{"id":69841,"date":"2022-08-29T06:48:27","date_gmt":"2022-08-29T11:48:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=69841"},"modified":"2022-08-29T06:48:27","modified_gmt":"2022-08-29T11:48:27","slug":"ceset-toplayan-vagonlar-gordum-1896-katliaminin-yahudi-taniklari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=69841","title":{"rendered":"\u201cCeset toplayan vagonlar g\u00f6rd\u00fcm\u201d: 1896 Katliam\u0131n\u0131n Yahudi Tan\u0131klar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

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NES\u0130 ALTARAS<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

26 A\u011fustos 1896\u2019de Ta\u015fnaksutyun partisine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir grup Ermeni Galata\u2019daki Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131\u2019na bask\u0131n d\u00fczenlendi ve\u00a0binay\u0131 i\u015fgal etti<\/a>. Bu bask\u0131n \u00fczerine imparatorlu\u011fun ba\u015fkentinde \u015fiddetli bir Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 pogrom ba\u015flad\u0131. \u015eiddetin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Galata ve Hask\u00f6y gibi mahallelerde oturan Yahudiler pogroma tan\u0131k oldu, baz\u0131lar\u0131 kat\u0131ld\u0131, baz\u0131lar\u0131 kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131 korudu. Katliam\u0131n Yahudi tan\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilk defa T\u00fcrk\u00e7e okurlar\u0131yla bulu\u015fturuyoruz.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z k\u0131sa anlat\u0131lar \u0130stanbullu Albert Adatto\u2019nun g\u00f6\u00e7 etti\u011fi ve okula gitti\u011fi Seattle\u2019da bulunan \u0130stanbullu Yahudilerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerden.[1]<\/a>\u00a0Orijinal dili \u0130ngilizce olan bu tan\u0131kl\u0131klar Adatto\u2019nun 1939\u2019da Washington \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde verdi\u011fi \u2018Sefaradlar ve Seattle Sefarad Cemaati\u2019 adl\u0131 y\u00fcksek lisans tezine kaynak olmu\u015f.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Dora Cohen<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Konstantinopolis\u2019te Ermeni katliamlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu zaman ben \u00e7ok gen\u00e7 bir k\u0131zd\u0131m. Bir s\u00fcr\u00fc Ermeni \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ama biz Yahudiler bir\u00e7ok [Ermeniyi] Yahudi olarak g\u00f6z\u00fcks\u00fcnler diye verdi\u011fimiz dini k\u0131yafetler ve\u00a0tefilin<\/em>\u00a0[duada giyilen deri kapl\u0131 e\u015fya] ile \u00f6l\u00fcmden kurtard\u0131k.<\/p>\n

D\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131 T\u00fcrklerle \u00e7evrili bir mahallede olan bir Ermeni tan\u0131rd\u0131m. Sevilirdi ve kavgalar olurken T\u00fcrk arkada\u015flar\u0131 onu ko\u015fullar sakinle\u015fene kadar saklad\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkler Yahudileri kendilerini belli etmeleri i\u00e7in uyarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla Ermeni san\u0131lmayal\u0131m diye. Her millete kendini belli etmesi s\u00f6ylenmi\u015fti ki Ermeniler ortaya \u00e7\u0131ks\u0131n.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkler Yahudileri kendilerini belli etmeleri i\u00e7in uyarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla Ermeni san\u0131lmayal\u0131m diye.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Babam \u0130talyan tebaal\u0131yd\u0131 ve ayaklanmalar\u0131n arifesinde \u00e7abucak bir \u0130talyan bayra\u011f\u0131 hallediverip kap\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ast\u0131. Ayaklanma esnas\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir T\u00fcrk evimize girmedi.<\/p>\n

Shemuel Brudo<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Konstantinopolis\u2019teki Ermeni katliam\u0131 \u00e7ok nazik bir mesele ve hakk\u0131nda bir yarg\u0131ya varmak neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131z. \u015eahsen ben Ermenilere sempati duyuyordum ve siyasi otonomi verilmesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordum.<\/p>\n

Belirtmek isterim ki Ermeni arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kurtaran ve hatta evlerinde saklayan bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk vard\u0131. Bir s\u00fcr\u00fc Yahudi Ermenilerin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlara tefilin ve dua kitaplar\u0131 vermi\u015flerdi. T\u00fcrkler bu Ermenilerin evine girince onlar\u0131 rahats\u0131z etmezlerdi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc tefilinleri ve \u0130branice kitaplar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcrlerdi. Ayr\u0131ca Ermeniler \u2018Yahudi, Yahudi\u2019 derdi ve T\u00fcrkler onlar\u0131 hemen b\u0131rak\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ermeni arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kurtaran ve hatta evlerinde saklayan bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk vard\u0131.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ermeni Hristiyanlar\u0131n Yahudi sembolleri hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131yla kullanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ironiktir. Eminim bir\u00e7ok Hristiyan Yahudili\u011fin Ermeni katliamlar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce sona ermemi\u015f olmas\u0131na sevinmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Anna Adatto<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ermenilerle T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda kavgalar olurken ben Piri Pa\u015fa\u2019daki [Yahudilerin yo\u011fun ikamet etti\u011fi Beyo\u011flu mahallesi] evimdeydim. Sabah uyan\u0131kt\u0131m ve genelde g\u00fcnd\u00fcz i\u015fte olan iki k\u0131z\u0131n eve d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Bana i\u015fyerlerinin ge\u00e7ici olarak kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylediler. Ben onlara bunun sebebini sordum. Onlar da Ermenilerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6ylediler. Hemen iki k\u0131z arkada\u015f\u0131m\u0131 al\u0131p olaylar\u0131n oldu\u011fu yere y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye koyulduk.<\/p>\n

Bir kom\u015funun avaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar ba\u011f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duydum. Biz k\u0131zlar\u0131 hemen eve d\u00f6nmemiz i\u00e7in uyar\u0131yordu \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ciddi tehlike vard\u0131. Evimize yakla\u015f\u0131rken yak\u0131nda bir duvara bakt\u0131k ve koca sopal\u0131 bir T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn bir Ermeni\u2019yi yere \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Ermeni o esnada \u00f6ld\u00fc gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Evin i\u00e7ine ko\u015ftuk ve tez zamanda tehlike ve Ermeniler ile T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131ndaki kavgalara dair bir s\u00fcr\u00fc dedikodular \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ya\u011fmaya kat\u0131lan Yahudiler \u00e7al\u0131nt\u0131 mallardan lanetlenmi\u015flerdi. Hayatlar\u0131 fenal\u0131klarla doluydu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Birka\u00e7 dakika sonra bir kom\u015fuyu s\u0131rt\u0131nda ev e\u015fyalar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131rken g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Ne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorunca verdi\u011fi cevap: \u2018Ermeniler ev e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p ka\u00e7t\u0131, biz de istifade ediyoruz. Babam hemen kom\u015funun \u00fcst\u00fcne atlad\u0131 ve onu b\u00f6ylesi rezil bir hareket yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in sert\u00e7e azarlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Babam g\u00fcnah i\u015fledi\u011fini ve e\u015fyalar\u0131 geri vermesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Bu kom\u015fu babama sayg\u0131 duydu\u011fu ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan korktu\u011fu i\u00e7in e\u015fyalar\u0131 geri koydu. Ama bizim mahallemizde daha alt s\u0131n\u0131ftan olan insanlar\u0131n ya\u011fma su\u00e7unu i\u015fledi\u011fini biliyorum. Alt s\u0131n\u0131flardan ya\u011fmaya kat\u0131lan iki Yahudi de vard\u0131 ve onlar kom\u015fular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015flan\u0131r olmu\u015ftu. Onlara bir daha hi\u00e7 hay\u0131r gelmedi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131nt\u0131 mallardan lanetlenmi\u015flerdi. Hayatlar\u0131 fenal\u0131klarla doluydu.<\/p>\n

Ben ve ailem t\u00fcm g\u00fcn evimizde kald\u0131k ve y\u00fcksek duvardaki sahne d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 kavga g\u00f6rmedik. O gece yar\u0131s\u0131\u00a0\u015famas<\/em>\u00a0[sinagog g\u00f6revlisi] bizim eve geldi ve kavgalar\u0131n bitti\u011fini s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n

Evinde Ermeni dostlar\u0131n\u0131 saklayan bir\u00e7ok Yahudi tan\u0131rd\u0131m. T\u00fcrk arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131lan bir s\u00fcr\u00fc Ermeni de vard\u0131. Bademlik\u2019te [S\u00fctl\u00fcce\u2019nin s\u0131rtlar\u0131], Ermeni mahallesinde ve Ye\u015fildirek\u2019te [Fatih\u2019te bir mahalle] en a\u011f\u0131r hayat kay\u0131plar\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. Kavgalara kat\u0131lan hi\u00e7 T\u00fcrk memur veya polis g\u00f6rmedim. Ermenileri \u00f6ld\u00fcren T\u00fcrkler sivildi ve hi\u00e7 silah kullanmad\u0131lar. T\u00fcrklerin silah olarak ellerinde kocaman sopalar vard\u0131\u2026Kavgalara bula\u015fan T\u00fcrkler K\u00fcrtler ve en alt s\u0131n\u0131flardan T\u00fcrklerdi.<\/p>\n

Kavgalara kat\u0131lan hi\u00e7 T\u00fcrk memur veya polis g\u00f6rmedim. Ermenileri \u00f6ld\u00fcren T\u00fcrkler sivildi ve hi\u00e7 silah kullanmad\u0131lar.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kavgalardan \u00f6nce T\u00fcrkler Ermenilere \u2018fare\u2019 derdi ve kavgalardan sonra Ermeniler sanki fare gibi ortadan kaybolmu\u015ftu \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hi\u00e7bir yerde onlardan iz kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 oyun arkada\u015flar\u0131m Ermeni\u2019ydi ve yak\u0131n dostlar\u0131md\u0131. S\u0131k s\u0131k Ermenice \u015fark\u0131lar s\u00f6yler ve tatl\u0131 tatl\u0131 sohbet ederdik. Yahudiler ve Ermeniler aras\u0131nda husumet yoktu. Bizim tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Ermenilerin \u00e7o\u011fu Paris\u2019e ka\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ailemin tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermeniler \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc ve Frans\u0131zca, iyi e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015f kimselerdi. Babam\u0131n \u00e7ok say\u0131da Ermeni dostu vard\u0131 ve ailem darda kalan Ermenilere yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in elinden geleni yapt\u0131. Gururla s\u00f6yleyebilirim ki yerde Yahudiler Hristiyan arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc riskler ald\u0131lar. Biz Ermeni dostlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 sevsek de kavgalar\u0131n kabahati onlar\u0131n liderlerindeydi. Ermeniler T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetini devirmeye kalk\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkler intikam\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bireysel olarak Ermeniler m\u00fckemmel vatanda\u015flard\u0131. Grup olarak bir \u015feyleri \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 istiyorlard\u0131. \u0130\u00e7im ac\u0131 \u00e7eken Ermeniler i\u00e7in yan\u0131yor ama T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kabahatli de\u011fildi\u2026<\/p>\n

Sam Adatto<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Galata\u2019dan\u00a0Stanbol<\/em>\u2019a [Hali\u00e7\u2019in \u00f6teki taraf\u0131] bir Ermeni d\u00fckk\u00e2na sabah 10\u2019da bir tak\u0131m elbise g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyordum. Sahibi bir Ermeni, bana Ermenilerin Galata\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131\u2019ndaki yetkililere kar\u015f\u0131 tehdit giri\u015fimleri oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Bankalar\u0131n dinamitlenmesi Ermeni ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in bir tehdit olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu Ermeni T\u00fcrk yetkililer i\u00e7in terzilik yap\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Bana durumu anlatt\u0131ktan yak\u0131nda bir binada saklanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hayat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvende olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi (Daha sonra onun ba\u015f\u0131na geleni anlataca\u011f\u0131m).<\/p>\n

\u00d6\u011flene do\u011fru Galata\u2019ya gittim. T\u00fcrkler Ermenileri koca sopalarla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131. T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 silah kullan\u0131lm\u0131yordu. Bu T\u00fcrkler alt s\u0131n\u0131f tiplerdi. Sokaklarda T\u00fcrk resmi makamlar\u0131ndan eser yoktu. Bir tane T\u00fcrk \u00fcniformas\u0131 g\u00f6rmedim. Sadece adamlar \u2013 siviller. Alt s\u0131n\u0131ftan T\u00fcrkler, zarars\u0131z, is\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Ermenileri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Hi\u00e7bir zengin Ermeni\u2019nin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc duymad\u0131m, yaln\u0131zca s\u0131radan, alt s\u0131n\u0131f Ermenilerdi.<\/p>\n

Korkmu\u015ftum ve Galata\u2019ya do\u011fru h\u0131zl\u0131ca yola koyuldum. Bir defac\u0131k durmad\u0131m, soru sormak i\u00e7in bile. Ko\u015fmuyordum ama aceleyle y\u00fcr\u00fcyordum. Sokaklar \u00e7abucak \u0131ss\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131. Sanki b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermeni hamallar \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor gibiydi. Korkun\u00e7 bir manzarayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00d6\u011fleden sonra eve vard\u0131\u011f\u0131mda bir daha yirmi d\u00f6rt saat boyunca evden \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131m. Korkun\u00e7 bir tecr\u00fcbeydi.<\/p>\n

Bu kavga esnas\u0131nda bildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla sadece bir Yahudi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, o da kazayla. Yerel\u00a0\u015famas<\/em>\u2019\u0131n [sinagog g\u00f6revlisi] o\u011fluydu. Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnden ge\u00e7erken Ermenilerden gelen bir kur\u015fun onu \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ellerinde silah olan yaln\u0131zca Ermenilerdi ve bunlar\u0131 pek de faydal\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kullanmad\u0131lar. Silahl\u0131 Ermeniler t\u00fcm ak\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f ve korkudan ta\u015f kesilmi\u015f gibilerdi. T\u00fcrkler sadece b\u00fcy\u00fck sopalar kulland\u0131lar. Sanki o g\u00fcn \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin yaln\u0131z y\u00fczde biri T\u00fcrklerdi, devam\u0131 Ermenilerdi.<\/p>\n

Bir sonraki g\u00fcn her \u015fey sakindi. Sokaklardan cesetleri toplayan vagonlar g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. D\u00fckkan\u0131m Galata\u2019dayd\u0131 ve her zamanki gibi i\u015fime gittim. Katliam\u0131n tela\u015f\u0131 iki haftal\u0131k bir i\u015f azalmas\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/p>\n

Daha zengin Ermeniler sanki ayaklanma ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u015fehri terk etmi\u015fti. Sadece fakir Ermeniler \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Bir sonraki g\u00fcn her \u015fey sakindi. Sokaklardan cesetleri toplayan vagonlar g\u00f6rd\u00fcm.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ayaklanmalardan \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra isyan\u0131n ilk g\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fckkan\u0131na tak\u0131m elbise g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm Ermeni terzi bana ba\u015f\u0131na gelenleri anlatt\u0131. Bu Ermeni\u2019nin ad\u0131 Onik Alem Schaihean\u2019d\u0131 [\u015eaihyan?]. Bana ben \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan hemen sonra d\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131 kapat\u0131p yak\u0131ndaki binada gizlendi\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Ak\u015fama kadar orada kalm\u0131\u015f. Sonra ba\u015f\u0131na T\u00fcrk bir yetkili oldu\u011funu ima edecek T\u00fcrk fesini ge\u00e7irmi\u015f. Ermeni hizmet\u00e7i adamlar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrklerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi pe\u015fine takm\u0131\u015f. T\u00fcrk san\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Galata\u2019ya g\u00fcvenle varm\u0131\u015f. Oradan da Pera Taksim\u2019deki evine gitmi\u015f ve oras\u0131 gayet sakinmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Bu Ermeni terzi m\u00fcthi\u015f bir zanaatkard\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok sevilirdi. Hatta m\u00fc\u015fterilerinin \u00e7o\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u2019t\u00fc. Ayaklanmalardan sonra d\u00fckkan\u0131na gitti ve her zamanki gibi m\u00fcdavim T\u00fcrk m\u00fc\u015fterileriyle al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fe devam etti. Birka\u00e7 ay sonra Galata\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc\u00a0Stambol<\/em>\u2019daki ge\u00e7mi\u015f isyanlardan i\u011frenmi\u015fti. E\u011fer s\u0131radan T\u00fcrkler onun Ermeni oldu\u011funu bilselerdi b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle onu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrlerdi. Ama Onik daha \u00fcst tabaka T\u00fcrklerle ili\u015fkiliydi ve onlardan sayg\u0131l\u0131 muamele g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Ayaklanmalar sadece Ermenileri hedef alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ermeniler hatal\u0131yd\u0131 ve T\u00fcrklerin hakl\u0131 bir sebebi vard\u0131. T\u00fcrkler kendilerini savunmak zorundalard\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ermeniler h\u00fck\u00fcmeti y\u0131kma tehdidinde bulunuyordu. Tarih kitaplar\u0131 ne der umurumda de\u011fil. T\u00fcrkler hakl\u0131yd\u0131. Ayaklanmalar sadece alt s\u0131n\u0131f T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bir s\u00fcr\u00fc iyi T\u00fcrk Ermeni arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kurtard\u0131. Alt s\u0131n\u0131f T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda bile \u00e7ocuk veya kad\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen g\u00f6rmedim. Sadece erkekler. Ne olursa olsun cezas\u0131n\u0131 hep alt s\u0131n\u0131f insanlar \u00e7ekiyor gibi.<\/p>\n

Galata\u2019da tela\u015f sona erene kadar Ermeni dostlar\u0131n\u0131 saklayan birka\u00e7 Yahudi aile tan\u0131yordum. Amerikal\u0131lara Ermeni ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak \u00e7ok zordu. E\u011fer biri h\u00fck\u00fcmeti devirmeye kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131rsa ben bu fikre kar\u015f\u0131 olurum. H\u00fck\u00fcmeti devirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar iyi de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131s\u0131 Ermeniler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli. Bir s\u00fcr\u00fc Ermeni\u2019yi severdim ama herhangi bir h\u00fck\u00fcmete zorla devrim yapma fikrini sevmiyorum.<\/p>\n

Amerikal\u0131lara Ermeni ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak \u00e7ok zordu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Hask\u00f6y\u2019den Hali\u00e7 manzaras\u0131. Katliam\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 mahalleler Hali\u00e7 etraf\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

***<\/p>\n

Olaylardan neredeyse 40 y\u0131l sonra ABD\u2019nin Seattle kentinde, ya\u015fan\u0131landan bamba\u015fka bir ba\u011flamda, tan\u0131klar \u0130stanbul\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7 ettikten ve imparatorluk y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan y\u0131llar sonra dillendirilen bu tan\u0131kl\u0131klar \u2018ne oldu?\u2019 sorusuna dair bir nebze fikir veriyor. Ancak tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n bug\u00fcn bize getirdi\u011fi as\u0131l katk\u0131, katliam\u0131n \u2018nas\u0131l hat\u0131rland\u0131\/hat\u0131rlan\u0131yor\/hat\u0131rlanabilir?\u2019 sorular\u0131na olan cevaplar\u0131.<\/p>\n

Adatto\u2019nun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmecilerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 kendilerini Ermenilerle ayn\u0131 safta tutup dayan\u0131\u015fma hikayelerine a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verirken bir k\u0131sm\u0131 katliam\u0131 farkl\u0131 derecelerde savunmay\u0131 ye\u011flemi\u015f. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmecilerin de de\u011findi\u011fi gibi \u015fiddetin tek hedefi Ermenilerdi. Bu durum ne sald\u0131ran ne sald\u0131r\u0131lan olan Yahudileri \u2018tarafs\u0131z\u2019 bir konuma sokmu\u015ftu. Hatta Yahudilerin kendilerini belirginle\u015ftirerek \u015fiddetten korundu\u011fu tan\u0131kl\u0131klardan anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Tan\u0131kl\u0131klar farkl\u0131 kimliklere b\u00fcr\u00fcnerek g\u00fcvenlik arayanlar\u0131n hikayeleriyle dolu: \u0130talyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stererek g\u00fcvence arayan bir Osmanl\u0131 Yahudisi, T\u00fcrk gibi hizmet\u00e7isini pe\u015fine takan fesli bir Ermeni, Yahudi dua objeleri tak\u0131narak Yahudi k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na giren Ermeniler. Bu hikayeler 1896 \u0130stanbul\u2019unda gruplar aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n herkes taraf\u0131ndan bilindi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Hem de bunun \u00f6tesinde k\u0131l\u0131ktan k\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7menin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ve zaman zaman hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan bir hareket oldu\u011funu da hissettiriyor. Bu ge\u00e7i\u015fleri yapabilmek i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok Ermeni, ayn\u0131 mahalledeki Yahudilerden yard\u0131m alm\u0131\u015f ve objelerin koruyucu etkisi sayesinde g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde saklanabilmi\u015f. Bu ge\u00e7i\u015fkenli\u011fi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in Yahudilerden \u2018kendilerini belli etmeleri\u2019 istenmi\u015f, b\u00f6ylece elemeyle \u2018Ermeniler ortaya \u00e7\u0131ks\u0131n,\u2019 \u015fiddet hedefine ula\u015fs\u0131n. Anadolu\u2019da \u015fiddetli anlarda kimlikten kimli\u011fe savrulu\u015fun \u00f6rnekleri bir hayli \u00e7ok. E\u011fer \u0130stanbul\u2019daki \u015fiddet devam etseydi, Yahudi k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ermeniler belki de bir g\u00fcn de\u011fil, haftalarca ev ve sokak aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131 kimlikle ya\u015fayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ermenileri saklayan veya yard\u0131m eden Yahudilerin hikayelerini fark edilir bir gururla anlatan tan\u0131klar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 kabahati yine \u015fiddete hedef olan Ermenilerde buluyor. Biri kabahati yaln\u0131zca \u2018Ermeni liderlere\u2019 mal ederken, bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 t\u00fcm Ermenileri Ta\u015fnaksutyun\u2019un banka bask\u0131n\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u2018hatal\u0131\u2019 buluyor. Bu tarz aklama veya a\u00e7\u0131klamalar bug\u00fcn soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lanlar\u0131 bilen bir okur i\u00e7in \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131r. Tan\u0131kl\u0131klarda etkisini saptamas\u0131 zor olan unsur soyk\u0131r\u0131m. ABD\u2019de ya\u015fayan bu Yahudilerin 1930larda Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan habersiz olmas\u0131 pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmecilerin g\u00f6\u00e7 ettikleri tarihleri bilmedi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in soyk\u0131r\u0131ma da tan\u0131k olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131 belli de\u011fil. Yaln\u0131z ba\u011flam\u0131n etkisini bir tan\u0131kl\u0131kta sezinliyoruz: \u2018Amerikal\u0131lara Ermeni ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak \u00e7ok zordu.\u2019 G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeci belli ki hakl\u0131 buldu\u011fu taraf\u0131 \u00e7evresine savunmakta zorlan\u0131yor ve kendine g\u00f6re su\u00e7un ne tarafta oldu\u011funu i\u015faret ederken Amerikal\u0131lardan diren\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Bu \u00f6zellikle soyk\u0131r\u0131m sonras\u0131 ortam i\u00e7in \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil. Katliama dair Yahudi tan\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi Ermenilere hem empati duyan hem de kabahatli bulan tav\u0131r soyk\u0131r\u0131m sonras\u0131 s\u00f6ylemde de farkl\u0131 \u2018\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131\u2019 durumlarda da kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Hatta sadece Yahudilerin Ermenileri hedef alan \u015fiddete olan yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fil, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de grup hedefli \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u2018ama onlarda \u015funu yapmasaym\u0131\u015f\u2019 gibi yar\u0131m-savunmalar\u0131n erken bir tasla\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sezinlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

Tan\u0131kl\u0131klarda Ermenilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiddet keskin s\u0131n\u0131fsal ve mek\u00e2nsal s\u0131n\u0131rlarla hat\u0131rlan\u0131yor. Fatih ve S\u00fctl\u00fcce gibi daha fakir mahallelerde \u00f6l\u00fcm kol gezerken elit terzinin oturdu\u011fu Pera\u2019da her \u015fey sakindi, tan\u0131klara g\u00f6re. Tan\u0131klar \u015fiddetin do\u011furdu\u011fu genellikle zengin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc de not ediyor. \u015eiddetten en az hasar g\u00f6ren \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n bu sebepten \u015fehri terk edi\u015fi, g\u00f6\u00e7 yolunun kimlere a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funa dair de bir ipucu veriyor. Tan\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7ekti\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131fsal ve mek\u00e2nsal s\u0131n\u0131rlar \u0130stanbul\u2019un kent haf\u0131zas\u0131nda 1896\u2019n\u0131n yoklu\u011funa dair de fikir veriyor. Neden 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl Pogromu zamanla \u015fehir haf\u0131zas\u0131na otururken 1896\u2019n\u0131nki silinmi\u015f? Yak\u0131nl\u0131k tak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, foto\u011fraflanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 (kastetti\u011fim haf\u0131zada g\u00f6rsellerin \u00f6nemi) ve zarar g\u00f6renlerin tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z masumiyeti mutlaka etkili ancak fark bunlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil. 1955 pogromunun en hat\u0131rlanan taraf\u0131 \u015fehrin ticaret merkezinin, \u0130stiklal\u2019in talan edili\u015fi, \u015f\u0131k d\u00fckkanlar\u0131n mallar\u0131n\u0131n soka\u011fa d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fc. 1896 katliam\u0131n\u0131n merkezi ise eski \u0130stanbul\u2019un en fakir mahalleleri, i\u015f\u00e7i sokaklar\u0131. Tan\u0131klar\u0131n \u0131srarla alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi gibi fakir Ermenilere yap\u0131lan bir katliam olu\u015fu, 1896\u2019n\u0131n iyice haf\u0131za d\u0131\u015f\u0131na itilmesinde bir fakt\u00f6r.<\/p>\n

Benzer bir keskin s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131m\u0131 T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in de mevcut. Fail olarak tamamen alt s\u0131n\u0131f T\u00fcrkler i\u015faret ediliyor. Tan\u0131klar resmi T\u00fcrk kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n etrafta g\u00f6r\u00fcnmedi\u011fini not ederken kurumlar\u0131 aklama y\u00f6n\u00fcne gidiyorlar. Hi\u00e7biri neden polis gibi bir kurumun ba\u015fkent sokaklar\u0131nda katliam\u0131 \u00f6nleme \u00e7abas\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulam\u0131yor. Bu sorgu eksikli\u011fi Ermenileri m\u00fcstahak g\u00f6rme y\u00f6nelimine atfedilebilir veya daha geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde gayrim\u00fcslimlerin devletten g\u00fcvenlik beklentisi olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131na da i\u015faret edebilir. Bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeci \u2018alt s\u0131n\u0131f T\u00fcrkler\u2019 fail grubunu geni\u015fleterek K\u00fcrtleri de bu tarafa ekliyor. B\u00f6ylece fail\/hedef ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n etnik-dini bir \u00e7izgi oldu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyor. M\u00fcstahakl\u0131k konusunda bir di\u011fer \u00e7izgiyi de cinsiyet \u00fczerinden g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bir tan\u0131k sadece erkeklerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirterek bir nevi \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc makbul g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. S\u00f6zleriyle erkeklerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesini su\u00e7 kategorisinden, masumiyetten s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin orijinal dilinde ayaklanma, isyan, kavga ve katliam (rioting<\/em>,\u00a0fighting<\/em>\u00a0ve\u00a0massacre<\/em>) kelimeleri ge\u00e7iyor ve tan\u0131klar bu k\u0131sa anlat\u0131lar\u0131n farkl\u0131 yerlerinde bile terminoloji de\u011fi\u015ftirebiliyor. Bu da 1896\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fenlerin haf\u0131zada muallakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, o g\u00fcn tam olarak ne oldu\u011funa dair bask\u0131n bir anlat\u0131n\u0131n yer etmedi\u011fine dair bir emare olabilir. Tan\u0131kl\u0131klarda hat\u0131rlama eylemini g\u00f6rsek de unutma e\u011filimi burada akla geliyor. Ba\u015fkentin g\u00f6be\u011finde b\u00f6ylesi \u015fiddetli bir g\u00fcn nas\u0131l olur da sadece kenarda k\u00f6\u015fede kalm\u0131\u015f bir mesele gibi haf\u0131zalara kal\u0131r? \u0130stanbul\u2019un \u015fehir haf\u0131zas\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da 1896 katliam\u0131n\u0131n yersiz yurtsuz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. Bu kadar \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131, mahalle mahalle hissedilen bir g\u00fcn\u00fcn bug\u00fcn Hali\u00e7\u2019in iki yakas\u0131ndaki sokaklarda izini s\u00fcrmek imk\u00e2ns\u0131z. Ta\u015fnaklar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131 bask\u0131n\u0131 milli tarih anlat\u0131s\u0131na bir derece entegre edilse buna hemen m\u00fcteakip \u015fehir katliam\u0131 silinmi\u015f bir \u015fiddet hikayesi.<\/p>\n

\u2018Sonraki g\u00fcn\u2019 hayatta kalanlar i\u015fine d\u00f6nd\u00fc, sakinle\u015fen mahallelerden vagonlarla cesetler topland\u0131. O kadar \u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00fcm vard\u0131 ki \u0130stanbul\u2019un sokaklar\u0131ndan ceset toplanmas\u0131 gerekti. Daha \u00f6l\u00fc bedenler toplan\u0131rken tan\u0131klar ve hayatta kalanlar, Yahudiler, Ermeniler, T\u00fcrkler i\u015fine g\u00fcc\u00fcne d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u015eehrin haf\u0131zas\u0131na da bu unutma hali miras kalm\u0131\u015f. Normalin y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiddet g\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin \u0130ngilizce orijinali Julia Phillips Cohen ve Sarah Abrevaya Stein\u2019In haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0Sephardi Lives<\/a>: A Documentary History, 1700-1950\u00a0adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n 42. par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r (s.134-140).<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.avlaremoz.com\/2022\/08\/26\/ceset-toplayan-vagonlar-gordum-1896-katliaminin-yahudi-taniklari\/<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NES\u0130 ALTARAS 26 A\u011fustos 1896\u2019de Ta\u015fnaksutyun partisine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir grup Ermeni Galata\u2019daki Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131\u2019na bask\u0131n d\u00fczenlendi ve\u00a0binay\u0131 i\u015fgal etti. Bu bask\u0131n \u00fczerine imparatorlu\u011fun ba\u015fkentinde \u015fiddetli bir Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 pogrom ba\u015flad\u0131. \u015eiddetin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Galata ve Hask\u00f6y gibi mahallelerde oturan Yahudiler pogroma tan\u0131k oldu, baz\u0131lar\u0131 kat\u0131ld\u0131, baz\u0131lar\u0131 kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131 korudu. Katliam\u0131n Yahudi tan\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilk defa T\u00fcrk\u00e7e okurlar\u0131yla bulu\u015fturuyoruz. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":69842,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,54,70,78,20,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-69841","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-kitaplar-elestiriler","category-makaleler","category-tanikliklar","category-tarih-sayfalari","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\n\u201cCeset toplayan vagonlar g\u00f6rd\u00fcm\u201d: 1896 Katliam\u0131n\u0131n Yahudi Tan\u0131klar\u0131 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=69841\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cCeset toplayan vagonlar g\u00f6rd\u00fcm\u201d: 1896 Katliam\u0131n\u0131n Yahudi Tan\u0131klar\u0131 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"NES\u0130 ALTARAS 26 A\u011fustos 1896\u2019de Ta\u015fnaksutyun partisine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir grup Ermeni Galata\u2019daki Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131\u2019na bask\u0131n d\u00fczenlendi ve\u00a0binay\u0131 i\u015fgal etti. Bu bask\u0131n \u00fczerine imparatorlu\u011fun ba\u015fkentinde \u015fiddetli bir Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 pogrom ba\u015flad\u0131. \u015eiddetin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Galata ve Hask\u00f6y gibi mahallelerde oturan Yahudiler pogroma tan\u0131k oldu, baz\u0131lar\u0131 kat\u0131ld\u0131, baz\u0131lar\u0131 kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131 korudu. Katliam\u0131n Yahudi tan\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilk defa T\u00fcrk\u00e7e okurlar\u0131yla bulu\u015fturuyoruz. 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