{"id":68327,"date":"2022-05-03T02:41:31","date_gmt":"2022-05-03T07:41:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=68327"},"modified":"2022-05-03T02:41:45","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T07:41:45","slug":"elbruz-aksoy-istanbul-19-yuzyilin-en-buyuk-beyaz-kole-pazariydi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=68327","title":{"rendered":"Elbruz Aksoy: \u0130stanbul, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck beyaz k\u00f6le pazar\u0131yd\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"
Elbruz Aksoy’la \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131’ndan \u00e7\u0131kan ‘Beyaz K\u00f6leler, Son Sesler’ kitab\u0131n\u0131 konu\u015ftuk. Aksoy, “Osmanl\u0131’da a\u00e7\u0131k k\u00f6lelik denen bir sistem var ve azatl\u0131k mekanizmas\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f” dedi.<\/strong><\/em><\/header>\n
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\"Elbruz<\/picture><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
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DUVAR –<\/strong>\u00a0\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde k\u00f6lelik, sava\u015flar ve devletin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 kadar eski bir olgu. Ancak \u00e7ok yak\u0131n zamanda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fckannemizin, dedemizin bir beyaz k\u00f6le oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir miyiz?<\/span><\/div>\n
\"Sad\u0131k<\/a><\/div>\n
Sad\u0131k G\u00fcle\u00e7<\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n
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Elbruz Aksoy, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131’ndan \u00e7\u0131kan ‘Beyaz K\u00f6leler, Son Sesler’ adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son d\u00f6neminden Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131na kadar devam eden, bu topraklarda ya\u015fanan k\u00f6le ticaretini ele ald\u0131. Aksoy\u2019la yak\u0131n tarihimizin hi\u00e7 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmayan, g\u00f6rmezden gelinen k\u00f6lelik meselesini konu\u015ftuk.<\/p>\n

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Elbruz Aksoy<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Osmanl\u0131’da k\u00f6leli\u011fi inceliyorsunuz. Her ne kadar Rus ve \u00c7erkes k\u00f6lelik sistemi ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 yer alsa da kitab\u0131n\u0131zda 19.y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak k\u00f6leli\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015fs\u0131n\u0131z. Bu \u00e7ok bilinen bir olgu de\u011fil. Sebebi nedir?\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131 ve erken Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde k\u00f6lelik asl\u0131nda g\u00fcncel bir konuydu. Fakat bir\u00e7ok meseleyi g\u00f6rmedi\u011fimiz gibi, bunu da g\u00f6rmemezlikten geldik. Bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n insanlar\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7mi\u015fimizdeki k\u00f6leli\u011fi g\u00f6rmemizi engelleyen nedenlerden biri de beyaz k\u00f6lelerin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki bir mahrem k\u0131l\u0131ft\u0131. O da bu k\u00f6lelerin asl\u0131nda sarayl\u0131 bir \u00c7erkes, bir G\u00fcrc\u00fc babaanne, anneanne olarak hayatlar\u0131m\u0131zdan ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmalar\u0131yd\u0131. Hatta k\u00f6leli\u011fi o kadar g\u00f6rmedik ki, onlar aile ge\u00e7mi\u015fimizde gurur duydu\u011fumuz asaletimizi, Avrupai g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc, uzun boy, renkli g\u00f6z ve beyaz tenimizi dayand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z insanlar olarak hayat\u0131m\u0131zda yer ald\u0131lar. Ama biz hi\u00e7 bir zaman onlar\u0131n bir beyaz k\u00f6le olabilece\u011fini akl\u0131m\u0131za getirmedik. Nas\u0131l oluyordu da b\u00fcy\u00fck dedemiz, halam\u0131z veya teyzemiz saraydan, hanedan haremlerinden ya da bir pa\u015fa kona\u011f\u0131ndan gelmi\u015fti, bu sorular akl\u0131m\u0131za bile gelmedi.<\/p>\n

Biz bunu sorgulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi kendileri de bunu hi\u00e7 g\u00fcndeme getirmediler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00f6nemin toplumsal alg\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7inde en makbul olan ve en makbul olmayan birbirine \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir yerde duruyordu. 19. yy Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehir toplumunda \u00f6zellikle \u00c7erkes olmak, \u00c7erkes olarak bilinmek sayg\u0131 duyulan, h\u00fcrmet edilen ve \u00f6zenilen bir olguydu. En makbul olmayan k\u00f6lelik ise onun tam dibindeydi ve aralar\u0131nda \u015feffaf bir perde vard\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehir toplumunda en makbul olmayan \u2018k\u00f6lelikten\u2019 en makbul olan \u2018\u00c7erkesli\u011fe\u2019 ge\u00e7i\u015f, tahmin etti\u011fimizden de \u00e7ok rastlanan bir durumdu. Osmanl\u0131 \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f haneleri bu ge\u00e7i\u015flerin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ana merkezlerdi ve kimin beyaz k\u00f6le, kimin asl\u0131nda \u00c7erkes oldu\u011fu da birbirine kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hem bu haneler hem de Osmanl\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131 art\u0131k bu meseleyi \u2018bizim mahrem meselemiz\u2019 olarak kabul ediyor ve m\u00fcdahaleye m\u00fcsaade etmiyorlard\u0131. Oysa siyahlara ili\u015fkin b\u00f6yle bir aile i\u00e7i mahrem mesele yoktu.<\/p>\n

‘K\u00d6LE DO\u011eDUN, K\u00d6LE OLARAK \u00d6L\u00dcYORSUN’<\/h2>\n

Beyaz k\u00f6leler nereden geliyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Son d\u00f6nemde, yani 19. yy \u2019da a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Do\u011fu Avrupa yani Ukrayna, Rusya ve Kafkasya\u2019dan geliyorlar. Az bilinmekle birlikte Rusya\u2019n\u0131n kendi k\u00f6lelik sistemleri ve \u2018serf\u2019 denen k\u00f6leleri var. Say\u0131lar\u0131 on milyonlar\u0131 bulan \u00e7ok kalabal\u0131k bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak 1861\u2019e kadar serflik sistemi i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131lar. Kafkasya’daki sistemden \u00e7ok da farkl\u0131 olmayan bir k\u00f6lelik sistemleri var asl\u0131nda. Rus serfli\u011fi deyip konuyu hafifletemiyoruz, bu da bir k\u00f6lelik sistemi. 25 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir askerlik hizmetine tabiler. Topra\u011f\u0131 onlar i\u015fliyorlar, tarlalar\u0131 ile birlikte al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131l\u0131yorlar; topraklar\u0131n\u0131 terk etmelerinin yasak oldu\u011fu bir \u2018kapal\u0131 k\u00f6lelik\u2019 sistemi bu. K\u00f6le do\u011fdun, k\u00f6le olarak \u00f6l\u00fcyorsun!<\/p>\n

Bu serfler i\u00e7in Rusya\u2019da k\u00f6le olarak \u00f6lmektense, \u00c7erkesya\u2019daki Kuban Nehri’ni ge\u00e7ip kendini \u00c7erkes beylere teslim ederek, Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehirlerine bir k\u00f6le olarak belli bir s\u00fcre hizmet edip sonunda h\u00fcrle\u015fmek bir kurtulu\u015f olabiliyor. Bu Rusya\u2019dan ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak Osmanl\u0131 k\u00f6lelik sistemine dahil olma s\u00fcreci tahmin edebilece\u011fimizden \u00e7ok daha fazla say\u0131da Rus k\u00f6lesinin Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na gelmesine sebep oldu. Rusya\u2019dan Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehirlerine akan bu insan seli o d\u00f6nemin beyaz k\u00f6leler denen b\u00fcy\u00fck kitlesini olu\u015fturdu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te her y\u0131l on binlerce Rus, Ukraynal\u0131 ve Kozak serf, k\u00f6yl\u00fc, g\u00f6\u00e7er ya da asker ka\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ge\u00e7ip kendilerini \u00c7erkes beylere teslim ederek, Kafkasya\u2019daki 60 civar\u0131ndaki liman ve koylardan Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehirlerine g\u00f6nderiliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

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C\u0327erkes kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 kac\u0327\u0131ran Ku\u0308rdistanl\u0131 haydutlar, 1827.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n seferlerde elde etti\u011fi k\u00f6leler var m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Var tabii ama bu daha \u00e7ok 14. ve 18. yy\u2019lar aras\u0131nda var. Hem Balkanlar\u2019da hem de Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak K\u0131r\u0131m Tatarlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden i\u015fleyen bir k\u00f6le ticareti var. Yap\u0131lan seferler ve ak\u0131nlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olmakla birlikte bazen y\u00fcz bin beyaz k\u00f6le, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na geliyordu. 18. yy\u2019\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar inan\u0131lmaz bir beyaz k\u00f6le giri\u015fi var. Fakat Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n gerileyi\u015fi ve 1783\u2019te K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmesi ile bu kap\u0131 kapanm\u0131\u015f oldu. O kitaba konu olan 19. yy\u2019daki k\u00f6le ticareti a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Kafkasya\u2019dan yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Yani bizim son d\u00f6nem konu\u015ftu\u011fumuz ve etnik olarak Rus, Kozak, Ukraynal\u0131, \u00c7erkes, G\u00fcrc\u00fc ve Abaza olan k\u00f6lelerin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yeri Kafkasya’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Etnik olarak ne olduklar\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok da bir \u00f6nemi yok, bunlar Rus, Kozak, \u00c7erkes olsun, G\u00fcrc\u00fc olsun b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck b\u00fct\u00fcn beyaz k\u00f6le ticaretinin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yeri Kafkasya\u2019daki altm\u0131\u015f civar\u0131ndaki koy ve limanlard\u0131. Batum, Sohumkale ve Anapa, bilinen en b\u00fcy\u00fck 3 limand\u0131.<\/p>\n

‘DAHA \u00c7OK PARA EDECEK K\u00d6LELER \u0130STANBUL’A G\u00d6NDER\u0130L\u0130YORDU’<\/h3>\n

\u0130stanbul\u2019da bir esirciler pazar\u0131 oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Peki bu\u00a0k\u00f6leler limanlardan nereye g\u00f6nderiliyor?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

O d\u00f6nem Kafkasya\u2019da tek bir siyasi ve askeri otorite yok, haliyle Avrupa\u2019daki gibi d\u00fczenli bir g\u00fcmr\u00fck mevzuat\u0131, liman i\u015fletmesi ve k\u00f6leler ile ilgili bir denizcilik hukuku da yok. A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131ndan gelen her milletten insan ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, \u00e7eteler, t\u00fcccarlar bu limanlar\u0131 kullan\u0131yor. Bazen kereste almaya geliyor t\u00fcccarlar ama d\u00f6nerken geminin yar\u0131s\u0131 kereste, yar\u0131s\u0131 beyaz k\u00f6le ile doldurulmu\u015f halde d\u00f6n\u00fcyor. Anapa\u2019dan Batum\u2019a kadar bug\u00fcn isimlerini bilemeyece\u011fimiz, bir\u00e7ok koydan k\u00f6le \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 var. Bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6nce b\u00fcy\u00fck limanlar olan Anapa, Sohum ya da Batum\u2019da toplan\u0131yor. Oradan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck gemiler ile Trabzon\u2019a, Samsun\u2019a Sinop\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu seyahatler bir bak\u0131ma k\u00f6lenin de\u011ferine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiyor. Daha ucuza sat\u0131lacak k\u00f6leler Trabzon, Samsun ve Sinop’a g\u00f6nderilip oradan Anadolu i\u00e7lerine yollan\u0131rken, daha \u00e7ok para edecekler \u0130stanbul\u2019a g\u00f6nderiliyordu.<\/p>\n

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Mekkeli t\u00fcccar ve \u00c7erkes k\u00f6lesi.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bu i\u015fi yapanlar, k\u00f6le ticaretinin uzmanlar\u0131 olmu\u015f, y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r k\u00f6le ticareti yapan ailelerden ve bir kadim gelenekten geliyorlar. Bir kad\u0131n ya da \u00e7ocu\u011fa bakarken onun nereye hangi limana g\u00f6nderilmesi gerekti\u011fini biliyorlar. \u0130stanbul, 19. yy\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck beyaz K\u00f6le pazar\u0131. \u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Bursa, Selanik, \u0130zmir, \u0130skenderiye, Kahire, Cidde, Beyrut, Tunus, Trablus hatta Cezayir’e kadar beyaz k\u00f6leler da\u011f\u0131l\u0131yor. Cezayir o d\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131na dahil olmasa bile hala oraya beyaz k\u00f6le ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 var. Cezayir\u2019de \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f haneler, y\u00fcz y\u0131llard\u0131r beyaz k\u00f6lelerden e\u015f se\u00e7tikleri i\u00e7in bu geleneklerini devam ettirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Bu k\u00f6leler a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Akdeniz\u2019deki liman kentlerine ak\u0131yor \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc liman kentleri Osmanl\u0131 \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden \u2018emperyal aile\u2019 diyebilece\u011fimiz \u00e7ok dilli, \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc, kalabal\u0131k ailelerin yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler.<\/p>\n

Bu k\u00f6leler nerelerde kullan\u0131l\u0131yor?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Beyaz k\u00f6leler a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak ev i\u00e7i hizmetlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. K\u00f6le \u00e7ocuk sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n da bir\u00e7ok sebebi olabiliyor. Bazen \u00e7ocuk sahibi olamayanlar al\u0131yor. Ya da tek \u00e7ocu\u011fu varsa, ona arkada\u015f olsun diye \u00e7ocuk k\u00f6le al\u0131yorlar. Hem zengin biri olarak hay\u0131rseverlik yapmak, sevap i\u015flemek, fakir ve sahipsiz bir \u00e7ocu\u011fu sokaktan kurtarmak hem de kendi \u00e7ocu\u011funun sosyalle\u015fmesini sa\u011flamak gibi bir\u00e7ok sebep size k\u00f6le almaya y\u00f6nlendirebiliyor. Bu noktada tahmin edece\u011fimizden \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7ocuk sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 var. Bazen evdeki ya\u015fl\u0131 anne-baban\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in, bazen hasta bak\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00e7ocuklara dad\u0131l\u0131k yapmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in, bazen temizlik, bazen de a\u015f\u00e7\u0131 olarak bu \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f haneler k\u00f6le alabiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu sebeplerin \u00f6tesinde sadece kendine cariye alanlar da oluyordu tabii. O d\u00f6nemin toplumsal de\u011ferlerinde bu \u015fa\u015f\u0131r\u0131lacak bir durum da de\u011fildi, evdeki yerli h\u00fcr kad\u0131n da bu durumu yad\u0131rgam\u0131yordu. Osmanl\u0131 \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na mensup olman\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesi adeta evde beyaz k\u00f6le sahibi olmaktan ge\u00e7iyordu. Bu bahsetti\u011fimiz \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f, mek\u00e2n olarak konaklarda ya\u015f\u0131yor. Yirmi odal\u0131, k\u0131rk odal\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck mek\u00e2nlar. O d\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131n\u0131n kendi evinden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p bir ba\u015fka evde hizmet etmesi gibi bir durum da s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fil. Sizin bu b\u00fcy\u00fck mek\u00e2ndaki hayat\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmeniz i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015fardan birilerini hane i\u00e7inde istihdam etmeniz gerekiyor. Beyaz k\u00f6leler de bu ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere ula\u015fabilece\u011finiz neredeyse tek kaynak.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u00fcretimde k\u00f6le kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok yo\u011fun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Do\u011fru mu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla yok. Ama mesela 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bursa\u2019n\u0131n dokuma tezgahlar\u0131nda k\u00f6le kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Bursa\u2019da, Adana\u2019da, Antep’te, \u0130zmir\u2019de pamuk ekimi ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r \u00fczerinden siyah k\u00f6le getiriliyor. Buralarda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7iftlikler kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ama bahsetti\u011fimiz beyaz k\u00f6leler bu anlamda kullan\u0131lm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

‘BEYAZ K\u00d6LEL\u0130K, TARIM K\u00d6LEL\u0130\u011e\u0130 DE\u011e\u0130L’<\/h4>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r valisi Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6yle b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7iftlikler kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve buralara Afrikal\u0131 k\u00f6leler getirdi\u011fini okumu\u015ftum.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Afrika’dan, \u00f6zellikle Sudan ve Habe\u015fistan\u2019dan M\u0131s\u0131ra getirtti\u011fi k\u00f6leler var. Hatta bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 sefalet ve a\u00e7l\u0131ktan kendileri ka\u00e7\u0131p M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a geliyor ve k\u00f6le olarak sat\u0131l\u0131yorlar. Bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da Adana, \u0130zmir ve Ayd\u0131n\u2019a da g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp tar\u0131m yapacak k\u00f6yler kurulup \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc pamuk ekimi onlar bilir, T\u00fcrk k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc pamu\u011fu o d\u00f6nem bilmiyor. Ama beyaz k\u00f6lelik, tar\u0131m k\u00f6leli\u011fi de\u011fil. beyaz k\u00f6le a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak ev i\u00e7ine y\u00f6nelik cariyelik, annelik, bak\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, ahretlik, beslemelik ve evlatl\u0131k gibi alanlarda istihdam oluyor. Beyaz erkek k\u00f6leler i\u00e7inde uygun ve \u015fansl\u0131 olanlar da devlet adam\u0131 ve asker olmak \u00fczere se\u00e7ilip bu alanlarda istihdam edildiler.<\/p>\n

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Beyaz K\u00f6leler – Son Sesler, Elbruz Aksoy, 320 syf., \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2022.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Beyaz k\u00f6leler tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck topluluklar halinde kullan\u0131lmasalar da n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 tahminimizden daha y\u00fcksek.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Evet y\u00fcksek… Bazen sadece saray ve harem i\u00e7in beyaz k\u00f6le getirildi\u011fi gibi bir alg\u0131 var. Saray ne kadar k\u00f6le alabilir ki? Saray\u0131n en fazla k\u00f6le istihdam etti\u011fi d\u00f6nemlerde dokuz y\u00fcze yak\u0131n k\u00f6le ve cariye var. Ama harem d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda onlarca farkl\u0131 \u015fehirdeki binlerce Osmanl\u0131 \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f hanesinde ev i\u00e7i emek k\u00f6lelerden kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yor. Yaln\u0131zca \u00fcst y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f de\u011fil, t\u00fcccarlar da k\u00f6le istihdam ediyor. Yaln\u0131zca \u0130stanbul de\u011fil, Bursa, \u0130zmir, Selanik, \u0130skenderiye, Kahire bunlar o d\u00f6nemin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirleri. Anadolu k\u0131rsal\u0131nda k\u00f6le istihdam\u0131 daha az. Anadolu\u2019da bir beyaz k\u00f6lenin izini s\u00fcrmek, M\u0131s\u0131r’da s\u00fcrmekten daha zor.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrdistan ve Ba\u011fdat vilayetlerinde ise durum biraz daha farkl\u0131, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a yak\u0131n olmalar\u0131 sebebiyle kara yolu ile gelen k\u00f6le ticareti do\u011fu vilayetlerinde, Bitlis ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, binlerce beyaz k\u00f6lenin sat\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep oldu. Osmanl\u0131 \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u0131ll\u0131k on bin civar\u0131nda beyaz k\u00f6le giri\u015fi \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak bir rakam de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

‘OSMANLI’DA A\u00c7IK K\u00d6LEL\u0130K DENEN B\u0130R S\u0130STEM VAR’<\/h4>\n

Hukuksal olarak k\u00f6leli\u011fin yasaklanmas\u0131 ne zaman ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bizim bahsetti\u011fimiz Rus ve Kafkasya’daki k\u00f6lelik uygulamalar\u0131, Amerika’daki Atlantik k\u00f6leli\u011fine daha \u00e7ok benziyor. Yani k\u00f6le do\u011fdunuz k\u00f6le \u00f6l\u00fcyorsunuz ve sizden do\u011fanlar da k\u00f6le kabul ediliyor. Tabii bir azat mekanizmas\u0131 var ama hem zor hem de k\u00f6le ge\u00e7mi\u015finiz sizin pe\u015finizi b\u0131rakm\u0131yor. Ama Osmanl\u0131’da b\u00f6yle bir k\u00f6lelik yok. A\u00e7\u0131k k\u00f6lelik denen bir sistem var ve azatl\u0131k mekanizmas\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f. Belli bir s\u00fcre \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra k\u00f6lelikten kurtulabiliyorsunuz, h\u00fcr bir vatanda\u015f olduktan sonra y\u00fckselmenizin de \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir engel yok. Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da pa\u015fa ve \u00fcst d\u00fczey devlet memurunun hayata k\u00f6le olarak ba\u015flay\u0131p h\u0131zla kariyer basamaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rnekler var.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n\u0131zda da i\u015fleniyor, \u00c7erkes Beyler daha \u00f6nce k\u00f6le olarak satt\u0131klar\u0131 ki\u015fileri daha sonra Osmanl\u0131 pa\u015fas\u0131 olarak Kafkasya\u2019ya geldiklerinde muhatap alm\u0131yorlar.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Evet, bunun \u00f6rneklerini kitapta etrafl\u0131ca anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Eski k\u00f6lelerini muhatap almad\u0131klar\u0131 gibi onlarla ayn\u0131 mek\u00e2nda bulunmay\u0131 da reddediyorlar. Bu olay 1853-56 K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi’nde ya\u015fand\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 pa\u015falar\u0131 \u00c7erkeslerden sava\u015fa kat\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 istedi. \u00c7erkesler, gelen pa\u015falar\u0131n eski k\u00f6leleri oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenince onlarla bulu\u015fmay\u0131 bile reddetti. Bir kat\u0131l\u0131m sa\u011flamad\u0131lar. Sadece orada da de\u011fil, 1876 Bulgar \u0130syanlar\u0131 ve 93 Rus Harbi’nde de bu ya\u015fand\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 ordusu, sava\u015fla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rken bir yandan da Pa\u015fa ve Beyler aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131fsal meseleler ile de u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Daha yak\u0131n zamanda, 1919 s\u00fcrecinde de benzer \u015feyler ya\u015fand\u0131. \u00c7erkes Ethem meselesinde de oldu. Adapazar\u0131- D\u00fczce isyanlar\u0131nda Te\u015fkilat\u0131 Mahsusa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 Ku\u015fcuba\u015f\u0131 E\u015fref bir \u00c7erkes olarak gidip beylere \u2018bu isyan\u0131 bitirin\u2019 diyor. Beyler de \u2018Kim bu E\u015fref?\u2019 diyorlar. \u2018Saraydan \u00e7\u0131kma!\u2019 deniyor, Ku\u015f\u00e7uba\u015f\u0131 E\u015fref i\u00e7in. \u2018Ha tamam bu k\u00f6le\u2019 diyorlar. S\u00f6ylediklerini ciddiye alm\u0131yorlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yle bir alg\u0131 var; her saraydan \u00e7\u0131kma k\u00f6le k\u00f6kenli gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Sadece babas\u0131n\u0131n sarayda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 onun k\u00f6le oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar, asl\u0131nda E\u015fref, k\u00f6le k\u00f6kenli de de\u011fil. Ama beyler bulu\u015fmay\u0131 reddedip, isyana da devam ediyorlar.<\/p>\n

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.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

K\u00f6le t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 da, m\u00fc\u015fteriler de \u00c7erkes k\u00f6le istiyor. Hatta \u00c7erkes olmayanlar\u0131n dahi, y\u00fcksek fiyattan sat\u0131labilmek i\u00e7in \u00c7erkes oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131yla sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kitapta s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorsunuz. Nedir bunun sebebi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r Memluk devletinin iki hanedan\u0131 var. \u0130lk hanedan T\u00fcrk, ikincisi \u00c7erkes. \u00d6zellikle ikinci d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in \u00e7ok olumlu bir ‘alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f’ anlat\u0131s\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fmi\u015f. Ortado\u011fu’da g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen bir bar\u0131\u015f, refah ve imar d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Sadece M\u0131s\u0131r de\u011fil, Filistin, Suriye Hicaz’a kadar olan o b\u00f6lgede b\u00f6yle bir parlak d\u00f6nem ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Arap toplumunda da beyaz tenli, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131, adil ve iyi idareci \u00c7erkes erkek ile onun yan\u0131ndaki zarif, g\u00fczel, sad\u0131k \u00c7erkes kad\u0131n\u0131na olan sayg\u0131, zamanla hayranl\u0131\u011fa ve sonunda bir \u015fehir efsanesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc daha sonra b\u00f6yle bir d\u00f6nem ya\u015famad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in bunu \u00c7erkes idareci s\u0131n\u0131ftan bilecekler.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00fczden k\u00f6le t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 asl\u0131nda Rus, Kozak ve Ukraynal\u0131 olan beyaz k\u00f6leleri 3 liraya satacaklar\u0131 yerde, onlar\u0131 \u00c7erkes ‘etiketiyle’ 15 liraya satabilece\u011fini ke\u015ffetti\u011finde k\u00f6le pazarlar\u0131 ‘\u00c7erkes k\u00f6le’ (!) oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131yla sat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan sahte \u00c7erkesler ile dolup ta\u015facakt\u0131. S\u00fcre\u00e7te t\u00fcm bu \u00f6teki kimlikler birbirine kar\u0131\u015facak, sat\u0131lan k\u00f6leler de sat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 yeni \u00fclkelerde daha konforlu hayatlara kavu\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in \u00c7erkesli\u011fi t\u00fcm bu sahtekarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapatan bir \u00f6rt\u00fc gibi kullanarak, bir \u00c7erkes gibi ya\u015fayarak hayat s\u00fcreceklerdi.<\/p>\n

‘K\u00d6LEL\u0130K H\u0130\u00c7B\u0130R ZAMAN YASAKLANMADI,\u00a0SADECE K\u00d6LE PAZARI KAPATILDI’<\/h4>\n

K\u00f6lelik resmi olarak tam ne zaman yasaklan\u0131yor?<\/strong><\/p>\n

1846 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019daki k\u00f6le pazar\u0131 kapat\u0131l\u0131yor. Yani Tanzimat s\u00fcrecinde padi\u015fah, \u2018\u015fehrin g\u00f6be\u011finde bu i\u015f art\u0131k b\u00f6yle alenen olmaz\u2019 diyerek kapat\u0131yor. Fakat sadece k\u00f6le pazar\u0131 kapat\u0131l\u0131yor, k\u00f6lelik hi\u00e7bir zaman yasaklamad\u0131. K\u00f6lelik, \u015eer-i bir kurum oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in dinin alan\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etmediler. 1854 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcrc\u00fcler a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 Hristiyan bir topluluktu. Bat\u0131, Hristiyan k\u00f6le ticaretine s\u0131cak bakm\u0131yordu. Bat\u0131 ile ili\u015fkiler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sak\u0131ncal\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. K\u0131r\u0131m Harbi’nde \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n deste\u011fine ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131. Onlara ho\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in G\u00fcrc\u00fc ticaretini yasaklad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Yine o y\u0131llarda siyah k\u00f6le ticaretini yasaklad\u0131lar. Resmen yasakland\u0131 ama el alt\u0131ndan bu ticaret tabii ki devam etti. Fakat o d\u00f6nemde bile \u00c7erkes oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131yla sat\u0131lan k\u00f6lelere asla dokundurtmad\u0131lar. \u0130ngiliz sefiri ile pa\u015falar\u0131n konu\u015fmalar\u0131 var, bu bizim ailevi meselemizdir buna m\u00fcdahale ettirmeyiz diyorlar. \u0130ngiliz sefirinin raporu var; \u2018Bu meselede alan, satan, sat\u0131n al\u0131nan memnun. Burada bizim anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z farkl\u0131 bir i\u015f var!\u2019 diyorlar. Ger\u00e7ekten farkl\u0131 bir \u00e7ok i\u015f var, neticede beyaz k\u00f6leler i\u00e7inde yer alan, \u00c7erkeslere ait k\u00f6lelerin al\u0131m sat\u0131m\u0131 da resmi olarak 1909-1911 aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7te yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yasaklanman\u0131n \u0130ttihat Terakki\u2019nin etkin olmas\u0131 ile ilgisi var m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

1909 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar, 1911\u2019de tamamen yasakland\u0131. II. Me\u015frutiyet d\u00f6neminde kurulmu\u015f olan \u00c7erkes Teav\u00fcn Cemiyeti’nin k\u00f6lelik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 faaliyetleri var. Bu d\u00f6nemin \u00c7erkes ayd\u0131n, asker ve b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131n da bir par\u00e7as\u0131. Bat\u0131l\u0131 e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131nda okumu\u015f, birka\u00e7 dil bilen insanlar ve k\u00f6lelik ile \u00c7erkesli\u011fin bir tutulmas\u0131ndan rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duyuyorlar, bunu kabul etmiyorlar. Yani geleneksel \u00c7erkes feodal yap\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da bir tutum var tabii.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erkes Teav\u00fcn Cemiyeti’ni kuranlar o d\u00f6nemin ayd\u0131nlar\u0131. Kimi sarayda yeti\u015fmi\u015f olsa da, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu bu i\u015fin tamamen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan yana. Yaln\u0131zca sarayda de\u011fil, konaklarda da bu ticaretin devam ediyor olmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok rahats\u0131z oluyorlar. T\u00fcrk, Arnavut ve K\u00fcrtlerin bile \u00c7erkes k\u00f6le diye al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu sahtek\u00e2rl\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcnden farkl\u0131 bir\u00e7ok halk\u0131n da ac\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fini bakanl\u0131klara yollad\u0131klar\u0131 dilek\u00e7elerde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yaz\u0131yorlar. T\u00fcm toplumu ilgilendiren bu duruma son verilmesi i\u00e7in de Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki k\u00f6lelik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ilk sivil hareketi ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f oluyorlar.<\/p>\n

‘300 B\u0130N C\u0130VARINDA BEYAZ K\u00d6LE 19. Y\u00dcZYILIN \u0130K\u0130NC\u0130 YARISINDA BU CO\u011eRAFYA’DA YA\u015eIYORDU’<\/h5>\n

K\u00f6leler ile k\u00f6le sahipleri aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar var m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Her d\u00f6nem var ama \u00f6zellikle 1864\u2019te \u00c7erkeslerin s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcnden sonra bu sorun belirginle\u015fiyor. 1856-1864 s\u00fcrecinde 150 bin civar\u0131nda beyaz k\u00f6le ile giri\u015f yapt\u0131klar\u0131na dair kaynaklar var. Karpat, 1.2 milyon \u00c7erkesin s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ile Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na geldi\u011fini bildiriyor, o zaman\u0131n n\u00fcfusunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczde 150 bin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rakam. Bir o kadar beyaz k\u00f6lenin de daha \u00f6ncesinde bu topraklara getirildi\u011fini varsayarsak 300 bin civar\u0131nda beyaz k\u00f6le 19. yy\u2019\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda bu co\u011frafyada ya\u015f\u0131yordu diyebiliriz. Bu k\u00f6leler Kafkasya’daki kapal\u0131 k\u00f6lelik sistemi i\u00e7inde, k\u00f6le do\u011fdun k\u00f6le \u00f6l\u00fcrs\u00fcn alg\u0131s\u0131yla buraya geliyorlar ama buradaki a\u00e7\u0131k k\u00f6le sistemi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131nca Osmanl\u0131 k\u00f6lelik sistemine dahil olmak i\u00e7in sahiplerinden ka\u00e7\u0131yorlar. \u00dc\u00e7, be\u015f, en fazla yedi y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kazanabilece\u011fi inanc\u0131 on binlerce beyaz k\u00f6leyi cesaretlendirmi\u015f, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma, \u015fiddet ve h\u00fcr olabilme u\u011fruna ka\u00e7malar artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 k\u00f6le sisteminde k\u00f6leden do\u011fan, k\u00f6le mi oluyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hay\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 \u015eer-i sisteminde h\u00fcr erkekten do\u011fan \u00e7ocuk, k\u00f6le bir kad\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan do\u011furulmu\u015f olsa da, h\u00fcr oluyor. K\u00f6le kad\u0131n da bu do\u011furdu\u011fu \u00e7ocuk ile birlikte art\u0131k h\u00fcr bir kad\u0131n haline geliyordu. Rus ve Kafkas tipi k\u00f6lelikte ise \u00e7ocu\u011fun babas\u0131 h\u00fcr bir erkek de olsa, anne k\u00f6le oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in do\u011fan \u00e7ocuklar da k\u00f6le olarak kabul ediliyordu. Bu temel farkl\u0131l\u0131k y\u00fcz\u00fcnden beyaz k\u00f6leler adeta Osmanl\u0131 k\u00f6lelik sistemine dahil olmak i\u00e7in eski sahiplerinin elinden ka\u00e7\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Azatl\u0131k paras\u0131 \u00f6dendi\u011finde k\u00f6le h\u00fcr oluyor mu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Evet. Yani diyelim k\u00f6le sahibi bir b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcnah i\u015fledi, o g\u00fcnah\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kefaret olarak bir k\u00f6leyi azat eder. Bu \u0130slam dininin azatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 esas alan bir k\u00f6leli\u011fi tan\u0131yor olmas\u0131yla ilgilidir. Osmanl\u0131 k\u00f6lecilik sistemi de bu azat etme, h\u00fcrle\u015ftirme \u00fczerine kuruludur. K\u00f6le sahibi ile anla\u015f\u0131p bir yerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak da kendi h\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sat\u0131n alabiliyordu, bu da Osmanl\u0131\u2019da olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6lelik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde de s\u00fcr\u00fcyor mu? Kitab\u0131n\u0131zda 1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda ge\u00e7en bir k\u0131z isteme olay\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yorsunuz. K\u0131z istemeye gelenler eski k\u00f6le ailesi. Bu y\u00fczden k\u0131z taraf\u0131ndaki solcu yada muhafazakar herkes, k\u0131z\u0131n verilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlar.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00f6le s\u00fclalesi deyip k\u0131z\u0131 vermiyorlar. Bu benim bizzat ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir olayd\u0131. Sosyalisti, dindar\u0131, milliyet\u00e7isi \u2018olur mu \u00f6yle \u015fey!\u2019 diyerek kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu alg\u0131y\u0131 kapal\u0131 toplumlarda de\u011fi\u015ftirmeniz \u00e7ok zor. 1987\u2019de Samsun gibi ayd\u0131n bir liman \u015fehrinde bu hala bir meseleydi. Tabii ki k\u00f6lelik eski klasik sistemi ile olmasa da, bu bir leke olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Bu \u2018leke\u2019 anlat\u0131s\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 k\u00f6lelik sisteminde ve toplumunda da yok. Siz \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce k\u00f6le olarak girdi\u011finiz bir haneden onlar\u0131n damad\u0131 veya gelini olarak \u00e7\u0131kabilirsiniz. Benim bahsetti\u011fim Rus ve Kafkas tipi k\u00f6lelikte feodallerin k\u00f6leler ile evlilik ili\u015fkileri kurmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olamaz.<\/p>\n

En son k\u00f6le sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 ne zaman, Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde de k\u00f6le sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 var m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tabi, Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde de var, kitapta 1923 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6neme dair toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir\u00e7ok hat\u0131raya yer verdim. \u015eehirlerde istihdam edilenlerin \u00e7o\u011fu Kafkasyal\u0131 bile olmayan ama \u00c7erkes olarak sat\u0131lan beyaz k\u00f6lelerdi. D\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fleri ile de ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131 ile de Avrupal\u0131lara benzeyen bu grup, \u015fehirlerdeki b\u00fcy\u00fck ailelerin konaklar\u0131nda bir \u00c7erkes olarak bilinerek, sayg\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcp h\u00fcrmet edilerek ya\u015fay\u0131p gittiler. T\u00fcrkle\u015ferek yada M\u0131s\u0131r \u00f6rne\u011finde Arapla\u015farak zamanla tarih sahnesinden silindiler. 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara gelindi\u011finde k\u0131rsalda beyaz k\u00f6leler ya\u015famaya devam ediyordu. Bunlar da a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak \u00c7erkeslerin, G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin ve Abazalar\u0131n k\u00f6ylerinin etraf\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131lar ve onlara kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Bug\u00fcne kadar gelen beyaz k\u00f6le miras\u0131n\u0131n son temsilcileri bu k\u0131rsalda kalanlard\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde onlar\u0131n h\u00fcrle\u015fme deneyimleri ve 1923 sonras\u0131na dair tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131na yer vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6lelik ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kalan bir sistem midir? Son olarak Suriye sava\u015f\u0131nda Ezidilerin k\u00f6le olarak sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k ettik.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eskiden k\u00f6lelik, sava\u015flardan ve \u00f6zellikle soyk\u0131r\u0131mlardan arta kalan ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n dahil olmak ya da \u00f6lmek aras\u0131nda se\u00e7im yapt\u0131klar\u0131 durumlarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. 1567-1864 aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Kafkasya\u2019da ya\u015fana Rus i\u015fgali, sava\u015flar ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m neticesinde y\u00fcz binlerce insan k\u00f6leli\u011fe dahil olmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1864 \u00c7erkes Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131’n\u0131 t\u00fcm bu siyasi ve toplumsal y\u00f6nleriyle de anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131z. Etnik temizli\u011fe maruz kalm\u0131\u015f bir halktan arta kalan sava\u015f ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6lele\u015fmek durumunda kalmas\u0131 \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019n\u0131n emperyal siyasetinin ve i\u015fgallerinin bir neticesidir. T\u00fcm bu s\u00fcreci, arka plan\u0131n\u0131 ve do\u011furdu\u011fu neticeleri kitapta detayl\u0131 \u015fekilde ortaya koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgalinde ya\u015fananlar ba\u015fta \u00c7erkesler ve \u00c7e\u00e7enler olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm Kafkasyal\u0131 halklara da \u00e7ok tan\u0131d\u0131k geliyor. Bug\u00fcn \u015fartlar 150 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok iyile\u015fmi\u015f olmakla birlikte, Rus i\u015fgallerinden ka\u00e7an sava\u015f ma\u011fdurlar\u0131 gittikleri \u00fclkelerde neyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facak, nas\u0131l bir travma ya\u015fayacaklar? Erkeklerin sava\u015fa kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ba\u015fka \u00fclkelere ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda evinden kopar\u0131lan, ailesini yitiren ma\u011fdurlar kim bilir ne ac\u0131lar ya\u015fayacak.<\/p>\n

Suriye meselesinde de ayn\u0131 ac\u0131lar ya\u015fand\u0131. Yaln\u0131zca Ezidiler de\u011fil, L\u00fcbnan\u2019da sahipsiz kalm\u0131\u015f Suriyeli \u00e7ocuklar da 3 bin-4 bin dolar k\u00f6le pazarlar\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatacak \u015fekilde sat\u0131ld\u0131. Eskiden oldu\u011fu gibi Suriyeli \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7inden de beyaz tenli, renkli g\u00f6zl\u00fc ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnenler daha y\u00fcksek fiyatlara al\u0131c\u0131 buldu, bulmaya da devam ediyor…<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.gazeteduvar.com.tr\/elbruz-aksoy-istanbul-19-yuzyilin-en-buyuk-beyaz-kole-pazariydi-haber-1561388\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Elbruz Aksoy’la \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131’ndan \u00e7\u0131kan ‘Beyaz K\u00f6leler, Son Sesler’ kitab\u0131n\u0131 konu\u015ftuk. Aksoy, “Osmanl\u0131’da a\u00e7\u0131k k\u00f6lelik denen bir sistem var ve azatl\u0131k mekanizmas\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f” dedi. DUVAR –\u00a0\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde k\u00f6lelik, sava\u015flar ve devletin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 kadar eski bir olgu. Ancak \u00e7ok yak\u0131n zamanda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fckannemizin, dedemizin bir beyaz k\u00f6le oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir miyiz? Sad\u0131k G\u00fcle\u00e7 Elbruz Aksoy, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":68328,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,54,71],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-68327","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-kitaplar-elestiriler","category-mulakatlar"],"yoast_head":"\nElbruz Aksoy: \u0130stanbul, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck beyaz k\u00f6le pazar\u0131yd\u0131 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=68327\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Elbruz Aksoy: \u0130stanbul, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck beyaz k\u00f6le pazar\u0131yd\u0131 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Elbruz Aksoy’la \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131’ndan \u00e7\u0131kan ‘Beyaz K\u00f6leler, Son Sesler’ kitab\u0131n\u0131 konu\u015ftuk. Aksoy, “Osmanl\u0131’da a\u00e7\u0131k k\u00f6lelik denen bir sistem var ve azatl\u0131k mekanizmas\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f” dedi. DUVAR –\u00a0\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde k\u00f6lelik, sava\u015flar ve devletin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 kadar eski bir olgu. Ancak \u00e7ok yak\u0131n zamanda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fckannemizin, dedemizin bir beyaz k\u00f6le oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir miyiz? 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Aksoy, “Osmanl\u0131’da a\u00e7\u0131k k\u00f6lelik denen bir sistem var ve azatl\u0131k mekanizmas\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f” dedi. DUVAR –\u00a0\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde k\u00f6lelik, sava\u015flar ve devletin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 kadar eski bir olgu. Ancak \u00e7ok yak\u0131n zamanda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fckannemizin, dedemizin bir beyaz k\u00f6le oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir miyiz? Sad\u0131k G\u00fcle\u00e7 Elbruz Aksoy, […]","og_url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=68327","og_site_name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","article_published_time":"2022-05-03T07:41:31+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-05-03T07:41:45+00:00","og_image":[{"width":640,"height":412,"url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2022\/05\/fft243_mf32851065.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"22 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=68327#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=68327"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"headline":"Elbruz Aksoy: \u0130stanbul, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck beyaz k\u00f6le pazar\u0131yd\u0131","datePublished":"2022-05-03T07:41:31+00:00","dateModified":"2022-05-03T07:41:45+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=68327"},"wordCount":4449,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=68327#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2022\/05\/fft243_mf32851065.jpg","articleSection":["Haberler","Kitaplar-Ele\u015ftiriler","M\u00fclakatlar"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=68327#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=68327","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=68327","name":"Elbruz Aksoy: \u0130stanbul, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck beyaz k\u00f6le pazar\u0131yd\u0131 - 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