{"id":62837,"date":"2021-05-11T02:31:34","date_gmt":"2021-05-11T07:31:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=62837"},"modified":"2021-05-11T02:31:34","modified_gmt":"2021-05-11T07:31:34","slug":"istanbulun-gomulu-kulturu-levantenler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=62837","title":{"rendered":"\u0130stanbul\u2019un g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc: Levantenler"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Hi\u00e7bir zaman millet olamayan ancak Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131nda, ticari hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde, fizikten m\u00fczi\u011fe kadar bir\u00e7ok konuda \u00f6nc\u00fc olan Levantenler, mezardaki k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden diriltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Melike \u00c7apan<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hi\u00e7bir zaman millet olamad\u0131lar ancak Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131nda, ticari hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde, fizikten m\u00fczi\u011fe kadar bir\u00e7ok konuda \u00f6nc\u00fc oldular. Bug\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131k hava m\u00fczesini and\u0131racak bir mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fcyorum. Sa\u011f\u0131mda Sultan Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019in di\u015f hekimi, solumda \u0130stanbul\u2019un sigorta haritalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izen Jacques Pervititch. Bir ba\u015fka yan\u0131mda Sultaniye Mar\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bestek\u00e2r\u0131 Callisto Guatelli, hemen kar\u015f\u0131da Ressam De Mango. \u015eehrin g\u00f6be\u011finde s\u0131ra s\u0131ra yat\u0131yorlar. Onlar kadim \u015fehrin Levantenleri. Bug\u00fcnlerde 3 bini bulmuyor n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 ancak 50 bini a\u015fk\u0131n Levanten \u0130stanbul\u2019un orta yerindeki bu mezarl\u0131kta yat\u0131yor. \u015eehrin g\u00f6be\u011finde koca duvarlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndakiler sadece isimden, kemikten ibaret de\u011fil, bir \u015fehrin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimli\u011finin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir par\u00e7as\u0131 sakl\u0131 o g\u00f6rkemli mermerlerin alt\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

Y\u0131llard\u0131r kendisinin de ait oldu\u011fu Levanten cemaati hakk\u0131nda Vatikan Ar\u015fivleri\u2019nde ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapan ve en sonunda \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Ba\u015fkentinde Bir Levanten Semti: Galata-Pera\u201d isimli kitab\u0131 yay\u0131mlayan Dr. Rinaldo Marmara ile Levantenlerin tarihini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc konu\u015ftuk.<\/p>\n

\u201cLevanten do\u011fu demekti\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Marmara, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin Levantenleri kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. T\u00fcm az\u0131nl\u0131k toplumlar\u0131na Levanten denildi\u011fini ancak bunun yanl\u0131\u015f bir ifade oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Marmara \u201cLevanten kimdir, kime denir\u201d sorusunun yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 verdi:<\/p>\n

\u201cLevanten do\u011fu demekti. Do\u011fuya giden, ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fan insanlara zamanla levanten ad\u0131 verildi. Bizans zaman\u0131nda sorun yoktu. Hali\u00e7 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Cenevizliler, Venediklilere, Pisal\u0131lara Levanten denirdi ve ticaret ile u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. 1453 fetih ile birlikte i\u015fler biraz daha kar\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.\u00a0 Levantenlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na gidiyor. Gidenler \u201cyabanc\u0131\u201d olarak kald\u0131. Kalanlar da 29 May\u0131s tarihli ferman ile Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu fermanla birlikte Osmanl\u0131 Latin Cemaati ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Marmara fetih sonras\u0131nda Latin cemaatinin ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na gidip de geri d\u00f6nenlerin art\u0131k yabanc\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde oldu\u011funu dile getirdi. Yabanc\u0131 vas\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 koruyanlara Levanten dediklerinin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izen Marmara, yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n edindikleri ayr\u0131cal\u0131klardan dolay\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Latin toplumunun da kendilerine Levanten dedi\u011fini aktard\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Latin s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n alt s\u0131n\u0131f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Marmara, o zaman kimsenin alt s\u0131n\u0131fa ait olmak istemedi\u011fini ifade etti.<\/p>\n

Marmara, Osmanl\u0131 Latin cemaatinin di\u011fer toplumlar gibi millet say\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatarak bunun nedenini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131:<\/p>\n

\u201cCemaat mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 neden g\u00f6sterildi. Bir \u015fehir dedikodusu da Ortodokslar ve Katolikler aras\u0131ndaki husumetin devam ettirilmesi amac\u0131yla milletten say\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Ancak bunlara gerek\u00e7e olamaz. Bunun tek sebebi \u015fudur: Latin cemaati millet olsayd\u0131, kolonizasyon olacakt\u0131. Fatih \u00e7ok ak\u0131ll\u0131 bir liderdi. Bunu \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc. Latin cemaati ruhani olarak Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir otoriteye ba\u011fl\u0131. Di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131klarla ayn\u0131 stat\u00fclere sahiptiler ancak bu sebepten dolay\u0131 millet olarak kabul edilmediler.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Levanten n\u00fcfusu Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019ndan sonra art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steriyor. O tarihe kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 bin Levanten ya\u015f\u0131yor \u0130stanbul\u2019da. Ticaretten, bilime, sanata bir\u00e7ok alanda maharetleri olan Levantenlerden kimileri siyasi hayatta da rol oynad\u0131. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n diplomasi trafi\u011fini de y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fcler. Ancak Marmara, Levantenlerin art\u0131k tarihi bir kelimeden ibaret oldu\u011funu ifade ediyor. Bug\u00fcn Levantenlerin art\u0131k sonunun geldi\u011fini dile getiren Marmara, \u201cLevantenler olarak do\u011fu ile bat\u0131n\u0131n sentezini yapt\u0131k. Yemekten m\u00fczi\u011fe kadar bir\u00e7ok \u015feyde kendi \u015fahsiyetimizi ortaya koyduk. \u00d6te yandan ortak bir lisan\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131. Rumca ortak lisan\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131. Evde anadilini konu\u015furdun ama bir misafir geldi\u011fi zaman Rumca konu\u015furduk. Levanten toplumu olarak ortak bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme tarz\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131 ancak karma evlilikler ortak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin de sonunu getirdi\u201d diye anlatt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"marmara<\/figure>\n

Marmara aile mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \/ Foto\u011fraf: Independent T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/p>\n

Levanten cemaatinin mensubu olan Marmara\u2019n\u0131n annesinin ailesi olan Giudiciler \u0130stanbul\u2019a fetihten \u00f6nce geldi. Cenevizli ailenin di\u011fer \u00fcyeleriyse Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019ndan sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019a yerle\u015fti. \u0130stanbul Pangalt\u0131\u2019da do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcyen Rinaldo Marmara, ilkokuldan \u00fcniversiteye kadar e\u011fitiminin tamam\u0131n\u0131 bu \u015fehirde tamamlad\u0131. Evlendikten sonra Fransa\u2019ya yerle\u015fen Marmara, e\u015fini kaybetmesiyle birlikte do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015fehre geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Bug\u00fcn mezarl\u0131kta yatan cemaatinin di\u011fer \u00fcyelerini de yan\u0131m\u0131za katarak sohbet ettik. \u201cLevanten cemaati buradad\u0131r Melike Han\u0131m\u201d diyor Marmara. \u201cKaybolan Levanten k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc burada bulursunuz ancak\u201d diye de ekliyor. Ancak sormakta \u0131srar ettim ve \u201ckayboldu\u201d dedi\u011fi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc anlatmas\u0131n\u0131 istedim:<\/p>\n

\u201cBir kere misafirli\u011fe ya da kiliseye her nereye gideceklerse iyi giyinirlerdi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunu ba\u015fkas\u0131na h\u00fcrmet olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcrlerdi. Yemek k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ise \u00e7ok geni\u015fti. \u0130talya, Yunan adalar\u0131 ve Fransa etkileri vard\u0131.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Bir yandan sohbet ettik, bir yandan s\u0131ra s\u0131ra mezarlar\u0131 ge\u00e7tik. Hepsi ayr\u0131 bir sanat eserini and\u0131ran her mezar\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi vard\u0131. Kimisi 15 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fuydu, kimisi Osmanl\u0131\u2019da bir pa\u015fa\u2026 Bana tek tek hepsini takdim eden Marmara \u00f6l\u00fcp gitmi\u015f de olsa her cemaat \u00fcyesinin hik\u00e2yesini sahiplenmi\u015fti. \u00d6n\u00fcnde durduklar\u0131m\u0131zdan biri de Galata Latin Cemaati muhtar\u0131yd\u0131. Millet olamayan cemaatin sivil temsilcisiydi muhtar Otton Vartalidi. Vartalidi ailesinin cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131na kadar g\u00f6revi devam ettirdi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor Marmara. Ancak daha sonraki y\u0131llarda bu muhtarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n da g\u00f6revine son verildi.<\/p>\n

\"muhtar<\/figure>\n

Yava\u015f ad\u0131mlarla ilerliyoruz, sohbet de ad\u0131mlar\u0131m\u0131z kadar yava\u015f ilerliyor. Marmara Pangalt\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ihtiyar sakinlerini rahats\u0131z etmemek i\u00e7in olsa gerek hafif k\u0131s\u0131k sesle tane tane anlatmaya devam ediyordu. Tam o s\u0131rada mavi cam kubbeli bir mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne geldik. Pervititch ailesine aitti bu sade ama bir o kadar g\u00f6rkemli mezarl\u0131k. Bug\u00fcn hala \u0130stanbul ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f kayna\u011f\u0131 olan \u0130stanbul Sigorta Haritalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izeri Jacques Pevititch de hizmet etti\u011fi \u015fehrinde uyuyor.<\/p>\n

\"pervititch<\/figure>\n

Jacques Pevititch\u2019in mezar\u0131 \/ Foto\u011fraf: Independent T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/p>\n

Ad\u0131mlar bizi kap\u0131ya getirdi. Sohbetin sonunu getirmek istemeye istemeye Marmara ile son kez bir durduk ve b\u00fct\u00fcn mezarl\u0131\u011fa bakt\u0131k. Marmara bana d\u00f6n\u00fcp son c\u00fcmlesini kurdu:<\/p>\n

\u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn Levanten tarihi de k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc de burada yat\u0131yor Melike Han\u0131m.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00a9 The Independentturkish<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.indyturk.com\/node\/357106\/haber\/i\u0307stanbulun-g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc-k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc-levantenler<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hi\u00e7bir zaman millet olamayan ancak Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131nda, ticari hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde, fizikten m\u00fczi\u011fe kadar bir\u00e7ok konuda \u00f6nc\u00fc olan Levantenler, mezardaki k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden diriltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Melike \u00c7apan Hi\u00e7bir zaman millet olamad\u0131lar ancak Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131nda, ticari hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde, fizikten m\u00fczi\u011fe kadar bir\u00e7ok konuda \u00f6nc\u00fc oldular. Bug\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131k hava m\u00fczesini and\u0131racak bir mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fcyorum. Sa\u011f\u0131mda Sultan Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019in di\u015f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":62838,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,34,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62837","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-istanbul","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130stanbul\u2019un g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc: Levantenler - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=62837\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130stanbul\u2019un g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc: Levantenler - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hi\u00e7bir zaman millet olamayan ancak Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131nda, ticari hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde, fizikten m\u00fczi\u011fe kadar bir\u00e7ok konuda \u00f6nc\u00fc olan Levantenler, mezardaki k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden diriltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Melike \u00c7apan Hi\u00e7bir zaman millet olamad\u0131lar ancak Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131nda, ticari hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde, fizikten m\u00fczi\u011fe kadar bir\u00e7ok konuda \u00f6nc\u00fc oldular. Bug\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131k hava m\u00fczesini and\u0131racak bir mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fcyorum. 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