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Sanat ve mimarl\u0131k tarihi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olarak kabul edilen Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i \u015eerifi\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan olan t\u00fcneller, mahzenler, 3 odal\u0131 yer alt\u0131 mezar\u0131 ile dehlizler g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclendi.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n Hikmet Faruk Ba\u015fer<\/strong><\/p>\n Ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede 3 kez in\u015fa edilen Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n alt\u0131nda okuyup ke\u015ffedildik\u00e7e merak uyand\u0131racak pek \u00e7ok gizemli mekan bulunuyor.<\/p>\n Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u0130stanbul\u2019a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck kilise olan Ayasofya, bir d\u00fcnya miras\u0131 yap\u0131 olarak y\u0131llara meydan okuyor. Tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n 8. harikas\u0131\u201d olarak nitelendirilen yap\u0131, mimarisiyle kendisine hayran b\u0131rak\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vak\u0131f \u00dcniversitesi (FSMV\u00dc) Mimarl\u0131k ve Tasar\u0131m Fak\u00fcltesi \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi Prof. Dr. Hasan F\u0131rat Diker, ekibiyle birlikte 1485 y\u0131ld\u0131r ayakta duran eseri havaland\u0131rarak ayakta tutup rutubetten koruyan yer alt\u0131 t\u00fcnelleri ve menfezlerinin 2 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmayla mimari belgelemesini yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ve etraf\u0131nda toplam uzunlu\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 kilometreyi bulan t\u00fcnel ve menfezleri 3 boyutlu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleyen ekibin lideri Prof. Dr. Diker, caminin yan\u0131 ve alt\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 AA\u2019ya gezdirdi.<\/p>\n \u201cAyasofya e\u015fsiz bir yap\u0131\u201d<\/strong> Ard\u0131ndan caminin g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131ndaki kestane a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n dibinden inilen, yerin 2 metre alt\u0131ndaki mahzenleri, devam\u0131nda yer alan t\u00fcnelleri ve dehlizleri g\u00f6steren Diker, Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n e\u015fsiz bir yap\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u0130stanbul\u2019a yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck kilise olan Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede 3 kez in\u015fa edildi\u011fini belirten Diker, \u201cBug\u00fcne kadar gelen Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n 532 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan in\u015fas\u0131 537 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamland\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, yak\u0131larak y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6nceki ah\u015fap \u00e7at\u0131l\u0131 yap\u0131lardan farkl\u0131 olarak, bu yap\u0131da ana mekan, 4 payenin ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 4 kemer \u00fczerinde, tu\u011fla ile o zamana kadarki en b\u00fcy\u00fck kubbe ve onu 2 y\u00f6nden destekleyen 2 yar\u0131m kubbe ile \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n Prof. Dr. Diker, Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n yer \u00fcst\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu gibi alt\u0131nda da bir tarihi bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatarak, \u015f\u00f6yle devam etti:<\/p>\n \u201cAyasofya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fu cephesinin hemen \u00f6n\u00fcnde yer alan mezar yap\u0131s\u0131 yerin 4 metre alt\u0131nda bulunuyor. \u2018Hipoje\u2019 olarak bilinen bu yap\u0131, Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bir yer altyap\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fil, ondan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce M.S. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131la tarihlendirilen bir yer alt\u0131 mezar yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131 Ayasofya civar\u0131nda bulunabilmi\u015f en eski mimari eserdir. Bu yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 sonradan yeniden i\u015flevlendirilmek ad\u0131na iki ucundan birer menfez ba\u011flanarak di\u011fer yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131yla ili\u015fkili hale getirilmi\u015ftir. Eri\u015fimi epey zor olan bu yer \u00e7ok bilinmiyor. \u2018Hipoje\u2019yi 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk belgeleyen Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n ilk m\u00fcze m\u00fcd\u00fcrlerinden Muzaffer Ramazano\u011flu olmu\u015f. K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l sonunda burada y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu temizleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 tona yak\u0131n moloz, \u00e7amur tahliye edildi. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n daha uzun vadeli bir arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde, Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 da kapsayacak \u015fekilde devam ettirilmesinin \u00e7ok do\u011fru olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.\u201d<\/p>\n Prof. Dr. Diker, Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n temizlenmeden \u00f6nce denetimsiz ya\u011fmur suyuna maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bal\u00e7\u0131kla doldu\u011fundan k\u00f6t\u00fc bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc oldu\u011funu belirtti.<\/p>\n Ayasofya\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi \u0130stanbul\u2019daki di\u011fer yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ilgili kurumlar\u0131n g\u00fcndeminde olmas\u0131 ve kamusal bilgi olarak sunulmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemine i\u015faret eden Diker, bunlar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p belgelenmesinin tarihe \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaydetti.<\/p>\n \u201cKestane a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kleri tarihi mekan\u0131n tonozunu delerek yap\u0131ya inmi\u015f\u201d<\/strong> Prof. Dr. Diker, tarihi mekan\u0131n bak\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k nedeniyle moloz ve toprak dolguyla neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n doldu\u011funu, yer alt\u0131 mekan\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki kestane a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6klerinin, yap\u0131n\u0131n tonozunu delerek a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya indi\u011fini anlatt\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu mekan grubunun muhtemelen Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n her daim ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu, \u00e7ok fazla ortal\u0131kta g\u00f6z\u00fckmesi istenmeyen malzemelerin depoland\u0131\u011f\u0131 mahzenler olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aktaran Diker, \u201cD\u0131\u015f avlu yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan mekanlar da mevcut Ayasofya ile ayn\u0131 zamanda 6. y\u00fczy\u0131la tarihlendiriliyor. Bu mekanlar\u0131n bilinmesi, korunmas\u0131, temizlenmesi ve ciddi bir restorasyondan ge\u00e7mesi anlaml\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.\u201d ifadelerini kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada amac\u0131m\u0131z Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcstyap\u0131s\u0131 gibi altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da mimari anlamda belgelemek ve mevcut sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesine y\u00f6nelik bir fark\u0131ndal\u0131k yaratmakt\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 kilometre uzunlu\u011fundaki yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tarad\u0131k. Yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n 668 metre uzunluktaki k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 3 boyutlu olarak belgeledik. T\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131ktan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc cihaz giremeyen yakla\u015f\u0131k 268 metre uzunlu\u011fundaki k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri el ile yap\u0131ld\u0131, eri\u015febildi\u011fimiz t\u00fcm yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131k. T\u00fcneller birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131. Ancak zaman i\u00e7erisinde t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131klardan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 kaybolmu\u015f olanlar var. Bunlar adeta Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n hayat damarlar\u0131 gibi. Ancak belki de y\u00fczy\u0131llara dayanan bak\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan, dolgu ve birikimlerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131 ilk yap\u0131lma ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. Yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, temizlenmesi, belgelenmesi hem ilgilisi oldu\u011fu binan\u0131n korunmas\u0131 hem de ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu \u015fehrin di\u011fer yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cT\u00fcnellerin K\u0131z Kulesi, Adalar gibi yerlere uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddialar\u0131 \u015fehir efsanesi\u201d<\/strong> Bunlar\u0131n herhangi bir bilimsel bulguya dayanmayan, ispatlanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan iddialar oldu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izen Diker, \u201cBiz ilgi uyand\u0131rmak maksad\u0131yla nesnel zeminlere oturmayan bu t\u00fcr masals\u0131 kurmacalara vurgu yap\u0131lmas\u0131ndansa \u0130stanbul\u2019un mevcut yer alt\u0131 envanterinin bilimsel olarak daha \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, g\u00fcncel mimari belgelemelerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu mekanlar\u0131n korunarak hak etti\u011fi ilgiyi g\u00f6rmesini istiyoruz.\u201d de\u011ferlendirmesini yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n Prof. Dr. Hasan F\u0131rat Diker, Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n yer alt\u0131 mekanlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n su tesisat\u0131 ve havaland\u0131rma amac\u0131yla yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunlar\u0131n sadece ilgilisinin su k\u00fcnklerini d\u00f6\u015femesine ve ar\u0131zalar\u0131 gidermesine imkan verecek nitelikte, dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 zor ve olduk\u00e7a dar mekanlar oldu\u011funu anlatt\u0131.<\/p>\n Buralar\u0131n ancak bir ki\u015finin s\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcp emekleyerek ilerleyebilece\u011fi yerler oldu\u011funa dikkati \u00e7eken Diker, \u015funlar\u0131 kaydetti:<\/p>\n \u201cBu t\u00fcnellerde nefes almak bile pek kolay de\u011fil. Biz bug\u00fcn, mezar ve mahzen olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bu Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131nda bile elektrikli ayd\u0131nlatma sayesinde birbirimizi ve bu mekanlar\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliyoruz. Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131 t\u00fcnelleri \u00e7ok daha dar ve havas\u0131z mekanlar. Yap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 zaman\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczde insanlar\u0131n bu karanl\u0131k mahallerde dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar zor oldu\u011funu ve ba\u015fka bir ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n da pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayabiliriz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Ayasofya ile beraber in\u015fa edilmi\u015f bu yer alt\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n su tedariki, ya\u011fmur suyunu tahliye etmek, havaland\u0131rma ve depolama d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bilinen ba\u015fka bir kullan\u0131m\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fil.\u201d<\/p>\n
\nDiker, AA ekibine ilk olarak caminin kuzeydo\u011fu cephesinin yan\u0131nda yer alan, M.S. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l olarak tarihlendirilen yerin 4 metre alt\u0131ndaki 3 odal\u0131 tarihi yer alt\u0131 mezar yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n
\nAyasofya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131 cephesi \u00f6n\u00fcndeki bah\u00e7enin 2 metre alt\u0131nda mahzen yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funu anlatan Diker, \u201cBu yer alt\u0131 mekanlar\u0131, Ayasofya yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u2018atrium\u2019 yani d\u0131\u015f avlu yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n altyap\u0131 mekanlar\u0131. Her ne kadar avlu yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcstyap\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar intikal etmemi\u015f olsa da altyap\u0131s\u0131, bir bak\u0131ma altta kalmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez oldu\u011fundan korunmu\u015f.\u201d diye konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
\nProf. Dr. Diker, Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki t\u00fcnellerin K\u0131z Kulesi ve Adalar gibi yerlere uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddialar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u015fehir efsanesi oldu\u011funu dile getirdi.<\/p>\n
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