{"id":65108,"date":"2021-10-11T03:46:55","date_gmt":"2021-10-11T08:46:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108"},"modified":"2021-10-11T03:46:55","modified_gmt":"2021-10-11T08:46:55","slug":"depremler-urartulu-mimarlara-neler-ogretti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108","title":{"rendered":"Depremler Urartulu mimarlara neler \u00f6\u011fretti?"},"content":{"rendered":"
Urartulu mimarlar, bir uygulama plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlarken b\u00f6lgesel sismik davran\u0131\u015flardan edinilen bilgi birikimini kullanm\u0131\u015f ve bu sismik davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 dikkate alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/header>\n
\n
\n
\"Depremler<\/picture>
Ayanis tap\u0131nak alan\u0131nda destek payesi.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
\n

Altan \u00c7ilingiro\u011flu*<\/strong>
\nAtilla Batmaz**<\/strong><\/p>\n

Arkeolojik ve epigrafik kan\u0131tlar bize M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mezopotamya ve Akdeniz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda sismik faaliyetlerin aktif oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Bat\u0131da, Girit\u2019teki Phaistos kenti de M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir deprem ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Olas\u0131l\u0131kla ayn\u0131 depremde Girit\u2019teki Prophitis Elias, deprem sonras\u0131 tahribat\u0131yla terk edilmi\u015ftir. Do\u011fu\u2019da ise Mezopotamya\u2019ya h\u00fckmeden Asur \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ayn\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131na yans\u0131yan yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131nda, depreme ili\u015fkin kay\u0131tlar \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede artar. \u00d6zellikle Asur Kral\u0131 Esarhaddon ve o\u011flu Assurbanipal d\u00f6nemi kay\u0131tlar\u0131 depremden s\u0131kl\u0131kla s\u00f6z ederler. Bu kay\u0131tlar y\u0131k\u0131lan, hasar g\u00f6ren, onar\u0131lan bina ve yerle\u015fimler hakk\u0131nda bilgi veriyor. Depremler o kadar y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ve s\u0131k olmu\u015f olmal\u0131 ki, Asur yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 bunlar\u0131n verdi\u011fi korku ile deprem felaketine kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu ayinler d\u00fczenlendi\u011finden s\u00f6z eder.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Ayanis \u00e7ekirdek tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 temeli.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu ve Akdeniz\u2019de g\u00f6zlenen bu tablo Do\u011fu Anadolu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Do\u011fu Anadolu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde oldu\u011fu gibi ge\u00e7mi\u015fte de sismik faaliyetleri yo\u011fun \u015fekilde ya\u015fayan bir co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgedir. M.\u00d6. 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019nun ilk ve tek krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kuran Urartular bu depremlere en fazla maruz kalan topluluktur.<\/p>\n

Urartu yerle\u015fim birimleri genellikle ‘kale’ olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sur duvarlar\u0131, idari binalar, sarn\u0131\u00e7lar, saraylar, tap\u0131nak ve dinsel alanlar, depolar ve evsel mek\u00e2nlar gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli yap\u0131lar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Ba\u015fkent Tu\u015fpa\u2019dan (Van Kalesi) eyalet merkezlerine ve ta\u015fraya ula\u015f\u0131m sa\u011flayan yol \u015febekesi, Do\u011fu Anadolu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farak Kuzeybat\u0131 \u0130ran ve G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019ya ula\u015f\u0131r ve k\u0131smen bug\u00fcn de kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Urartu merkezi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn, ba\u015fkent ve \u00e7evresi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, egemenlik kurdu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde, bug\u00fcn de kullan\u0131lan, \u201c\u015eamram Kanal\u0131\u201d ad\u0131yla bilinen sulama tesisleri kuracak kadar geli\u015fmi\u015f mimari bir beceriye sahip olduklar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, depreme kar\u015f\u0131 etkin \u00f6nlemler almalar\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Nitekim arkeolojik kan\u0131tlar Urartu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tarih sahnesinde kald\u0131klar\u0131 2 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcre boyunca elde ettikleri deprem tecr\u00fcbelerini kullanarak 7 ve \u00fczeri b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe sahip yer kabu\u011fu hareketlerine mukavemet g\u00f6sterebilecek mimari \u00f6nlemler geli\u015ftirebildiklerini ortaya koyar.<\/p>\n

SUR DUVARLARI \u0130LE DEPREM \u00d6NLEM\u0130<\/h3>\n

Urartu mimarisinin esas\u0131; kalenin ovaya h\u00e2kim do\u011fal bir tepe \u00fczerinde kurulmas\u0131 ve in\u015fa edilecek yap\u0131lar\u0131n temellerinin ana kayaya oturtulmas\u0131 ilkesine dayan\u0131r. Kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 ya da bazalttan yap\u0131lan sur duvarlar\u0131 do\u011fal tepenin eteklerindeki en uygun hat \u00fczerine \u015fev verilerek in\u015fa edilir. Sur duvarlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda kendisine yaslanan mek\u00e2nlar\u0131 ve kalenin di\u011fer yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k ve bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan, kendi ba\u015f\u0131na teras duvarlar\u0131 olarak i\u015flev sahibidir. Surlar\u0131 olu\u015fturan ta\u015flar\u0131n do\u011frudan ana kaya \u00fczerine yataklar ve basamaklar olu\u015fturularak konmas\u0131, Urartu\u2019nun olas\u0131l\u0131kla depreme kar\u015f\u0131 ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6nlemin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Ayanis do\u011fu sur duvarlar\u0131.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

TA\u015e TEMEL \u00dcZER\u0130NE KERP\u0130\u00c7 M\u0130MAR\u0130<\/h3>\n

M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kaleler yap\u0131lmaya \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Argi\u015fti o\u011flu II. Rusa d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan kalelerde bu durum belirgindir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olan Ayanis Kalesi g\u00fcney sur duvarlar\u0131nda, a\u011f\u0131r bazalt bloklar\u0131n kaymas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in ta\u015f temelde belirli aral\u0131k ve y\u00fcksekliklerde kilit ta\u015flar\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Bazalt bloklar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131, daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, bombeli olarak b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Baz\u0131 Urartu kalelerinde g\u00f6zlenen ve ‘rustika’ olarak isimlendirilen bu teknik II. Rusa\u2019n\u0131n Van Havzas\u0131\u2019nda in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi ikinci ba\u015fkenti Toprakkale (Van) ve Kefkalesi\u2019nde (Adilcevaz\/Bitlis) g\u00f6zlenir. Yine \u00f6zellikle M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l kalelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen, Urartu mimarisine diren\u00e7 ve hareket kazand\u0131ran \u00f6nemli bir unsur, k\u00f6\u015fe payandalar\u0131d\u0131r (rizalit). Rizalit kullan\u0131m\u0131 Urartu tap\u0131nak mimarisinde ve payelerde dikkat \u00e7ekici bir unsurdur. Paye k\u00f6\u015felerinde birbirine kenetlenmek suretiyle olu\u015fturulmu\u015f k\u00f6\u015fe rizalitleri, payenin bloklar\u0131n\u0131n birbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemektedir. B\u00fcy\u00fck mek\u00e2nlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na uygulanan destek payandalar\u0131 ise ta\u015f temel \u00fczerine \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerle \u00f6r\u00fclen kerpi\u00e7 mimariye diren\u00e7 kazand\u0131ran di\u011fer bir mimari unsurdur.<\/p>\n

Ayanis Kalesi \u00e7ekirdek tap\u0131nak duvar\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131lan bir sondajda ta\u015f temelin ana kayaya kadar 7 ta\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131 devam etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Yumu\u015fak zemin tabakalar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erken genli\u011fi artan ve sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 daha fazla hissedilen depremin y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sert ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 zemin elde edilmesi gerekir. Kalelerin \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde kal\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 6 m.\u2019yi bulan istinat duvarlar\u0131 yine deprem gibi bir risk hesap edilerek tasarlanm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Ayanis g\u00fcney sur duvarlar\u0131, \u015fev y\u00f6ntemi.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

AYAN\u0130S TAPINA\u011eI \u00d6RNE\u011e\u0130<\/h4>\n

Van B\u00f6lgesi, do\u011fu-bat\u0131 y\u00f6nl\u00fc fay hatlar\u0131na sahip olmakla beraber y\u00fcksek \u015fiddette deprem \u00fcretebilen kuzey-g\u00fcney y\u00f6nl\u00fc s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 tektonik rejimin etkisi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck yer sars\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda kuzeydo\u011fu-g\u00fcneybat\u0131 ve kuzeybat\u0131-g\u00fcneydo\u011fu y\u00f6nl\u00fc hareketler etkili olur. Urartular\u0131n bu durumu tecr\u00fcbe ederek kale i\u00e7indeki mek\u00e2n konumland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131, baz\u0131 mimari d\u00fczenlemeleri buna g\u00f6re yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Buna g\u00f6re, uzun ekseni do\u011fu-bat\u0131 do\u011frultulu olan her yap\u0131n\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi muhtemel olaca\u011f\u0131ndan binalar\u0131n y\u00f6nlendirilmesinde bu durum dikkate al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rnek Ayanis Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan verilebilir: Ayanis \u00e7ekirdek tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kuzey ve g\u00fcney duvar\u0131na yaslanan yar\u0131m payeler, tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 kuzeyden ya da g\u00fcneyden gelecek bir \u015foka kar\u015f\u0131 ayakta tutacakt\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir ifade ile bu yar\u0131m payelerin, depremlerin kuzey-g\u00fcney hareketine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem olarak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Yerle\u015fim birimlerinin depremden hasar g\u00f6rmelerinde depremin odak derinli\u011fi, \u015fiddeti, olu\u015fum mekanizmas\u0131 ve fay\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc kadar yerle\u015fim birimlerinin se\u00e7ildi\u011fi alan, in\u015fa tekni\u011fi, in\u015fa malzemesinin kalitesi ve yap\u0131lar\u0131n konumland\u0131r\u0131lma a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da etkisi vard\u0131r. Urartu sivil yerle\u015fimlerinin (d\u0131\u015fkentler) konumland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda se\u00e7ilen yerin su kayna\u011f\u0131na ve kaleye yak\u0131nl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda en belirgin \u00f6zelli\u011fi ana kaya \u00fczerine in\u015fa ediliyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn \u00f6zellikle bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki modern yerle\u015fim birimleri, eski g\u00f6l \u00e7\u00f6kelleri ve ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f al\u00fcvyonlu toprak \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz depremlerinden kolayca etkilenir. Ancak hi\u00e7bir Urartu sivil yerle\u015fiminin bu t\u00fcr yumu\u015fak zeminli alanda in\u015fa faaliyeti ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 rastlant\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

URARTULU M\u0130MARLARIN ‘DEPREM HAFIZASI’ NASIL OLU\u015eTU?<\/h3>\n

Bu \u00f6rnekler bize g\u00f6stermektedir ki; in\u015fa faaliyetlerinden sorumlu Urartulu mimarlar, bir uygulama plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlarken b\u00f6lgesel sismik davran\u0131\u015flardan edinilen bilgi birikimini kullanm\u0131\u015f ve bu sismik davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 dikkate alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda deprem haf\u0131zas\u0131 krall\u0131k kurulmadan \u00e7ok \u00f6nceleri, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturan beyliklerin b\u00f6lgedeki yakla\u015f\u0131k 400 y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015flerine dayan\u0131r. M.\u00d6. 1274\u2019den M.\u00d6.858 tarihine kadar birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ya\u015fayan yerel politik unsurlar (beylikler) uzunca bir s\u00fcre deprem ile i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu durum, ortak bir haf\u0131za ve bilin\u00e7 geli\u015ftirmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Ayanis g\u00fcney surunda ikinci ta\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Arkeolojik yerle\u015fimlerde depremin izlerini s\u00fcrmek kolay de\u011fildir. Ancak deprem a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan incelendi\u011fi zaman baz\u0131 cevaplanamayan sorulara yan\u0131t bulunabilir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan Urartu merkezlerinde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar krall\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan kurulan kalelerde, depreme ba\u011fl\u0131 izleri g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer. Urartu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli kaleleri aras\u0131nda say\u0131lan Van Havzas\u0131\u2019ndaki, Ayanis, Yukar\u0131 Anzaf ve \u00c7avu\u015ftepe kalelerinde, Erzincan\u2019daki Alt\u0131ntepe Kalesi ve Ermenistan\u2019daki Arinberd Kalesi\u2019nde yap\u0131lan arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l tabakalar\u0131nda depremi i\u015faret eden \u00f6nemli bulgular ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Ayanis Kalesi bu anlamda en kapsaml\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan merkez niteli\u011findedir. Kalenin do\u011fu sur duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan kire\u00e7 ta\u015flar\u0131nda Urartu D\u00f6nemi\u2019ne ait \u00e7atlak ve k\u0131r\u0131k gibi deformasyonlar ve g\u00fcney surun bazalt ta\u015flar\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 hareketler deprem ile ili\u015fkilendirilir. Kalenin tap\u0131nak alan\u0131nda \u00fcst yap\u0131y\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan baz\u0131 payelerin kuzeye hareketi ile kilit yerlerinden a\u00e7\u0131larak da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 alan i\u00e7indeki baz\u0131 payeler, tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki mek\u00e2nlar\u0131na devrilmi\u015f \u015fekilde bulunmu\u015ftur. Tap\u0131nak alan\u0131 i\u00e7indeki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ta\u015f duvarlara sahip \u00e7ekirdek tap\u0131nak, desteklenmi\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n depremin etkisiyle kaym\u0131\u015f ve taban d\u00f6\u015femesindeki ta\u015flar yerlerinden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kalenin kerpi\u00e7 duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 y\u00f6nleri, tektonizman\u0131n kabaca kuzey-g\u00fcney y\u00f6n\u00fcnde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren \u00f6nemli bir kan\u0131tt\u0131r. Y\u0131k\u0131lan ve kal\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 4-5 metreye varan duvarlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k kuzeydo\u011fu-g\u00fcneybat\u0131 do\u011frultusunda ya da genel olarak kuzey-g\u00fcney do\u011frultusunda ve domino ta\u015f\u0131 gibi devrildi\u011fi g\u00f6zlenmektedir. Di\u011fer duvarlar ise bu duvarlar\u0131n \u00e7arpmas\u0131yla y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, depremin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u015fiddetini g\u00f6steren \u00f6nemli bir ipucudur. \u00c7avu\u015ftepe, Anzaf, Alt\u0131ntepe, Arinberd kalelerinde ise deprem sonras\u0131nda alelacele yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tadilat izleri depremin verdi\u011fi tahribatla ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

DEPREMLER URARTU’YU NASIL ETK\u0130LED\u0130?<\/h5>\n

Deprem, \u00f6nlenemeyen ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen bir felakettir. Yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde oldu\u011fu gibi ge\u00e7mi\u015fte de \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r olmu\u015ftur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan hareketle Urartu D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f \u00f6nemli depremlerin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nerilerde bulunmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Erozyonu tetikleyen depremin k\u0131y\u0131 \u015feridindeki tar\u0131m arazilerini yok etmi\u015f olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir. Deprem ve art\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle kalelerin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131, kalede ba\u015flayan bir yang\u0131n ve yerle\u015fim birimleri ile irtibat\u0131n kesilmesi \u00f6nemli bir sorun te\u015fkil etmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Su problemi ise uzun vadede ya\u015famsal bir sorun do\u011furmu\u015f olmal\u0131. Depremler, g\u00f6l ve akarsular \u00fczerinde etkilidir. Deprem sonras\u0131 g\u00f6l ve \u00e7evresinde meydana gelen jeolojik ve jeomorfolojik de\u011fi\u015fimler sonucu g\u00f6le su veren yer alt\u0131 suyu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fmesi ya da kurumas\u0131 gibi sonu\u00e7lar olu\u015fabilir. Yer yar\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan zehirli kimyasallar ve radon gibi gazlar i\u00e7me sular\u0131n\u0131, tar\u0131msal arazileri, toprak \u00f6zelliklerini olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkiler.<\/p>\n

Bunlara ilaveten kuyu, kerhiz ve sarn\u0131\u00e7 gibi su teminini ve depolanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan yap\u0131lar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi suyun kesilmesine yol a\u00e7arken, baz\u0131 yer alt\u0131 su toplama d\u00fczenekleri kullan\u0131lmaz hale gelir. Su \u015febekelerinin zarar g\u00f6rmesi su s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na sebep olur, sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z ve kirli su kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k tehlikesinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlar. Bu durumu 2011 Van depreminde a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde ya\u015fad\u0131k. Girit\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen arkeosismik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla, Ge\u00e7 Minos (M.\u00d6. 1600-1450) evresinde ya\u015fanan depremlerin neden oldu\u011fu su teminindeki ciddi problemlerin Minos\u2019un \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde etkili oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir di\u011fer fakt\u00f6r psikolojik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Deprem sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemi hayatta kalma, ge\u00e7ici konut kurma, yemek ve su gibi temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gereken bir d\u00f6nemdir. Bu yeterli oranda kar\u015f\u0131lanamaz ise \u00f6fke, hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve gerilim duygular\u0131 topluma h\u00e2kim olur. B\u00f6yle bir felakette zengin, elit y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f ve liderler, su, yiyecek ve ge\u00e7ici bar\u0131nma gibi ihtiya\u00e7lara, s\u0131radan halktan \u00e7ok daha kolay eri\u015fme \u015fans\u0131na sahip olur. Bu durum \u00fcmitsizlik yaratarak ya\u011fma ve h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k gibi olaylara yol a\u00e7ar. B\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu tah\u0131l bakliyat, su, ya\u011f vs. gibi besin depolama alanlar\u0131 ise ya\u011fmac\u0131lar\u0131n birincil hedefidir. B\u00f6ylesi bir durum zincirleme bir etki yaratarak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019yu vuran yak\u0131n zaman depremlerinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n onar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n bile aylar ve hatta y\u0131llar s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 2500 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi ko\u015fullar\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck sars\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaralar\u0131n derinli\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

* Prof. Dr. \/ 28 Haziran’da vefat eden Altan \u00c7ilingiro\u011flu sayg\u0131yla an\u0131yoruz.<\/em>
\n** Do\u00e7. Dr.<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.gazeteduvar.com.tr\/depremler-urartulu-mimarlara-neler-ogretti-haber-1537867\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Urartulu mimarlar, bir uygulama plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlarken b\u00f6lgesel sismik davran\u0131\u015flardan edinilen bilgi birikimini kullanm\u0131\u015f ve bu sismik davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 dikkate alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ayanis tap\u0131nak alan\u0131nda destek payesi. Altan \u00c7ilingiro\u011flu* Atilla Batmaz** Arkeolojik ve epigrafik kan\u0131tlar bize M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mezopotamya ve Akdeniz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda sismik faaliyetlerin aktif oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Bat\u0131da, Girit\u2019teki Phaistos kenti de M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":65109,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[76,1,70,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-65108","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ermenistanin-arkeolojik-mirasi","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"\nDepremler Urartulu mimarlara neler \u00f6\u011fretti? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Depremler Urartulu mimarlara neler \u00f6\u011fretti? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Urartulu mimarlar, bir uygulama plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlarken b\u00f6lgesel sismik davran\u0131\u015flardan edinilen bilgi birikimini kullanm\u0131\u015f ve bu sismik davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 dikkate alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ayanis tap\u0131nak alan\u0131nda destek payesi. Altan \u00c7ilingiro\u011flu* Atilla Batmaz** Arkeolojik ve epigrafik kan\u0131tlar bize M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mezopotamya ve Akdeniz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda sismik faaliyetlerin aktif oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Bat\u0131da, Girit\u2019teki Phaistos kenti de M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-10-11T08:46:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/10\/Urartu.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=65108#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=65108\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e\"},\"headline\":\"Depremler Urartulu mimarlara neler \u00f6\u011fretti?\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-10-11T08:46:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=65108\"},\"wordCount\":2216,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=65108#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/6\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/Urartu.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n Arkeolojik Miras\u0131\",\"Haberler\",\"Makaleler\",\"Tarih Sayfalar\u0131\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=65108#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=65108\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=65108\",\"name\":\"Depremler Urartulu mimarlara neler \u00f6\u011fretti? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=65108#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=65108#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/6\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/Urartu.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-10-11T08:46:55+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=65108#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=65108\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=65108#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/6\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/Urartu.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/6\\\/2021\\\/10\\\/Urartu.jpg\",\"width\":1280,\"height\":720},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=65108#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Depremler Urartulu mimarlara neler \u00f6\u011fretti?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/\",\"name\":\"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e\",\"name\":\"admin\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?author=7\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Depremler Urartulu mimarlara neler \u00f6\u011fretti? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Depremler Urartulu mimarlara neler \u00f6\u011fretti? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","og_description":"Urartulu mimarlar, bir uygulama plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlarken b\u00f6lgesel sismik davran\u0131\u015flardan edinilen bilgi birikimini kullanm\u0131\u015f ve bu sismik davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 dikkate alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ayanis tap\u0131nak alan\u0131nda destek payesi. Altan \u00c7ilingiro\u011flu* Atilla Batmaz** Arkeolojik ve epigrafik kan\u0131tlar bize M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mezopotamya ve Akdeniz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda sismik faaliyetlerin aktif oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Bat\u0131da, Girit\u2019teki Phaistos kenti de M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 […]","og_url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108","og_site_name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","article_published_time":"2021-10-11T08:46:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1280,"height":720,"url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/10\/Urartu.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"headline":"Depremler Urartulu mimarlara neler \u00f6\u011fretti?","datePublished":"2021-10-11T08:46:55+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108"},"wordCount":2216,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/10\/Urartu.jpg","articleSection":["Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n Arkeolojik Miras\u0131","Haberler","Makaleler","Tarih Sayfalar\u0131"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108","name":"Depremler Urartulu mimarlara neler \u00f6\u011fretti? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/10\/Urartu.jpg","datePublished":"2021-10-11T08:46:55+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/10\/Urartu.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/10\/Urartu.jpg","width":1280,"height":720},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=65108#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Depremler Urartulu mimarlara neler \u00f6\u011fretti?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/","name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e","name":"admin","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?author=7"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65108","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=65108"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65108\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":65110,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65108\/revisions\/65110"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/65109"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=65108"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=65108"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=65108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}