{"id":66419,"date":"2021-12-27T01:15:48","date_gmt":"2021-12-27T06:15:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=66419"},"modified":"2021-12-27T01:15:48","modified_gmt":"2021-12-27T06:15:48","slug":"zaven-biberyanda-zaman-felekten-calinan-bir-felaketten-digerine-bir-hayat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=66419","title":{"rendered":"Zaven Biberyan\u2019da Zaman: Felekten \u00e7al\u0131nan, bir felaketten di\u011ferine bir hayat"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Talin Suciyan<\/a><\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
Okudu\u011fu okullarda, bulundu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn ortamlarda zekas\u0131yla, bilgisiyle ama en \u00e7ok da i\u00e7inden ta\u015fan co\u015fkulu, inat\u00e7\u0131 devrimci ki\u015fili\u011fiyle kab\u0131na s\u0131\u011fmayan, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evreye birka\u00e7 beden b\u00fcy\u00fck gelen bir entelekt\u00fceldi Biberyan. Hele de 1930\u2019lu, 40\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiyesi Biberyan\u2019a kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 neredeyse hi\u00e7 vermiyordu. Ama o i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu imkanlar\u0131n kendine ne verip vermedi\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak kendini geli\u015ftiren bir entelekt\u00fcel olmad\u0131.<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/div>\n
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Bu y\u0131l 100. do\u011fum y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 idrak etti\u011fimiz Zaven Biberyan, 20.y\u00fczy\u0131lda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f roman sanat\u0131n\u0131n en usta icrac\u0131lar\u0131ndan biridir. Bir ba\u015fyap\u0131t olarak nitelendirilebilecek ‘Lgrdadz\u0131’<\/em>\u00a0ki sonra Biberyan bu kitab\u0131 \u2018Yaln\u0131zlar<\/em>\u2019 ismiyle T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olarak da yeniden kaleme ald\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tarihsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcne ayna tutmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f en \u00f6nemli roman diyebilece\u011fimiz\u00a0M\u0131r\u00e7\u00fcnneru Ver\u00e7aluys\u0131 (Kar\u0131ncalar\u0131n G\u00fcnbat\u0131m\u0131)\u00a0<\/em>ve\u00a0Angudi Siraharner (Meteliksiz A\u015f\u0131klar)<\/em>\u00a0yazar\u0131n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l roman\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2021\u2019in ilk aylar\u0131nda\u00a0Parrhesia kolektifi<\/a>* olarak, kendini do\u011fru s\u00f6ylemekle s\u0131nama fikri ve ismi alt\u0131nda bir araya gelmeye karar verdi\u011fimizde,\u00a0 \u0130stanbul\u2019da ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde ya\u015fayan bir grup kad\u0131n Zaven Biberyan okumalar\u0131 yapt\u0131k. Yazar\u0131n entelekt\u00fcel birikiminin, gazete yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda tan\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz cesaretinin ve edebi eserlerindeki i\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn fark\u0131ndayd\u0131k. Romanlar\u0131n\u0131n da Aras Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k\u2019tan yay\u0131mlanarak T\u00fcrkiyeli okurla bulu\u015fmu\u015f olmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fanst\u0131. Bununla birlikte, T\u00fcrkiye edebiyat se\u00e7kilerinde ve hatta Bat\u0131 Ermenicesi edebiyat se\u00e7kilerinde de neredeyse hi\u00e7 yer almam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yla nas\u0131l bir kadere mahkum edildi\u011fini g\u00f6rebiliyorduk. Marc Nichanian\u2019\u0131n Biberyan \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Mr\u00e7\u00fcnneru Ver\u00e7aluys\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n ekinde yay\u0131mlanan yaz\u0131s\u0131nda yazar\u0131n nas\u0131l bir yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa itilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu, bu yaln\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7inde ac\u0131la\u015fmaya terk edildi\u011fini ve bunu tek ba\u015f\u0131na ya\u015famak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi ifade ediyordu.<\/p>\n

Peki neydi onu bu kadar g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131lmaya mahkum eden? Nichanian\u2019\u0131n Biberyan\u2019\u0131n roman\u00a0 karakterlerinde g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fi \u201cbiyolojik ailenin ve ulusal ailenin\u201d\u00a0(Biberyan, Meteliksiz A\u015f\u0131klar, s. 17)\u00a0<\/em>\u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yazar dile nas\u0131l aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131? Bu ve bunun gibi sorular\u0131 Zaven Biberyan\u2019\u0131n hayat\u0131 ve eserleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde tart\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz hafta Parrhesia kolektifi olarak Prof. Nazan Maksudyan\u2019\u0131 konuk ettik. Tarih alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z,\u00a0T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00d6l\u00e7mek<\/em>\u00a0(2005),\u00a0Ge\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6neminde Yetimler ve Kimsesiz \u00c7ocuklar<\/em>\u00a0(2014), ve ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz sene Ortado\u011fu \u00c7ocuk ve Gen\u00e7 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Birli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan en iyi kitap \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen\u00a0I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Gen\u00e7leri ve \u00c7ocuklar\u0131<\/em>\u00a0(2019) kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131 Maksudyan, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz ay\u00a0Notos\u00a0<\/em>Dergisi\u2019nin Biberyan \u00d6zel Say\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in de Biberyan \u00fczerine bir yaz\u0131 kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Biz de bu yaz\u0131da hem bizlerin bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalardan hem de Nazan Maksudyan ile sohbetimizden bize kalanlar\u0131\u00a0Agos\u00a0<\/em>okuruyla bulu\u015fturmak isteriz.<\/p>\n

Bir entelekt\u00fcel: Biberyan<\/strong>
\nOkudu\u011fu okullarda, bulundu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn ortamlarda zekas\u0131yla, bilgisiyle ama en \u00e7ok da i\u00e7inden ta\u015fan co\u015fkulu, inat\u00e7\u0131 devrimci ki\u015fili\u011fiyle kab\u0131na s\u0131\u011fmayan, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evreye birka\u00e7 beden b\u00fcy\u00fck gelen bir entelekt\u00fceldi Biberyan. Hele de 1930\u2019lu, 40\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiyesi Biberyan\u2019a kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 neredeyse hi\u00e7 vermiyordu. Ama o i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu imkanlar\u0131n kendine ne verip vermedi\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak kendini geli\u015ftiren bir entelekt\u00fcel olmad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zaman\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Franz Fanon gibi i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ko\u015fullar\u0131n i\u00e7inden, o ko\u015fullara inat, o ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi anlayarak ve temelden ele\u015ftirerek var oluyordu. Bunu yapabildi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de kendi dehas\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131na var\u0131yordu. Gen\u00e7li\u011finde kendi el yaz\u0131s\u0131yla yaz\u0131p \u00e7o\u011faltt\u0131\u011f\u0131, kap\u0131 kap\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131p da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 devrimci bildiriler ceplerindeyken gece vakti kontrole tak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve memurlara kafa tutup yakalanmamay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 kendi dehas\u0131na hayran oldu\u011fu anlardan biridir. Fakat, Biberyan\u2019\u0131n esas dehas\u0131 bu devrimci aktivizmin derinle\u015fti\u011fi noktada kristalle\u015fecek, billurla\u015facakt\u0131r. Yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda, romanlar\u0131nda da bu dehan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k, isabetli ve do\u011frudan bir dille meseleleri anlatmas\u0131nda, insan do\u011fas\u0131na, aile kurumunun i\u00e7 dinamiklerine, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkenin toplumsal tarihini yans\u0131tmas\u0131ndaki becerisinde kendini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fine \u015fahit oluruz.<\/p>\n

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Ermeni Masas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n takibinde<\/strong>Kimsenin \u00fcst\u00fcnde tahakk\u00fcm kurmas\u0131na ve haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa tahamm\u00fcl\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131yor ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz g\u00fcnlerde yay\u0131mlanan Mahkumlar\u0131n \u015eafa\u011f\u0131, \u00d6zya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc 1921-46 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 Frans\u0131zca olarak yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilip ge\u00e7en haftalarda yay\u0131mlanan eserinde. Ger\u00e7ekten de hayat\u0131n\u0131n ve entelekt\u00fcel kimli\u011finin en belirgin \u00f6zelliklerinden biri olarak tahakk\u00fcme ve haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 duydu\u011fu tarihsel \u00f6fkeyi b\u00fct\u00fcn yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda ve edebiyat eserlerinde g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Gazete yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda kimsenin dile getiremedi\u011fi \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, \u00f6zellikle de T\u00fcrk bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli Ermenileri, H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 ve Yahudileri hedef alan \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na do\u011frudan cevap vererek, adeta meydan okuyarak, muhtemelen Ermeni Masas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da en s\u0131k\u0131 takip etti\u011fi sosyalist yazarlardan biriydi. \u00d6zya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc’nde bunun \u00f6ncesinde de okul y\u0131llar\u0131nda tarih kitaplar\u0131nda Ermenilerin hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemesine, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu olmayan Ermenilerin aniden Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu s\u0131rt\u0131ndan b\u0131\u00e7aklayan bir grup olarak adeta ba\u015fka bir gezegenden \u0131\u015f\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f gibi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na isyan ediyordu. Biberyan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6fkesini \u00f6zellikle Ermenilerin topyekun yok say\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6neltmesi, yerlinin k\u00fclliyen yok say\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n daha geni\u015f tarihsel d\u00fczlemde okunmas\u0131na, \u00f6rne\u011fin Fanon ya da Walter Benjamin ile birlikte okunmas\u0131na imkan sa\u011fl\u0131yor. \u0130\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 ve bir taraf\u0131n ko\u015fulsuz \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn dayat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toplumsal konjonkt\u00fcr Biberyan ve ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in asl\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede benzerine rastlanmayan bir durum olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu. Walter Benjamin Nazi Almanyas\u0131\u2019ndan ka\u00e7arken intihar etmi\u015f, Frantz Fanon s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci \u015fiddetini g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lmak isterken hayat\u0131ndan olmu\u015ftu. Biberyan ise b\u00fct\u00fcn halk\u0131n\u0131n yok edildi\u011fi co\u011frafyada tarihiyle, diliyle, toplumuyla varolman\u0131n m\u00fccadelesini vermekte ve her an i\u00e7ine do\u011fdu\u011fu halk\u0131n kaderinin tekerr\u00fcr\u00fc ile y\u00fczle\u015fmekteydi.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l s\u00fcren askerlik<\/strong>
\nMahkumlar\u0131n \u015eafa\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131 bize Biberyan\u2019\u0131n bu tarihselli\u011fi, tarihsel haf\u0131zan\u0131n nas\u0131l kendi ya\u015fam deneyiminde yine ve yeniden tezah\u00fcr etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemlidir. 1941 ile 45 aras\u0131nda 3.5 sene s\u00fcren askerli\u011finde \u00f6nce korkun\u00e7 bir deniz yolculu\u011fuyla \u00fclkenin di\u011fer ucuna Hopa\u2019ya g\u00f6nderilecek, orada bina yap\u0131m\u0131,\u00a0 kesilmi\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7 k\u00fct\u00fcklerinin \u00e7amurlu ve ya\u011fmurlu tepelerden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi a\u011f\u0131r i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak, gece g\u00fcnd\u00fcz v\u00fccudunun bitler taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmesiyle, a\u00e7l\u0131k ve hastal\u0131klarla bo\u011fu\u015facakt\u0131r. Biberyan\u2019\u0131n bu y\u0131llarda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kelimeler \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Biberyan kendilerine yapt\u0131r\u0131lan\u0131n tarihsel referans\u0131 ile konu\u015fmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201c14 Ekim 1941, Sal\u0131 – Angarya devam ediyor. Fiziksel g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmden dolay\u0131 tedirginim. Yemekler yenecek gibi de\u011fil. \u00c7avu\u015f edepsizce \u0131rk konusunu g\u00fcndeme getiriyor. K\u00f6r Ermeni d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Daha yeni ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r oysa her \u015fey. Bulunduklar\u0131 birli\u011fe getirilen K\u00fcrt askerler taraf\u0131ndan d\u00f6v\u00fclecekler ve komutan taraf\u0131ndan da su\u00e7lu bulunacaklard\u0131r. Ve burada Nazan Maksudyan\u2019\u0131n Parrhesia s\u00f6yle\u015fisinde dikkati \u00e7ekti\u011fi gibi, \u201dmasumiyetini ispat etmesi mu\u0308mku\u0308n olmayan bir masumun keskin ac\u0131s\u0131yla\u201d (70) tan\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r Biberyan. S\u00fcrekli masumluklar\u0131n\u0131 ispata \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, fakat i\u00e7gu\u0308du\u0308sel olarak hep su\u00e7lanaca\u011f\u0131ndan korkan, Cumhuriyet tarihi boyunca adaletsizli\u011fe mahkum edilmi\u015f Ermeniler, gerek Biberyan\u2019\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131nda, gerekse kolektif adaletsizli\u011fe mahkum olan masumlar olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011fe hakaret davalar\u0131nda masumiyetlerini ispat edememekte ya da Hatay\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ilhak\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u00c7in\u2019de Margos ad\u0131nda bir adam bir su\u00e7 i\u015flese bunun Hatay mevzuu ile birle\u015ftirilip Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 yans\u0131malar\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazmas\u0131nda, (Al g\u0131 Pave yaz\u0131s\u0131, 1946), s\u00fcrekli ve her ko\u015fulda su\u00e7lulu\u011fa mahkum edilmi\u015f olmaya itiraz eder Biberyan. Benzer bir \u015fekilde, 1946\u2019da Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Konsoloslu\u011fu \u00f6n\u00fcnde kuyruklar olu\u015fturan ve Sovyet Ermenistan\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek isteyen Ermenilere T\u00fcrk bas\u0131n\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131larda, Biberyan yine Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kom\u00fcnizm kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile birle\u015ftirilip Ermenilerin ba\u015f\u0131na patlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Maksudyan\u2019\u0131n da dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi gibi, Biberyan iki felaket aras\u0131nda, felekten \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 nice d\u00f6nem oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek, kendi zaman alg\u0131s\u0131na dair \u00f6nemli bir yere i\u015faret ediyor: \u201cHayat\u0131mda, felekten \u00e7ald\u0131m diyebilece\u011fim nice d\u00f6nemler oldu. \u0130ki felaket aras\u0131, bir sonrakini beklerken.\u201d B\u00f6ylelikle Biberyan\u2019\u0131n tarifi, Ermeni zamansall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse son iki y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel karakterine ayna tutar.<\/p>\n

Her an yeni travmalar\u0131 beklemek<\/strong>
\nBiberyan, ge\u00e7mi\u015f travmalar\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131rt\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p her an gelecek yeni travmalar\u0131 beklerken yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserlerde, bu beklemenin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc imgelerle okuyucuya sunuyor.\u00a0 Maksudyan\u2019\u0131n da belirtti\u011fi gibi \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fck sahneleri ve yak\u0131n detay tasvir edilen par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f yaral\u0131 bedenler \u00fczerinden unutmaya veya inkarla unutturulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ge\u00e7mi\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 bir hat\u0131rlatma prati\u011fi da g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Abject sanat yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda bedenden \u00e7\u0131kana kar\u015f\u0131 veya bedene ait olan dayan\u0131lmaz g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclere kar\u015f\u0131 duyulan irkilme ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Biberyan neredeyse beklenmedik irkiltici sahneler \u00fczerinden travmay\u0131 de\u015ferek bir y\u00fczle\u015fme prati\u011fini eserine aktar\u0131yor ve ge\u00e7meyen felaketin beden \u00fczerinde nas\u0131l zuhur etti\u011fini okuyucuya g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Biberyan\u2019\u0131n beden \u00fczerinden\u00a0 anlat\u0131s\u0131 zorla yapt\u0131r\u0131lan i\u015f\u00e7ilik\u00a0 deneyimleri \u00fczerinden de kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Yazar\u0131n dilinde bu uzun tarihin ve o deneyimin canl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.\u00a0 Kendilerine yapt\u0131r\u0131lan\u0131 Amele Taburlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n devam\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmesi, mecburi a\u011f\u0131r i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fe referans verirken \u201cangarya\u201d demesi bu bilincin d\u0131\u015fa vurumlar\u0131d\u0131r. Angarya kavram\u0131 bug\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011fumuzun g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar hafif bir tecr\u00fcbeye i\u015faret etmez. Tam tersi \u201cangarya\u201dn\u0131n hafif bir i\u015fmi\u015f gibi kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, bir \u015fiddet ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc (extraction, ili\u011fini s\u00f6m\u00fcrme)\u00a0 prati\u011finin a\u011f\u0131r tarihsel anlam\u0131ndan temizlenerek g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayata kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, s\u0131radanla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"Zevin<\/div>\n
Zaven Biberyan Beyrut’ta<\/span><\/em><\/div>\n

Angarya, Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn bir 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca ama en \u00e7ok da reform d\u00f6nemi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Tanzimat d\u00f6neminde, i\u015finden g\u00fcc\u00fcnden al\u0131koyulup, d\u00f6v\u00fclerek, s\u00f6v\u00fclerek yol yap\u0131m\u0131, su yolu de\u011fi\u015ftirme, bina yap\u0131m\u0131 gibi a\u011f\u0131r i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya zorlanmalar\u0131, itiraz ettikleri takdirde hapse at\u0131lmalar\u0131, ceza almalar\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanan son derece a\u011f\u0131r, k\u00f6lelikle akraba bir pratiktir. Biberyan, a\u00e7, susuz, hasta, ya\u011fmurlu korkun\u00e7 ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya zorlanmalar\u0131n\u0131, i\u015f yava\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131nda s\u0131rtlar\u0131nda patlayan k\u0131rba\u00e7lar\u0131, aylarca toprak \u00fcst\u00fcnde uyumalar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131rken maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 durumlar\u0131 anlat\u0131rken\u00a0 \u201cangarya\u201d ve hatta \u201cforsalar gibi\u201c de demi\u015f olmas\u0131 angaryan\u0131n ve forsalar\u0131n k\u00f6lelikle ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmesindendir. Naf\u0131a askerli\u011fiyle neredeyse birlikte uygulanan Varl\u0131k Vergisi, Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6demeye zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak batm\u0131\u015f bir ekonominin t\u00fcm y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn Ermeni reayan\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131na y\u00fcklenmesinden maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00fcksek ve adaletsiz vergilerden hi\u00e7 farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Biberyan\u2019\u0131n anlat\u0131mlar\u0131nda angaryadan, Amele Taburlar\u0131na ve Naf\u0131a askerli\u011fine giden s\u00fcreklili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Buna eklenen vergi ile gelen \u015fiddet, 1942\u2019de yeni ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f ve devletin s\u0131radan bir vergilendirme prati\u011fi i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilebilecek bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Tam tersi, 1940\u2019larda en az 100 y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olan tecr\u00fcbeyle sabit bir uygulamad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle Biberyan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6z ya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc bize, kendi ya\u015fam deneyimi i\u00e7inden yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 bulan tarihsel s\u00fcreklilikleri de anlamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemli pencereler a\u00e7maya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0 Parrhesia;\u00a0 foto\u011fraf, dans, film, sosyoloji, edebiyat, tarih alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sanat\u00e7\u0131, akademisyen ve aktivistlerden olu\u015fan, faaliyetlerini sosyal medya \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fcten bir uluslararas\u0131 kad\u0131n kolektifidir.<\/em><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.agos.com.tr\/tr\/yazi\/26569\/zaven-biberyanda-zaman-felekten-calinan-bir-felaketten-digerine-bir-hayat\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Talin Suciyan \u00a0 Okudu\u011fu okullarda, bulundu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn ortamlarda zekas\u0131yla, bilgisiyle ama en \u00e7ok da i\u00e7inden ta\u015fan co\u015fkulu, inat\u00e7\u0131 devrimci ki\u015fili\u011fiyle kab\u0131na s\u0131\u011fmayan, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evreye birka\u00e7 beden b\u00fcy\u00fck gelen bir entelekt\u00fceldi Biberyan. Hele de 1930\u2019lu, 40\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiyesi Biberyan\u2019a kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 neredeyse hi\u00e7 vermiyordu. Ama o i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu imkanlar\u0131n kendine ne verip vermedi\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":66420,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-66419","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-unluler"],"yoast_head":"\nZaven Biberyan\u2019da Zaman: Felekten \u00e7al\u0131nan, bir felaketten di\u011ferine bir hayat - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=66419\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Zaven Biberyan\u2019da Zaman: Felekten \u00e7al\u0131nan, bir felaketten di\u011ferine bir hayat - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Talin Suciyan \u00a0 Okudu\u011fu okullarda, bulundu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn ortamlarda zekas\u0131yla, bilgisiyle ama en \u00e7ok da i\u00e7inden ta\u015fan co\u015fkulu, inat\u00e7\u0131 devrimci ki\u015fili\u011fiyle kab\u0131na s\u0131\u011fmayan, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evreye birka\u00e7 beden b\u00fcy\u00fck gelen bir entelekt\u00fceldi Biberyan. Hele de 1930\u2019lu, 40\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiyesi Biberyan\u2019a kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 neredeyse hi\u00e7 vermiyordu. 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Hele de 1930\u2019lu, 40\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiyesi Biberyan\u2019a kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 neredeyse hi\u00e7 vermiyordu. Ama o i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu imkanlar\u0131n kendine ne verip vermedi\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak […]","og_url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=66419","og_site_name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","article_published_time":"2021-12-27T06:15:48+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1060,"height":600,"url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/12\/Zaven-Biberyan-1.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=66419#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=66419"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"headline":"Zaven Biberyan\u2019da Zaman: Felekten \u00e7al\u0131nan, bir felaketten di\u011ferine bir hayat","datePublished":"2021-12-27T06:15:48+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=66419"},"wordCount":2220,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=66419#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/12\/Zaven-Biberyan-1.png","articleSection":["Haberler","Makaleler","\u00dcnl\u00fcler"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=66419#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=66419","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=66419","name":"Zaven Biberyan\u2019da Zaman: Felekten \u00e7al\u0131nan, bir felaketten di\u011ferine bir hayat - 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