![\"\"](\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Tokali-Kilisesi-360x202.webp\")
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Tokal\u0131 Kilisesi\u2019ndeki resimlerin restorasyonu \u0130talya\u2019daki Tuscia \u00dcniversitesi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Restorasyon Projesi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Prof. Maria Andaloro\u2019ya g\u00f6re Tokal\u0131, sadece Kapadokya\u2019da de\u011fil, Avrupa ve Akdeniz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda da d\u00f6neminin en \u00f6nemli kilisesi.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n Seray \u015eahinler\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Tarihi 10. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131na uzanan Tokal\u0131 Kilisesi, Kapadokya\u2019n\u0131n en ilgi \u00e7eken yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri. B\u00f6lgenin bilinen en eski kaya kilisesi olan Tokal\u0131, G\u00f6reme Vadisi\u2019nin en \u00e7ok turist a\u011f\u0131rlayan kiliselerinden ayn\u0131 zamanda. G\u00fcn\u00fcn her saati \u00f6n\u00fcnde uzun kuyruklar g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. \u0130\u00e7eri girdi\u011finizde ise sizi b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc bir atmosfer kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Bir Bizans kilisesi olan Tokal\u0131\u2019da, Hz. \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fumundan \u00e7arm\u0131ha gerilmesine kadar hayat\u0131ndan kesitlerin yans\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 freskler yer al\u0131yor. \u201cBeyt\u00fcllahim\u2019e yolculuk\u201d, \u201cM\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u201d, \u201cHz. Zekeriya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi\u201d, \u201cHz. \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n Vaftizci Yahya ile bulu\u015fmas\u0131\u201d, \u201cHavarilerin g\u00f6revlendirilmesi\u201d, \u201cLazarus\u2019un diriltilmesi\u201d, \u201cson ak\u015fam yeme\u011fi\u201d ve \u201cHz. \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6\u011fe \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d gibi sahneleri i\u00e7eren duvar resimleri ziyaret\u00e7ileri b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Fresklerin hepsi d\u00f6neminin en \u00f6zg\u00fcn yap\u0131tlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda.<\/p>\n \u201cR\u00fcya tak\u0131m\u201d i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131nda<\/strong><\/p>\n Tokal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck emek sarf eden bir kadro var. \u0130talya\u2019daki Tuscia \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Orta\u00e7a\u011f Sanat Tarihi Profes\u00f6r\u00fc Maria Andaloro\u2019nun ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki ekip, 1996-2005 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00dcrg\u00fcp\u2019teki Tav\u015fanl\u0131 Kilisesi\u2019nin restorasyonunu \u00fcstlenmi\u015f. B\u00f6lgedeki \u00e7obanlar\u0131n kul\u00fcbe olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihi kilise i\u00e7in uyar\u0131 \u201c\u00e7anlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d tespit eden ekip, \u00f6zel izinle restorasyona ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait kilisenin taban temizli\u011fiyle ba\u015flayan ve \u00e7e\u015fitli onar\u0131mlarla g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6zel mozaik koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f. Fakat kilise ziyarete a\u00e7\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in mozaiklerin \u00fczeri koruma ama\u00e7l\u0131 kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. D\u00f6nemin Nev\u015fehir M\u00fcze M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Murat G\u00fclyaz, \u201cTav\u015fanl\u0131\u2019daki r\u00fcya tak\u0131m\u201d olarak nitelendirdi\u011fi ekibi buradaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Tokal\u0131\u2019ya davet etmi\u015f. B\u00f6ylece Andaloro\u2019nun \u201cmuhte\u015fem bir an\u0131t\u201d dedi\u011fi Tokal\u0131 Kilisesi\u2019nin duvar resimlerinin restorasyonu 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Tuscia \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin i\u015f birli\u011fiyle bilfiil ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. Tokal\u0131\u2019da yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 y\u0131ld\u0131r T\u00fcrk ve \u0130talyan ekipler titiz bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n \u0130lk ad\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n Tokal\u0131 Kilisesi\u2019ndeki duvar resimlerinin her k\u00f6\u015fesi b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici. \u0130talyan ekip \u00f6zellikle freskleri asl\u0131na uygun olarak restore etmek i\u00e7in titizlikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Zira b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc ince i\u015f\u00e7ilikte. Duvar resimleri \u00e7e\u015fitli kimyasallar ve boyalarla asl\u0131na uygun \u015fekilde restore ediliyor. Her biri en ince ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na kadar f\u0131r\u00e7a dokunu\u015flar\u0131yla yeniden canlan\u0131yor. Kayalarda olu\u015fan \u00e7atlak ve d\u00f6k\u00fclmeler de yine asl\u0131na uygun olarak onar\u0131l\u0131yor. \u0130lk ad\u0131m resimlerin nas\u0131l yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamaktan ge\u00e7iyor. \u00d6nce yap\u0131m teknikleri \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Resimlerdeki her bir ikon, her bir detay et\u00fct edildikten sonra konservasyona ge\u00e7iliyor. \u0130lk bulgular e\u015fli\u011finde edinilen bilgiler \u00fczerinden yeni bir d\u00f6ng\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131yor. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n temelinde ayn\u0131 sorular var: Resimler hangi d\u00f6neme ait, ressamlar\u0131 kim, yerel mi evrensel mi, hangi ekole ait? Kiliseyi birlikte gezme f\u0131rsat\u0131 buldu\u011fum Andaloro, \u201cBuras\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u015fin kalbi. Bu bizim i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir onur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Tokal\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 duyuyoruz\u201d diyor. Yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcrecinde ise daha \u00e7ok Antik D\u00f6nem \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacak. Andaloro, Antik D\u00f6nem\u2019de daha \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fma ve \u00e7eli\u015fkinin oldu\u011funu ve bu sorular \u00fczerinden yeni sorular sorarak ara\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u0130talyan misyonunun, Tokal\u0131 Kilisesi\u2019ne paralel olarak 2006\u2019dan itibaren Nev\u015fehir\u2019de 6. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 13. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar uzanan yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 kilisenin duvar resimlerinin bulunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara imza att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da belirtelim.<\/p>\n Cerrah titizli\u011fiyle m\u00fcdahale<\/strong><\/p>\n A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak \u0130talyanlardan olu\u015fan restorasyon ekibinin enerjisi had safhada. Kilisenin \u00fcst kat\u0131nda, ziyarete kapat\u0131lan b\u00f6l\u00fcmdeki \u00e7ok \u00f6zel resimler bir cerrah titizli\u011fiyle restore ediliyor. 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrk restorat\u00f6rlerle uluslararas\u0131 bir grup burada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f. \u0130talyan ekip ise restore edilen yerleri tekrar restorasyondan ge\u00e7irmi\u015f. Bu kapsamda zamanla kararan, y\u00fczleri kaybolan yerler farkl\u0131 tekniklerle tekrar g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr h\u00e2le getirilmi\u015f. Konservasyon s\u00fcrecinde ise boyalar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi engelleniyor. Restorasyonun temelinde g\u00f6zetilen tek bir nokta var: Kilisenin duvarlar\u0131nda yer alan resimlerin izleyici g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak alg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak. Bo\u015fluklar kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131yla kapat\u0131l\u0131rken, resimlerdeki kesikler ve kay\u0131plar tek renk f\u0131r\u00e7a dokunu\u015flar\u0131yla resmin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar belgelenerek y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n Neler yap\u0131ld\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n Gelelim Tokal\u0131\u2019daki ke\u015fif s\u00fcrecine\u2026 Bug\u00fcne dek kilisenin apsis (sunak alan\u0131), ortadaki koridorlar, kemer ve g\u00fcney duvar\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar tamamland\u0131. Bu y\u0131l G\u00fcney Tonoz\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor. 10 y\u0131lda kilisedeki resimlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn restorasyonu yap\u0131ld\u0131. Kilisedeki koridor a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 ve resimlerin ne anlama geldi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlendi. Resimlerdeki fig\u00fcrlere ve ikonografi karakterlerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kilisedeki resimlerin 10. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Resimlerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u0130sa peygamberin ya\u015fam\u0131na ait t\u00fcm kutsal olaylar\u0131n 31 farkl\u0131 sahneyle resmedildi\u011fi d\u00fcnyadaki tek \u00f6rne\u011fi.<\/p>\n Lapis ta\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrprizi<\/strong><\/p>\n Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7teki en b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcrpriz ise duvar resimlerinde kullan\u0131lan lapis lazuli ta\u015f\u0131. \u00c7ok ender bulunan mavi renkli bu ta\u015f, Tokal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n duvarlar\u0131nda t\u00fcm canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Lapis lazulinin burada g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi tarih a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan e\u015fsiz bir de\u011fere sahip. Zira bu ta\u015f, Tokal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sadece Michelangelo\u2019nun Sistine \u015eapeli\u2019nde tasvir etti\u011fi \u201cK\u0131yamet G\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d sahnesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Kuzeydo\u011fu Afganistan\u2019daki ma\u011faralardan getirilen ta\u015f, kiliseyi d\u00f6neminin en \u00f6zg\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7ok pahal\u0131 bir ta\u015f olan lapisten Tokal\u0131\u2019ya y\u00fczlerce kilo getirilmi\u015f ve ta\u015f kalitesine g\u00f6re kilisenin duvarlar\u0131na pay edilmi\u015f. En kalitelisi ise ha\u00e7\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Andaloro, \u201cBu kadar ta\u015f\u0131n getirilmesi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli. B\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda lapis ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalardan ge\u00e7ip gelmesi i\u00e7in izne de ihtiya\u00e7 var. Hi\u00e7 kolay de\u011fil. Resimde ender kullan\u0131lan malzemeleri kullanm\u0131\u015flar Tokal\u0131\u2019da. Bu da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zenginlik g\u00f6stergesi. Ressamlar\u0131n\u0131n yerel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00fczde y\u00fcz eminiz. \u00c7ok \u00fcst d\u00fczey bir deneyim, ustal\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u00c7ok rafine, elit resimler bunlar. Kapadokya\u2019da y\u00fczlerce kiliseyi incelemi\u015f olmak aradaki fark\u0131 g\u00f6rmemize yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu. Bunu s\u00f6yleyebilmek i\u00e7in elimizde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilgi var. Buras\u0131 d\u00f6neminin en \u00f6zg\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131. Sadece Kapadokya de\u011fil, Avrupa ve Akdeniz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda d\u00f6neminin en \u00f6nemli kilisesi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilirim. 10. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131na kadar ne Avrupa\u2019da ne Akdeniz\u2019de b\u00f6yle bir kilise yok\u201d diyor. Kilise lapisin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra giri\u015fiyle de \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Tokal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n giri\u015fi ana yap\u0131dan farkl\u0131. Giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, kilisenin in\u015fas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Yani burada eski ve yeni Tokal\u0131 i\u00e7 i\u00e7e. Andaloro\u2019dan edindi\u011fim bilgiye g\u00f6re giri\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131, Tokal\u0131 Kilisesi\u2019nden 30 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, \u015fu an nerede oldu\u011fu bilinmeyen Melekler Manast\u0131r\u0131\u2019n\u0131n onuruna yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Benzer kiliselere g\u00f6re buran\u0131n formu da farkl\u0131. \u00c7ok \u00f6zel bir mimarisi var.<\/p>\n![\"Prof.](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i2.milimaj.com\/i\/milliyet\/75\/770x0\/6354562786b24536aceec146.jpg?ssl=1\")
<\/figure>\n![\"Prof.](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/i2.milimaj.com\/i\/milliyet\/75\/770x0\/6354563486b24536aceec148.jpg?ssl=1\")
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