{"id":67626,"date":"2022-03-24T02:23:46","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T07:23:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=67626"},"modified":"2022-03-24T02:23:46","modified_gmt":"2022-03-24T07:23:46","slug":"uluslar-neden-coker-turkiye-neden-cokuyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=67626","title":{"rendered":"Uluslar neden \u00e7\u00f6ker, T\u00fcrkiye neden \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcyor?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ergun Babahan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u2019de 1993\u2019ten beri profes\u00f6r olan d\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc ekonomist Daron Acemo\u011flu\u2019nun 2012\u2019de James A. Robinson ile birlikte yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cUluslar Neden Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z Olur?\u201d kitab\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck ses getirmi\u015fti.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Acemo\u011flu-Robinson kitapta modern y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imlerini \u015fekillendiren tarihsel ak\u0131mlara ve kritik d\u00f6neme\u00e7lere odaklan\u0131yor. Bunlar aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7 payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u00fcretkenlik, e\u011fitim, teknolojik ilerleme ve kapsay\u0131c\u0131 olabilen siyasi ve ekonomik kurumlar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Siyasi sistem bir grubun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in kapanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f ba\u015fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak ulusun refah\u0131 yerine bir kesime fayda sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in toplumdan zenginlik ve kaynak \u00e7al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz hale getiriyor.<\/p>\n

Bir \u00f6rnek 1965\u2019ten 1997\u2019ye kadar iktidarda kalan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc adam Mobutu Sese Seko\u2019nun Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti\u2026 Mobutu, t\u0131pk\u0131 Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiyesi gibi etraf\u0131ndaki \u015f\u0131mar\u0131k klikle \u00fclkeyi u\u00e7uruma s\u00fcr\u00fckledi.<\/p>\n

Mobutu da saray d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn\u00fcyd\u00fc\u2026 Do\u011fdu\u011fu yerde kendisi i\u00e7in bir saray in\u015fa edilmesini istedi\u011finde, havaalan\u0131n\u0131n Air France\u2019dan kiralamay\u0131 sevdi\u011fi Concorde\u2019lar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131racak kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ini\u015f pistine sahip oldu\u011fundan emin olmak istemi\u015fti. Mobutu ve kli\u011fi Kongo\u2019yu geli\u015ftirmekle ilgilenmiyordu. Geni\u015f maden zenginli\u011fini kendileri i\u00e7in emiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kongo 1960\u2019ta ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ya\u011fmac\u0131 bir siyasi s\u0131n\u0131f ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ekonomik kurumlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131prat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f zay\u0131f, ademi merkeziyet\u00e7i bir devletti. \u015eu anda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin girmekte oldu\u011fu yolda oldu\u011fu gibi, temel hizmetleri sunmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok zay\u0131f ama Mobutu ve yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 zirvede tutacak kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc; vatanda\u015flar\u0131na bakamayacak kadar fakir ama sadece elitlere u\u011frunda sava\u015facak bir \u015fey verecek kadar zengin.<\/p>\n

Kongo\u2019nun i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 ortam ve sefaleti, 1966\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sadece 22 \u00fcniversite mezunu, yedi mil asfalt yol ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda beyaz \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc rejimlere sahip olan Botsvana ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131nca fark tam anlam\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Botsvana, Kosta Rika gibi ba\u015far\u0131 \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip.<\/p>\n

Botsvana bunu nas\u0131l ba\u015fard\u0131? Acemo\u011flu ve Robinson\u2019a g\u00f6re, \u201cBa\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan sonra kapsay\u0131c\u0131 ekonomik ve politik kurumlar\u0131 h\u0131zla geli\u015ftirerek\u201d diyor. Botsvana d\u00fczenli se\u00e7imler yap\u0131yor, hi\u00e7bir zaman bir i\u00e7 sava\u015f ya\u015famad\u0131 ve m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 duyuyor.<\/p>\n

Botswana ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Seretse Khama ve onun Botsvana Demokrat Partisi, diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck yerine demokrasiyi ve \u00f6zel a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fck yerine kamu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, Khama\u2019n\u0131n Botsvana\u2019s\u0131 refah \u00fcretebilecek kurumlar in\u015fa etmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Mobutu\u2019nun Kongo\u2019su ve Robert Mugabe\u2019nin Zimbabwe\u2019si denemedi bile.<\/p>\n

\u015eu anda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de beceriksiz, yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 hakim. Ve bu yap\u0131 toplumun t\u00fcm yeteneklerini tam olarak kullanmalar\u0131na izin vermiyor. T\u00fcrkiye de \u201ctoplumu geni\u015f insan kitleleri pahas\u0131na kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fctleyen dar bir se\u00e7kinler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netildi\u011fi i\u00e7in\u201d yoksulla\u015f\u0131yor ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan devral\u0131nan Cumhuriyet kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla \u00e7\u00f6kertiyor.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye giderek Kuzey Kore, Sierra Leone, Haiti ve Somali gibi mutsuz uluslara benziyor. Bunlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc, otoriteyi, g\u00fc\u00e7lerini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ellerinden gelen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kayna\u011f\u0131 kulland\u0131. Zenginli\u011fi bir avu\u00e7 yanda\u015fa ak\u0131tt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Yazarlar\u0131n ortaya koydu\u011fu form\u00fcl \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k: Herkesi, t\u00fcm toplumu kapsay\u0131c\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetler ve kurumlar refah, b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma anlam\u0131na gelir; s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmetler ve kurumlar, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca yoksulluk, yoksunluk ve durgunluk anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle fark\u0131 siyaset yarat\u0131yor. \u201cKapsay\u0131c\u0131\u201d siyasi h\u00fck\u00fcmetler olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 \u015feye sahip olan \u00fclkeler, yasalar\u0131 uygularken ve kamu altyap\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flarken siyasi ve m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131yorlar ve uzun vadede en b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi ya\u015fat\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, g\u00fcc\u00fcn k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir se\u00e7kinler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cs\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d siyasi sistemlere sahip \u00fclkeler ya b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi ba\u015faram\u0131yor ya da k\u0131sa ekonomik geni\u015fleme patlamalar\u0131ndan sonra \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AKP\u2019nin 5-6 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tecr\u00fcbe bu tezi do\u011frular nitelikte. AKP\u2019nin Avrupa Birli\u011fi reformlar\u0131na direnseler bile kurumlar\u0131n ayakta kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, hukukun toparlanmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131, d\u00fcnyadan akan zenginli\u011fin sadece bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruba de\u011fil de t\u00fcm topluma da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 ve siyasetin hala rekabet\u00e7i olmas\u0131 refah ve kalk\u0131nma getirdi.<\/p>\n

Ancak Erdo\u011fan g\u00fc\u00e7lenip saray, dev u\u00e7ak, l\u00fcks tutkusuna esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, kapsay\u0131c\u0131 model yerini dar-yanda\u015f modele b\u0131rakt\u0131, kurumlar h\u0131zla \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc ve fakirle\u015fme ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00dcst\u00fcne \u00fcstl\u00fck bu \u00e7arp\u0131k tabloda \u00fclkenin en a\u011f\u0131r sorunu K\u00fcrt meselesi de daha derinle\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn tablo ortada: Paras\u0131 pul olmu\u015f, enflasyonu rekorlar k\u0131rmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, devlet g\u00fcc\u00fc hizmete de\u011fil de iktidar\u0131 korumaya odaklanm\u0131\u015f bir \u00fclke. Kafas\u0131 Japon k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131yla kesilmi\u015f insan gibi, yerinde duruyor olmas\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmiyor.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Why Nations Fail,\u2019 by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/entertainment\/books\/book-review-why-nations-fail-by-daron-acemoglu-and-james-a-robinson\/2012\/04\/20\/gIQAcHs8VT_story.html<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2012\/why-nations-fail-0323<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

Art\u0131 Ger\u00e7ek<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ergun Babahan Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u2019de 1993\u2019ten beri profes\u00f6r olan d\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc ekonomist Daron Acemo\u011flu\u2019nun 2012\u2019de James A. Robinson ile birlikte yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cUluslar Neden Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z Olur?\u201d kitab\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck ses getirmi\u015fti. Acemo\u011flu-Robinson kitapta modern y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imlerini \u015fekillendiren tarihsel ak\u0131mlara ve kritik d\u00f6neme\u00e7lere odaklan\u0131yor. Bunlar aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7 payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u00fcretkenlik, e\u011fitim, teknolojik ilerleme ve kapsay\u0131c\u0131 olabilen siyasi ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":67627,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-67626","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\nUluslar neden \u00e7\u00f6ker, T\u00fcrkiye neden \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcyor? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=67626\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Uluslar neden \u00e7\u00f6ker, T\u00fcrkiye neden \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcyor? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ergun Babahan Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u2019de 1993\u2019ten beri profes\u00f6r olan d\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc ekonomist Daron Acemo\u011flu\u2019nun 2012\u2019de James A. Robinson ile birlikte yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cUluslar Neden Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z Olur?\u201d kitab\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck ses getirmi\u015fti. Acemo\u011flu-Robinson kitapta modern y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imlerini \u015fekillendiren tarihsel ak\u0131mlara ve kritik d\u00f6neme\u00e7lere odaklan\u0131yor. 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