{"id":71940,"date":"2023-01-16T01:15:46","date_gmt":"2023-01-16T06:15:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940"},"modified":"2023-01-16T01:15:46","modified_gmt":"2023-01-16T06:15:46","slug":"yuzyillara-direnen-bir-boya-ermeni-kosinili-ya-da-vordan-garmir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940","title":{"rendered":"Y\u00fczy\u0131llara direnen bir boya: Ermeni Ko\u015finili ya da Vordan Garmir"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\"<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

\u0130ra Tzourou<\/a><\/span> <\/strong><\/h1>\n

Antik \u00e7a\u011fda, Ararat Vadisi\u2019nin bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcnde do\u011fan ve yeti\u015fen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6cek, Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan toplan\u0131p i\u015flendikten sonra, koyu ve yo\u011fun k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bir boya elde etmede kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca bu do\u011fal boya, Ermenistan’\u0131n gururu olmu\u015f. Herodot, Kafkas halk\u0131n\u0131n asla solmayacak parlak renklere sahip g\u00fczel hal\u0131lar kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazar. Tarih\u00e7i Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, \u2018F\u00fct\u00fbhu’l-b\u00fcld\u00e2n\u2019 adl\u0131 eserinde, tarih\u00ee Artaxata (\u0531\u0580\u057f\u0561\u0577\u0561\u057f) k\u00f6y\u00fcne, Al-Qirmiz diye hitap eder. K\u00f6y\u00fcn sakinlerinin k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 boya \u00fcrettiklerinden bahseder.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/header>\n

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Eski efsaneler, Nuh’un torunlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bir solucandan elde edilen k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bir boyaya at\u0131fta bulunur. Antik \u00e7a\u011fda, Ararat Vadisi\u2019nin bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcnde do\u011fan ve yeti\u015fen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6cek, Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan toplan\u0131p i\u015flendikten sonra, koyu ve yo\u011fun k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bir boya elde etmede\u00a0 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca bu do\u011fal boya, Ermenistan’\u0131n gururu olmu\u015f. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman uzak \u00fclkelerde “Ermeni d\u00fcnyas\u0131” yerine “K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 solucan\u0131n diyar\u0131” ifadesi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

Ermeni d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda bu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 boyaya Vordan Garmir (\u0548\u0580\u0564\u0561\u0576 \u056f\u0561\u0580\u0574\u056b\u0580) ad\u0131 verildi, tam terc\u00fcmesi ile \u201cK\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Solucan\u201dd\u0131r. Eski el yazmalar\u0131ndan al\u0131nan referanslar, boyan\u0131n Ermeni kraliyet saray\u0131n\u0131n bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kabul edilen \u201cErmeni Ko\u015finili\u201d adl\u0131 b\u00f6cekten geldi\u011fini bildirmektedir. Bu b\u00f6ceklerin d\u00fcnyada sadece 3 t\u00fcr\u00fcne rastlan\u0131r. Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Avrupa’da yayg\u0131n olan; Ermeni, Meksika ve Polonya ko\u015finilleridir.<\/p>\n

\"Vordan<\/div>\n
Vordan Garmirin \u00fcretildi\u011fi b\u00f6ce\u011fin resminin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 2006 senesinin Ermeni Posta Pulu<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n

Ko\u015finil b\u00f6ce\u011finden haz\u0131rlanan ko\u015fin (yada karmin) ile, s\u0131cak sar\u0131dan k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131-mora kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli tonlar elde etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. Bilim adamlar\u0131, eski \u00e7a\u011flarda, mor rengin, sadece Ararat Vadisi\u2019nin ko\u015finilinden elde edilen boya ile Ermeni minyat\u00fcrlerine yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. Gerek Vagharshapat E\u00e7miyazin Tarih ve Etnografya M\u00fczesi\u2019nin ar\u015fivleri, gerek Ma\u015ftots Matenadaran Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde bulunan el yazmalar\u0131, bizlere bu antik boyan\u0131n g\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 parlak kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Ararat ko\u015finili hakk\u0131nda ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 kan\u0131t, 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n kronoloji tarih\u00e7isi Gazar Parpetsi’nin (\u0542\u0561\u0566\u0561\u0580 \u0553\u0561\u0580\u057a\u0565\u0581\u056b) yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. D\u00fcnyam\u0131zda bu nadir k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 b\u00f6cek t\u00fcr\u00fcne, Ermenistan, \u0130ran ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinde rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Ermenistan’da, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Ararat Vadisi\u2019nde yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Pers tarih\u00e7isi Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, \u2018F\u00fct\u00fbhu’l-b\u00fcld\u00e2n\u2019 adl\u0131 eserinde, tarih\u00ee Artaxata (\u0531\u0580\u057f\u0561\u0577\u0561\u057f) k\u00f6y\u00fcne, Al-Qirmiz diye hitap eder.\u00a0 K\u00f6y\u00fcn sakinlerinin k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 boya \u00fcrettiklerinden bahseder.<\/p>\n

\"Vayots<\/div>\n
Vayots Dzor , Noravank manast\u0131r\u0131nda Surp Krikor \u015fapelinin giri\u015finde bulunan Vordan Garmir s\u00fcslemesi.<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n

\u00c7ok say\u0131da Orta\u00e7a\u011f Arap kronolojilerinde, \u2018Vordan Garmir\u2019 renginden, Ermenistan’\u0131n ku\u015ft\u00fcy\u00fc ve y\u00fcnl\u00fc giysilerini\u00a0 renklendirmede, ayr\u0131ca el yazmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izimlerinde kullan\u0131lan \u0642\u0650\u0631\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0632 – (qirmiz) boyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretilmesinde faydalan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedilmektedir. \u00d6nemli bir Orta\u00e7a\u011f Arap co\u011frafyac\u0131s\u0131 olan El-Mukaddesi, Ararat ko\u015finilinden \u015f\u00f6yle bahseder: \u201cOrada, Ermenistan’da \u2018qirmiz\u2019 var, bu toprakta do\u011fan bir solucand\u0131r bu, kad\u0131nlar gelip onlar\u0131 dikkatlice kaplarda topluyor ve daha sonra ekmeklerin pi\u015firildi\u011fi f\u0131r\u0131nlara yerle\u015ftiriliyor\u201d.\u00a0 1. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Romal\u0131 yazar\u0131 Gaius Plinius Secundus, \u2018Do\u011fa Tarihi\u2019 (Naturalis Historia) eserinde, Vordan Garmir’e Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n Bat\u0131 pazar\u0131na ihra\u00e7 edilen ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak yer vermi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Krallar\u0131n hediyesi<\/strong>
\nTarih boyunca Krallar m\u00fcttefiklerine bu ebed\u00ee boya ile boyanm\u0131\u015f kuma\u015flar ve hal\u0131lar hediye ederler. Yaz\u0131tlara ge\u00e7en bir \u00f6rnekte Pers Kral\u0131 Arsaces, Roma imparatoru Marcus Aurelius’a, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya boyanm\u0131\u015f y\u00fcnl\u00fc bir kuma\u015f hediye eder. Kuma\u015f ba\u015fkentin simgesi haline gelir. \u0130mparatorluk saray\u0131nda sergilenen ve t\u00fcm ziyaret\u00e7ileri \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtan k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kuma\u015f hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6ylentiler ba\u015flar. Uzak Ermenistan’da yeti\u015ftirilen ve “Garmir Vortan” ad\u0131 verilen bir “solucan” dan elde edilen maddenin inan\u0131lmaz rengi hakk\u0131nda herkes konu\u015fmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

\"Rusya'n\u0131n<\/em><\/div>\n
Rusya’n\u0131n Sankt-Peterburg \u015fehrinin Ermitaj M\u00fczesi’nde sergilenen Pazyryk hal\u0131s\u0131<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n

Sibirya\u2019da, 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l mezar bazilikas\u0131 kaz\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Altay Da\u011flar\u0131’nda bulunan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde St. Petersburg’daki Ermitaj M\u00fczesi’nde sergilenen Pazyryk hal\u0131s\u0131 da, renginin as\u0131rlar \u00f6ncesinden kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat ediyor. Ararat Vadisi\u2019nin sihirli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck b\u00f6ceklerinden elde edilen boya o kadar parlak ki, sanki birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l \u00f6nce boyanm\u0131\u015f gibi. Hal\u0131 neredeyse hi\u00e7 bozulmam\u0131\u015f, ilmik s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 rengin bask\u0131n olu\u015fu hal\u0131n\u0131n Ermeni ge\u00e7mi\u015fini yans\u0131t\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

M\u00d6 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n antik tarih\u00e7i yazar\u0131 Herodot, Kafkas halk\u0131n\u0131n asla solmayacak parlak renklere sahip g\u00fczel hal\u0131lar kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazar. 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ermeni t\u0131p literat\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011ferli eserlerle zenginle\u015ftiren b\u00fcy\u00fck Ermeni hekim Amirdovlat Amasiatsi (\u0531\u0574\u056b\u0580\u0564\u0578\u057e\u056c\u0561\u0569 \u0531\u0574\u0561\u057d\u056b\u0561\u0581\u056b) ko\u015finil \u00f6zellikleri hakk\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 bilgiler aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u0131khitarist Rahip Gevond Alishan (\u0540\u0561\u0575\u0580 \u0542\u0565\u0582\u0578\u0576\u0564 \u0531\u056c\u056b\u0577\u0561\u0576) 1890 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u2018Ayrarat\u2019 kitab\u0131nda, asl\u0131nda Ararat k\u03bf\u015finili olmayan bir b\u00f6cek resmi sunar. \u00c7izim muhtemelen tamamen farkl\u0131 bir cinsten olan Meksika ko\u015finilidir (Coccus cacti). 1890\u2019lar\u0131n uzak Surp \u011eazar\u2019\u0131nda Alishan’\u0131n Ararat b\u00f6ce\u011fi ile tan\u0131\u015fma f\u0131rsat\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fczy\u0131llara direnen bir boya<\/strong>
\n\u2018Vordan Garmir\u2019in \u00fcn\u00fc yaln\u0131zca renginin parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve l\u00fcks g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcnden kaynaklanmaz. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n, zaman\u0131n, \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve nemin tahribat\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 inan\u0131lmaz direnci de bu \u00fcne katk\u0131da bulunur. Bu sayede ko\u015finil ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f minyat\u00fcrler ve tuvaller,\u00a0 hala parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Kobayr’daki (\u0554\u0578\u0562\u0561\u0575\u0580) 12. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait manast\u0131rda korunan freskler, y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r g\u00fcne\u015fe, ya\u011fmura, r\u00fczg\u00e2ra maruz kalmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bu boyaya bor\u00e7lular. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalma Noravank (\u0546\u0578\u0580\u0561\u057e\u0561\u0576\u0584) manast\u0131r\u0131nda, Surp Krikor \u015fapelinin tavan\u0131ndaki dekorasyonda ve Azat Nehri\u2019nin vadisinde bulunan Geghard (\u0533\u0565\u0572\u0561\u0580\u0564) manast\u0131r\u0131ndaki 12. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ha\u00e7karlar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n

\"Kotayk,<\/em><\/div>\n
Kotayk, Geghard manast\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renkli Ha\u00e7karlar\u0131.<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n

Atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n iki bin y\u0131ldan fazla bir s\u00fcredir korudu\u011fu ve nesilden nesille aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu boyan\u0131n s\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131 sadece Ermeni ustalar\u0131 biliyordu. Ararat Vadisi\u2019nin ko\u015finili, Orta\u00e7a\u011f Ermeni minyat\u00fcrlerine, manast\u0131r ve kiliselerin duvar resimlerine sonsuz hayat vermenin yan\u0131s\u0131ra, kozmetik ve tedavi edici ila\u00e7lar\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ate\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc, antiseptik ve kontraseptif olarak da faydalan\u0131l\u0131r. Orta\u00e7a\u011f’da, kraliyet ve aristokrat ailelerden gelen kad\u0131nlar, yaln\u0131zca ko\u015finil i\u00e7eren kremler ve ya\u011flar kulland\u0131lar. Bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin nemlendirici, yenileyici ve bakterisidal etkileri vard\u0131. Krallar ve prensler i\u00e7in gen\u00e7li\u011fi geri kazand\u0131ran, uzun \u00f6m\u00fcr, zihinsel ve fiziksel g\u00fc\u00e7 veren \u00f6zel balsamlar yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ba\u015fka bir kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 ise m\u00fcrekkep olacakt\u0131. Antik ve Orta\u00e7a\u011fda, Do\u011fu ve Avrupa’n\u0131n krallar\u0131 ve din adamlar\u0131, yaln\u0131zca Ararat Vadisi\u2019nin ko\u015finilinden gelen k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 m\u00fcrekkeple evraklar\u0131n\u0131 imzalard\u0131. R\u00f6nesans d\u00f6neminde bu boyadan elde edilen k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renk tonu Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt ve Michelangelo taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Meksika ve\u00a0 Polonya ko\u015finilinin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131<\/strong>
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n tarihine son verdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemlerden sonra Vordan Garmir \u00fcretimi azald\u0131 ve 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda neredeyse sona erdi. Yerini Meksika ve Polonya\u2019da \u00fcretilen b\u00f6ce\u011fe b\u0131rakt\u0131. Bu boyan\u0131n kalitesi Ararat vadilerininkinden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Meksika ko\u015finili y\u0131lda 5 nesil \u00fcretilebiliyor ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 boya ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok daha ucuza kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, yapay renklerin icad\u0131, tarifi zaten kaybolmu\u015f olan e\u015fsiz Ermeni teknik bilgisini a\u015ft\u0131. Ancak zaman, sentetik renklerin do\u011fal olanlardan daha az sabit oldu\u011funu ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"1835<\/div>\n
1835 senesinde Ararat Ko\u015fini \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan (Iosif Khristianovich Hamel) Vordan Garmir b\u00f6ce\u011finin renkli \u00e7izimi. B\u00f6ce\u011fin bilimsel ad\u0131n\u0131n Porphyrophora hamelii olmas\u0131 bilim insan\u0131, kimyasal teknoloji uzman\u0131 ve t\u0131p doktoru Hamel’den kaynaklan\u0131yor.<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n

1930’larda Ermenistan’daki Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, tarihi Vordan Garmir \u00fcretimine ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in \u00e7aba sarf etti. Ancak bu \u00e7abalar sava\u015f nedeniyle kesintiye u\u011frad\u0131. Proje 1971’de yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131, ancak hi\u00e7bir zaman end\u00fcstriyel hacimlere ula\u015fmad\u0131. 1987’de Ermenistan’\u0131n Armavir eyaletinde Vordan Garmir Devlet Rezervi kuruldu, ancak bu \u00e7aba da gelecek getiremedi.<\/p>\n

Yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong>
\nKumlu topraklar\u0131n yo\u011fun \u015fekilde i\u015fletilmesi sonucunda ko\u015finil yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla, bu b\u00f6ce\u011fin yapay ko\u015fullarda \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Armavir b\u00f6lgesinde tekrar bir rezerv olu\u015fturuldu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde s\u0131rr\u0131 hen\u00fcz tam olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemeyen boyay\u0131 tekrar elde etme y\u00f6nteminin bulunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Yerevan’daki Ararat Ko\u015finili Laboratuvar\u0131, toprak \u00f6rneklerinin sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131, termostatlar ve cam kavanozlar ile dolu iki odas\u0131nda bu antik b\u00f6cek t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tekrar hayata ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131yor. Laboratuvar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 olan Nora M\u0131g\u0131rdi\u00e7yan, Ararat ko\u015finili hakk\u0131nda saatlerce konu\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6cek pop\u00fclasyonu her y\u0131l azal\u0131rken, Vordan Garmir \u00fcretilen Ermeni ko\u015finili, nesli t\u00fckenmekte olan t\u00fcrlerin bulundu\u011fu K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Kitapta listeleniyor ve yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya. Ararat k\u03bf\u015finilinin bilimsel ad\u0131na Porphyrophora hamelii, Armenian cochineal ve Ararat scale olarak da rastlayabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Brandt J. F. (1833) Zur Naturgeschichte der Cochenille. Ueber die Cochenille Armeniens. In Brandt J. F., Ratzeburg J. T. C. (1833) Medizinische Zoologie, pp. 355-356.<\/em><\/p>\n

– Futu\u0304h\u0323 al-bulda\u0304n \/ Ah\u0323mad ibn Yah\u0323ya\u0301 al-Bala\u0304dhuri\u0304.<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u041d\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0435\u0441 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f (1833) \u041e\u0431 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0447. 2, 1838.<\/em><\/p>\n

– Hamel J. (1835) \u00dcber Cochenille am Ararat und \u00fcber Wurzelcochenille im Allgemeinen. In M\u00e9moires de l’Acad\u00e9mie imp\u00e9riale des sciences de St.-P\u00e9tersbourg. s\u00e9r. 6, pp. 9-64.<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u0413\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0418. \u0425. (1835) \u041e\u0431 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438; \u0418\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434. \u0413\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0447. \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a.<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u0413\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0418. \u0425. (1838) \u041e\u0431 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0447. 2, 1838.<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u041a\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u044c. \u0412 \u043a\u043d. \u0428\u043e\u043f\u0435\u043d \u0418. (1852) \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u044a \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0456\u044f \u0410\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u0531\u056c\u056b\u0577\u0561\u0576 \u0542. (1890) \u0548\u0580\u0564\u0576 \u056f\u0561\u0580\u0574\u0580\u0578\u0575 \u056b \u0544\u0561\u057d\u056b\u057d. \u0531\u0575\u0580\u0561\u0580\u0561\u057f.<\/em><\/p>\n

– Porphyrophora hameli. In: Blanchard R. (1883) Les Coccides Utiles. In Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France.<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u0532\u0565\u056f\u0570\u0578\u057e\u057d\u0565\u0583\u0575\u0561\u0576 \u053c. (1932) \u0531\u0580\u0561\u0580\u0561\u057f\u0575\u0561\u0576 \u057e\u0578\u0580\u0564\u0561\u0576 \u056f\u0561\u0580\u0574\u056b\u0580\u0568 \u0575\u0565\u057e \u0576\u0580\u0561 \u0561\u0580\u0564\u0575\u0578\u0582\u0576\u0561\u0562\u0565\u0580\u0561\u056f\u0561\u0576 \u0578\u0563\u057f\u0561\u0563\u0578\u0580\u056e\u0574\u0561\u0576 \u0570\u0576\u0561\u0580\u0561\u057e\u0578\u0580\u0578\u0582\u0569\u0575\u0578\u0582\u0576\u0576\u0565\u0580\u0568. \u054d\u0578\u0581\u056b\u0561\u056c\u056b\u057d\u057f\u0561\u056f\u0561\u0576 \u0561\u0563\u0580\u0578\u0576\u0578\u0574\u056b\u0561. \u0533\u056b\u0580\u0584 \u0561\u057c\u0561\u057b\u056b\u0576.<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u0410\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044f\u043d \u0410. \u0421. (1940) \u041a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0436\u0443\u0440. \u0418\u0437\u0432. \u0410\u0440\u043c. \u0424\u0438\u043b. \u0410\u041d \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u2116 4\u20135.<\/em><\/p>\n

– Porphyrophora. \u0412 \u043a\u043d. \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0445\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0443\u0441 \u041d.\u0421. (1950) \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. (Coccoidea).<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u0531\u057e\u0564\u0561\u056c\u0562\u0565\u0563\u0575\u0561\u0576 \u054d. \u0539. (1962) \u0548\u0580\u0564\u0561\u0576 \u053f\u0561\u0580\u0574\u056b\u0580\u0568 \u0587 \u0576\u0580\u0561 \u057f\u0561\u0580\u0561\u056e\u0574\u0561\u0576 \u057e\u0561\u0575\u0580\u0565\u0580\u0568 \u0531\u0580\u0561\u0580\u0561\u057f\u0575\u0561\u0576 \u0564\u0561\u0577\u057f\u0561\u057e\u0561\u0575\u0580\u0578\u0582\u0574. \u0540\u054d\u054d\u054c \u0533\u0531 \u054f\u0565\u0572\u0565\u056f\u0561\u0563\u056b\u0580 \u0562\u056b\u0578\u056c\u0578\u0563\u056b\u0561\u056f\u0561\u0576 \u0563\u056b\u057f\u0578\u0582\u0569\u0575\u0578\u0582\u0576\u0576\u0565\u0580\u056b, 15 (7). pp. 89-94.<\/em>
\n– Ter-Grigoryan M. A. (1976) The morphology of Ararat cochineal Porphyrophora hamelii. In: Biological Journal of Armenia, v. XXIX, 3<\/em><\/p>\n

– Mkrtchyan, L. P. Sarkisov, R. N. 1985. The biology and reproduction of the Ararat cochineal Porphyrophora hamelii Brandt (Homoptera, Coccinea, Margarodidae). Inst. Zool., AN Armyanskoi SSR, Yerevan, USSR, 157 pp. (in Russian)<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u054d\u0561\u0580\u056f\u056b\u057d\u0578\u057e \u054c. \u0546. \u0578\u0582\u0580\u056b\u0577. (1991) \u0531\u0580\u0561\u0580\u0561\u057f\u0575\u0561\u0576 \u0578\u0580\u0564\u0561\u0576 \u056f\u0561\u0580\u0574\u056b\u0580\u0568 \u0587 \u0576\u0580\u0561 \u0562\u0561\u0566\u0574\u0561\u0581\u0578\u0582\u0574\u0568 \u0561\u0580\u0570\u0565\u057d\u057f\u0561\u056f\u0561\u0576 \u057a\u0561\u0575\u0574\u0561\u0576\u0576\u0565\u0580\u0578\u0582\u0574 \/\u054d\u0561\u0580\u056f\u056b\u057d\u0578\u057e \u054c. \u0546., \u0544\u056f\u0580\u057f\u0579\u0575\u0561\u0576 \u053c. \u054a., \u0536\u0561\u056d\u0561\u0580\u0575\u0561\u0576 \u054e. \u0531., \u0535\u0580.\u0589 \u0540\u0561\u0575\u0561\u057d\u057f\u0561\u0576\u056b \u0533\u0531 \u0570\u0580\u0561\u057f., 81 \u0567\u057b.<\/em><\/p>\n

– Ben-Dov Y (1993) A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, FL, 536 pp.<\/em><\/p>\n

– Porphyrophora hamelii In: Garc\u00eda Morales M., Denno B. D., Miller D. R., Miller G. L., Ben-Dov Y., Hardy N.B. (2016)<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.agos.com.tr\/tr\/yazi\/28021\/yuzyillara-direnen-bir-boya-ermeni-kosinili-ya-da-vordan-garmir\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130ra Tzourou Antik \u00e7a\u011fda, Ararat Vadisi\u2019nin bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcnde do\u011fan ve yeti\u015fen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6cek, Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan toplan\u0131p i\u015flendikten sonra, koyu ve yo\u011fun k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bir boya elde etmede kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca bu do\u011fal boya, Ermenistan’\u0131n gururu olmu\u015f. Herodot, Kafkas halk\u0131n\u0131n asla solmayacak parlak renklere sahip g\u00fczel hal\u0131lar kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazar. Tarih\u00e7i Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, \u2018F\u00fct\u00fbhu’l-b\u00fcld\u00e2n\u2019 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":71942,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-71940","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\nY\u00fczy\u0131llara direnen bir boya: Ermeni Ko\u015finili ya da Vordan Garmir - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Y\u00fczy\u0131llara direnen bir boya: Ermeni Ko\u015finili ya da Vordan Garmir - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0130ra Tzourou Antik \u00e7a\u011fda, Ararat Vadisi\u2019nin bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcnde do\u011fan ve yeti\u015fen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6cek, Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan toplan\u0131p i\u015flendikten sonra, koyu ve yo\u011fun k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bir boya elde etmede kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. 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Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Y\u00fczy\u0131llara direnen bir boya: Ermeni Ko\u015finili ya da Vordan Garmir - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","og_description":"\u0130ra Tzourou Antik \u00e7a\u011fda, Ararat Vadisi\u2019nin bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcnde do\u011fan ve yeti\u015fen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6cek, Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan toplan\u0131p i\u015flendikten sonra, koyu ve yo\u011fun k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bir boya elde etmede kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca bu do\u011fal boya, Ermenistan’\u0131n gururu olmu\u015f. Herodot, Kafkas halk\u0131n\u0131n asla solmayacak parlak renklere sahip g\u00fczel hal\u0131lar kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazar. Tarih\u00e7i Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, \u2018F\u00fct\u00fbhu’l-b\u00fcld\u00e2n\u2019 […]","og_url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940","og_site_name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","article_published_time":"2023-01-16T06:15:46+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":814,"url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Vordan-Garmir-1.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"9 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"headline":"Y\u00fczy\u0131llara direnen bir boya: Ermeni Ko\u015finili ya da Vordan Garmir","datePublished":"2023-01-16T06:15:46+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940"},"wordCount":2625,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Vordan-Garmir-1.jpg","articleSection":["Haberler","Makaleler"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940","name":"Y\u00fczy\u0131llara direnen bir boya: Ermeni Ko\u015finili ya da Vordan Garmir - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Vordan-Garmir-1.jpg","datePublished":"2023-01-16T06:15:46+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Vordan-Garmir-1.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/01\/Vordan-Garmir-1.jpg","width":1200,"height":814},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=71940#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Y\u00fczy\u0131llara direnen bir boya: Ermeni Ko\u015finili ya da Vordan Garmir"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/","name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e","name":"admin","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?author=7"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71940","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=71940"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71940\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":71943,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/71940\/revisions\/71943"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/71942"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=71940"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=71940"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=71940"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}