fasciste\u201c, Textuel, 2022.\u00a0<\/em>
\n(10)<\/strong>\u00a0Soyk\u0131r\u0131m anmalar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendiren pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma var, t\u00fcketici bir bi\u00e7imde hepsini bu yaz\u0131da anmam m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil, yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 i\u015faret edece\u011fim sadece: Talin Suciyan, Toplumsal Anma Pratikleri \u015eekillenirken, B\u00f6l\u00fcm II: \u0130stanbul 24 Nisan 2015,\u00a0Azad Alik, 21 Haziran 2015,\u00a0https:\/\/azadalik.com\/2015\/06\/21\/toplumsal-anma-pratikleri-sekillenirken-bolum-ii-istanbul-24-nisan-2015\/<\/a>\u00a0; Egemen \u00d6zbek, Yeni bir Hat\u0131rlama K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Anmalar\u0131, Birikim, no. 392, Aral\u0131k 202: 60 \u2013 69; Adnan \u00c7elik, \u201cGe\u00e7meyen Bir Ge\u00e7mi\u015fle Y\u00fczle\u015fmenin Zorluklar\u0131: Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ve K\u00fcrt M\u00fcdahil \u00d6znelli\u011finin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc\u201d,\u00a0Birikim, no. 392, Aral\u0131k 2022: 34 -52. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m teriminin kullan\u0131m\u0131na dair 2013\u2019te yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m bu yaz\u0131 pek \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan eskise de politik olarak kabaca buna yak\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum: \u00d6zg\u00fcr Sevgi G\u00f6ral, \u201cErmeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 Tan\u0131mak\u201d,\u00a0\u00d6zg\u00fcr G\u00fcndem,\u00a025 Nisan 2013,\u00a0https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/6604017\/Ermeni_Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131_Tan\u0131mak<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>
\n(11)<\/strong>\u00a0Talin Suciyan, \u201cArmenians in Modern Turkey: Post-Genocide Society\u201c, Politics and History, 2016.<\/em>
\n(12)<\/strong>\u00a0Bu anlat\u0131lar\u0131n incelikli ele\u015ftirileri i\u00e7in bkz. Umut T\u00fcmay Arslan, Kesik\u2019in A\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yerden: Kat Kat Notlar, Altyaz\u0131, 27 Mart 2015\u00a0https:\/\/altyazi.net\/yazilar\/elestiriler\/kesikin-actigi-yerden-kat-kat-notlar\/<\/a>\u00a0, Nora Tataryan Aslan, Facing the Past. Aesthetic Possibility and the Image of \u201cSuper-Survivor\u201d,\u00a0Journal of Middle East Women\u2019s Studies,17:3, Kas\u0131m 2021, 348 \u2013 365.<\/em>
\n(13)<\/strong>\u00a0\u201c\u0130ttifak\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini ve kimi durumlarda \u201cdayan\u0131\u015fma\u201d kavram\u0131 yerine kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n neden \u015fart oldu\u011funu anlatan \u00f6nemli bir yaz\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. Nazan \u00dcst\u00fcnda\u011f, \u201cDayan\u0131\u015fman\u0131n baz\u0131 sorunlar\u0131na dair\u201d,\u00a0Yeni \u00d6zg\u00fcr Politika, 12 Nisan 2023,\u00a0https:\/\/www.ozgurpolitika.com\/haberi-dayanismanin-bazi-sorunlarina-dair-175436<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>
\n(14)<\/strong>\u00a0Norayr Olgar, Manu\u015fyan, \u201c23\u2019ler ve Nazizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele\u201d,\u00a0Avlaremoz, 24 Ocak 2016.<\/em><\/p>\n